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| '''Qihep''' (in Qihep: ''Qixēp'' [{{IPA|ˌkʷiˈxeːp}}]) is a constructed fantasy language. It is an isolating language and uses a logographic script.
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
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| !colspan=21 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
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| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
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| | ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labio-<br>dental ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-<br>alveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Labialized<br>velar ||colspan=2| Labialized<br>velar
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Plosive</small> || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|kʷ}} || || {{IPA|(ʔ)}}<sup>1</sup>
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Nasal</small> || || {{IPA|m}} || || {{IPA|(ɱ)}}<sup>2</sup> || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|(ŋ)}}<sup>3</sup> || || || || ||
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Vibrant</small> || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Fricative</small> || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}}|| || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || || {{IPA|x}} || || || || {{IPA|h}}
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Affricate</small> || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʦ}} || || {{IPA|ʧ}} || {{IPA|ʤ}} || || || || ||
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Approximants</small> || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || ||
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Lateral<br>approximants</small> || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || || ||
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| |}
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| Note:
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| *{{IPA|[ʔ]}}<sup>1</sup>is not recognised as an independent phoneme but it is inserted between two vowels, or between two identical consonants.
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| *{{IPA|[ɱ]}}<sup>2</sup> and {{IPA|[ŋ]}}<sup>3</sup> are considered '''allophones''' of the normal nasal phonemes in front of {{IPA|[f]}}/{{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[k]}}/{{IPA|[g]}}/{{IPA|[kʷ]}} respectively.
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
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| !colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
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| |- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
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| | ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2|Near-<br>front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2|Near-<br>back||colspan=2| Back
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Close</small> || || {{IPA|i(ː)}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u(ː)}}
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Close mid</small> || || {{IPA|e(ː)}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o(ː)}}
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Mid</small> || || || || || {{IPA|ə(ː)}} || || || || ||
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Open</small> || || || || || {{IPA|a(ː)}} || || || ||
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| |}
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| Every vowel can be distinctively short and long.
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| No dipthongs are allowed. If two vowels are adiacent in a compound word, a glottal stop ({{IPA|[ʔ]}}) emerges to keep them separated.
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| ===Transcription===
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| Qihep uses a logographic script, but it can be transcribed using the Latin script:
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| {|
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| |'''Letter''' || a || ā || b || c || d || e || ē || f || g || ǵ || h || i || ī || j || k || l || m || n || ń || o || ō || p || q || r || s || ś || t || ts || u || ū || v || w || x || y || ȳ
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| |-
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| |'''IPA''' || {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[aː]}} || {{IPA|[b]}} || {{IPA|[ʧ]}} || {{IPA|[d]}} || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[eː]}} || {{IPA|[f]}} || {{IPA|[g]}} || {{IPA|[ʤ]}}|| {{IPA|[h]}} || {{IPA|[i]}} || {{IPA|[iː]}} || {{IPA|[j]}} || {{IPA|[k]}} || {{IPA|[l]}} || {{IPA|[m]}} || {{IPA|[n]}} || {{IPA|[ɲ]}}|| {{IPA|[o]}} || {{IPA|[oː]}} || {{IPA|[p]}} || {{IPA|[kʷ]}} || {{IPA|[r]}} || {{IPA|[s]}} || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || {{IPA|[t]}} || {{IPA|[ʦ]}}|| {{IPA|[u]}} || {{IPA|[uː]}} || {{IPA|[v]}} || {{IPA|[w]}} || {{IPA|[x]}} || {{IPA|[ə]}} || {{IPA|[əː]}} ||
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| |}
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| Transcription in Latin adopts the Qihep use of <u>underline</u>, when a word is written with logograms, which are used for their sound and not for their meaning. Underline is usually meant for foreign names or proper names.
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| * ''I am going to go to Rome'': '''ul <u>Rōma</u> fut bim fa vol'''
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| ==Morphology==
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| Tipologically speaking, Qihep is an '''''isolating''''' language, that means its words never change nor add any additional ending to show number, gender, tense, aspect, etc.
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| Example:
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| ''We followed that person'': '''Ul la nār vran ta śak fa'''
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| Analysing the sentence:
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|
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| * '''Ul''': means ''I''
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| * '''la''': it's a grammatical particle which shows the idea of ''plural''
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| * '''nār''': means ''that''
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| * '''vran''': means ''person''
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| * '''ta''': it's a grammatical particle, conveying the idea of ''past''
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| * '''śak''': means ''follow''
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| * '''fa''': it's a grammatical particle, conveying the idea of ''action complete''
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| Grammar roles and complements are conveyed by the position in the sentence, by grammatical particles and by postpositions. Grammatical particles are not strictly needed and can be left out of the sentence if the meaning is clear from the context. For example, in the previous sentence, the particle '''ta''' can be easily omitted if it's clear that we are talking about the past.
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| Even if there is no strict morphology, Qihep words can be compounded to form new words and a complex derivational morphology does exist. For example:
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| * '''xep''', ''mouth'' + '''svūk''', ''sound'' → '''xepsvūk''', ''voice''
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| * '''troj''', ''to build'' + '''-kȳt''', noun for the result of the action → '''trojkȳt''', ''building''
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| ===Nouns===
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| Nouns do not change for number or for gender.
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| Nouns denoting humans or animals can be linked to a definite gender by prefixing the terms '''tan''', ''male'' or '''res''', ''female'':
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| * '''vran''', ''human, person'' → '''tanvran''', ''man'', '''resvran''', ''woman''.
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| By '''reduplicating''' the nouns we can express the meaning of a collective noun:
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| * '''vran''', ''human, person'' → '''vranvran''', ''people'', ''population''
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| The particle '''la''' can be postponed after the nouns to express plurality, but it conveys also the idea of "''many''".
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| * '''vran(vran) la''', ''many people''
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Nouns never flect in agreement with the noun they modify and do not change for number or for gender. They are always placed before the noun they modify.
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| They can be modified by the adverb '''ply''', ''very''.
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| By '''reduplicating''' the adjective we can express an intensive meaning, or roughly the meaning of ''really''.
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| ====Comparative and superlative====
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| '''Comparative''' forms are expressed in two ways:
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| 1 - by using the reduplicated adjective and marking the second compared object with the postposition '''fe''', ''with regard to'', ''in relation to''
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| * '''Ul la fe jūnjūn''', ''I am younger than you''
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| 2 - by using the reduplicated adverb '''ply''', ''very'', placed before the adjective. The second compared object is marked with the postposition '''fe''', ''with regard to'', ''in relation to''.
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| * '''Rȳs tȳs fe plyply fī''', ''She is taller than him''
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| There is no real distinction between the two ways, and both can be used with no difference in meaning. Compound adjectives and derived adjectives tend to use the second form, while simple and basic adjectives tend to use the first form.
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| '''Superlative''' forms are expressed in the same ways as the comparative forms, with the second compared object is usually '''ńikmē''', '''ńikvran''', ''everyone'', '''ńikqem''', ''everything'', or '''ńik''' + any noun.
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| * '''Tȳs ńik ul la fe plyply fī''', ''He is the tallest among us''
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ====Personal pronouns====
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| Pronouns show a limited gender distinction and mandatorily use the grammar particle '''la''' for plural if they refer to plural forms.
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| {|{{prettytable}}
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| ! Person || English || Form || Explanation
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| |-
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| |''1<sup>st</sup>'' || ''I'' || '''ul''' ||
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| |-
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| |''2<sup>nd</sup>'' || ''you'' || '''ma''' ||
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| |-
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| |''3<sup>rd</sup>'' || ''he'' || '''tȳn''' || <small>for humans or animals, male or without defining gender</small>
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| |-
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| |''3<sup>rd</sup>'' || ''she'' || '''rȳs''' || <small>for humans or animals, strictly for female</small>
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| |-
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| |''3<sup>rd</sup>'' || ''it'' || '''qem''' || <small>for objects or small animals</small>
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| |-
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| |''3<sup>rd</sup>'' || ''it'' || '''do''' || <small>indicates something undefined, object or idea, which it has already been talked about, ''aforementioned''</small>
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| |}
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| When referring to more people or objects, particle '''la''' is mandatorily postponed after the pronouns:
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| * '''ul''', ''I'' → '''ul la''', ''we''
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| Pronouns do not change for case, as they do in English, but they express their role by using the position in the sentence:
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| * '''ul tȳn nat piǵ kra''', ''I can't see him''
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| * '''tȳn ul nat piǵ kra''', ''He can't see me''
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| ====Possessive pronouns====
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| Possessive pronouns and adjectives do not exist as independent forms. To express their meaning the normal personal pronouns followed by the genitive particle are used:
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| * '''ul''', ''I'' + '''dī''', ''of'' = '''ul dī''', ''my, mine''
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| Example:
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| * '''Ul dī suk pūcin''', ''My hair is black''
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| ====Interrogative pronouns====
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| There are two basic interrogative adjectives and pronouns
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| {|{{prettytable}}
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| ! Form || English || Explanation
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| |-
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| | '''wē''' || ''who'', ''which'' || <small>for humans and animals</small>
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| | '''wū''' || ''what'', ''which'', ''where'' || <small>for objects and small animals, it can also express location with locative verbs</small>
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| |}
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| * '''Ma wē ta piǵ fa lo''', ''Who did you see?''
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| * '''Tȳn la wū skyt sty lo''', ''What are they doing?''
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| * '''Rȳs wū stā sty lo''', ''Where is she?''
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| Other interrogative pronouns are formed by adding specific nouns:
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| {|{{prettytable}}
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| | '''wū''' + '''meś''', ''place'' || = '''wūmeś''' || ''where'', ''in which place''
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| | '''wū''' + '''tsēd''', ''time'' || = '''wūtsēd''' || ''when'', ''in which period''
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| | '''wū''' + '''dān''', ''moment'' || = '''wūdān''' || ''when'', ''in which moment''
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| |-
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| | '''wū''' + '''cin''', ''way'' || = '''wūcin''' || ''how'', ''in which way''
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| | '''wū''' + '''prīc''', ''reason'' || = '''wūprīc''' || ''why'', ''for which reason''
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| | '''wū''' + '''tsel''', ''purpose'' || = '''wūtsel''' || ''why'', ''for which purpose''
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| |}
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| ====Demonstrative pronouns====
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| There are three demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
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| {|{{prettytable}}
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| ! Form || English || Explanation
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| |-
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| | '''tyk''' || ''this'' || <small>for something or somebody near both the listener and the speaker</small>
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| |-
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| | '''qē''' || ''that'' || <small>for something or somebody near the listener but far from the speaker</small>
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| |-
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| | '''nār''' || ''that'' || <small>for something or somebody far from both the listener and the speaker</small>
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| |}
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| ===Postpositions===
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| Postposition show the role of the word in the sentences. They are always placed after the noun they modify.
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| {|{{prettytable}}
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| ! Form || Name || English<br>equivalent || Explanation
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| | '''wa''' || ''Nominative<br>-Subject'' || || <small>it marks the subject of the sentence</small>
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| |-
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| | '''ā''' || ''Accusative<br>-Object'' || || <small>it marks the direct object of the sentence</small>
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| |-
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| | '''ū''' || ''Dative<br>-Indirect object'' || ''to'' || <small>it marks the indirect object of the sentence</small>
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| |-
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| | '''dī''' || ''Genitive<br>-Possession'' || ''of'' ||<small>it marks the possessor of something or an attributive relationship</small>
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| | '''ō''' || ''Instrument'' || ''with'', ''by'' || <small>it marks the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or performs the action</small>
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| | '''e''' || ''Comitative'' || ''with'' || <small>it marks the person in whose company the action is carried out</small>
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| | '''se''' || ''Abessive'' || ''without'' || <small>it marks the lack or absence of the marked noun</small>
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| | '''ab''' || ''Theme'' || ''about'' || <small>it marks the theme, the matter we're talking about</small>
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| | '''bā''' || ''Essive-formal'' || ''like, as'' || <small>it marks transmits of making a condition as a quality or a similarity</small>
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| |}
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| ===Numbers===
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| Numbers are treated like adjectives and are always placed before nouns.
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| {|{{prettytable}}
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| ! Number || Form
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| | 1 || '''mē'''
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| | 2 || '''xup'''
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| |-
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| | 3 || '''ci'''
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| |-
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| | 4 || '''vo'''
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| |-
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| | 5 || '''qo'''
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| |-
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| | 6 || '''bum'''
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| |-
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| | 7 || '''śo'''
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| |-
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| | 8 || '''rō'''
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| |-
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| | 9 || '''va'''
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| |-
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| | 10 || '''ty'''
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| |-
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| | 100 || '''sto'''
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| |-
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| | 1000 || '''qur'''
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| |-
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| | 1000000 || '''mil'''
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| |-
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| | 1000000000 || <u>'''milar'''</u>
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| |}
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| To build the higher numbers place the units before the tens, the hundreds, the thousands, etc:
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| {|{{prettytable}}
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| ! Number || Form
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| |-
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| | 20 || '''mēty'''
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| |-
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| | 30 || '''xupty'''
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| |-
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| | 40 || '''city'''
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| |-
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| | 200 || '''mēsto'''
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| |-
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| | 300 || '''xupsto'''
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| |-
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| | 2000 || '''mēqur'''
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| |-
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| | 30000 || '''xuptyqur'''
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| |-
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| | ''etc.''
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| |}
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| Compound numbers are built by placing the lesser number after the higher one:
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| {|{{prettytable}}
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| ! Number || Form
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| |-
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| | 11 || '''ty mē'''
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| |-
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| | 15 || '''ty qo'''
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| |-
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| | 23 || '''xupty ci'''
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| |-
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| | 145 || '''sto voty qo'''
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| |-
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| | 2156 || '''xupqur sto qoty bum'''
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| |-
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| | 1 259 978 || '''mil xupsto qoty vaqur qosto śoty rō'''
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| |-
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| | ''etc.''
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| |}
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs do not change according to time, aspect, mode, number, gender, etc. They are usually associated with grammar particles which convey the negation, the time, the aspect, the modality or the evidentiality of the action. No one of this particle are strictly mandatory if the context is clear enough to express these meanings.
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| The particles are strictly placed in this order:
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| {| align="center"
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| |- align="center"
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| |{{color|red|'''Negation'''}} ||-||{{color|blue|'''Time'''}} ||-||{{color|green|'''Verb form'''}}||-|| {{color|orange|'''Aspect'''}}||-|| {{color|purple|'''Mode'''}}||-|| {{color|brown|'''Evidentiality'''}}
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| |}
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| Example:
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| * ''It seems they aren't looking for him right now'': '''tȳn la tȳn {{color|red|nat}} {{color|blue|mo}} {{color|green|qum}} {{color|orange|sty}} {{color|purple|vol}} {{color|brown|nah}}'''
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| ====Negative particles====
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| * '''nat''': ''assertive negation'', it negate an assertion, a question, a normal sentence
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| ** '''Ul ma piǵ kra''', ''I can see you'' → '''Ul la {{color|red|nat}} piǵ kra''', ''I cannot see you''
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| * '''pē''': ''prohibitive negation'', it negate an order, expressing a prohibition
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| ** '''Ma tȳn ma snā dī do kāǵ si fa''', ''Tell him what you know'' → '''Ma tȳn ma snā dī do {{color|red|pē}} kāǵ fa''', ''Don't tell him what you know''
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| ====Time particles====
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| * '''ta''': ''past'', it locates the action in the past
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| * '''rā''': ''remote past'', it locates the action in the remote past, historical past or a past that we feel remote and far
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| * '''mo''': ''present'', it locates the action in the present, it is usually omitted, and when expressed it conveys the meaning of precise present "''right now''"
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| * '''fut''': ''future'', it locates the action in the future
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| * '''fu ta''': ''future in the past'', it locates the action in the (hypotetic) future of a past action (still in the past)
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| * '''ta fu''': ''anterior future'', it locates the action in the past of a future action (still in the future)
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| Time particles are often left out, expecially in direct speech, since the time of the action is usually inferred by the context. They are used at the beginning of the speech to temporally localize the action or when omission may cause ambiguity.
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| ====Aspectual particles====
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| * '''fa''': ''perfective'', it marks a completed action, with no regard for its effects or results
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| * '''ǵa''': ''perfect'', it marks a completed action which results are still affecting the moment we are talking about, (= English perfect tenses)
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| * '''sty''': ''continous'', it marks an uncompleted ongoing action in the moment we are talking about (= English continuous tenses)
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| * '''rē''': ''repetitive'', it marks an action which is repeated many times (= ''doing again'', ''keep on doing again'')
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| * '''sōl''': ''habitual'', it marks an action which is routinely or habitually performed (''usually'', ''used to'')
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| * '''pyr''': ''prospective'', it marks an action which is about to start in the moment we are talking about (= ''to be about to'')
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| * '''maj''': ''experiencial'', it marks the fact we have have or never have had experience of the action in the moment we are talking about (''ever'', ''never'')
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| ====Modal particles====
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| * '''vol''': ''volitive'', it conveys intention or will, ''going to'', ''want''
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| * '''des''': ''octative'', it conveys wish, ''want'', ''wish'', ''desire''
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| * '''kra''': ''abilitial'', it conveys a momentaneus ability, ''can''
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| * '''pos''': ''potentive'', it conveys ability, capability, ''can'', ''know how''
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| * '''ro''': ''potential'', it conveys possibility, ''may'', ''might''
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| * '''vā''': ''causative'', it marks that the action is caused by someone on someone/thing else, ''let'', ''make'', ''get'', ''have''
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| * '''kōm''': ''incohative'', it marks a beginning action, ''to begin'', ''to start''
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| * '''fōr''': ''hypothetical'', it marks the uncertainty of the action or that the action is/was/will be hypothetical, ''maybe'', ''if''
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| * '''si''': ''imperative'', to give orders (usually not used with the negative prohibitive particle).
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| Modal particles can be used in the same sentences together, since they conveys meanings which can be expressed in the same sentences. If there are two or more modal particles, they follow the order of the list above.
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| ====Evidential particles====
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| * '''nah''': ''reported action'', the speaker does not personally see the action, the action is reported by someone else
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| * '''box''': ''doubtful action'', the speaker does not personally see the action, the action is reported by someone else, but the speaker expresses his/her doubt about its truthfulness
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| * '''kap''': ''deduced action'', the speaker does not personally see the action, but he/she deduces the action by seeing traces or evidences
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| ===Derivative morphology===
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| As usual for an isolating language, words in Qihep can often be used as nouns, adjectives or verbs.
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| Example:
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| * '''Tȳn rȳs ta {{color|red|smāx}} fa''', ''he kissed her''
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| * '''Rȳs tȳn dī {{color|red|smāx}} nat vyūmbēl maj''', ''she has never forgot his kiss''
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| In the first sentence '''smāx''', as in English, plays the role of verb, while in the second sentence it is a noun.
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| Other example:
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| * '''Ul ma {{color|red|mīl}}''', ''I love you''
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| * '''Rȳs ma dī {{color|red|mīl}} wīś sty''', ''she wants your love''
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| * '''Tyk {{color|red|mīl}} pej''', ''this is a love song''
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| In the first sentence '''mīl''', as in English, plays the role of verb, while in the second sentence it is a noun and in the third one it is an adjective.
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| However some derivative suffixes can be added to the words to indicate a more precise meaning:
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| ====Verb → Noun====
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| * '''-kȳt''': it forms a noun indicating the concrete result of the action (almost corresponding to English ''-tion'')
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| * '''-tan''': it forms a noun indicating the ongoing process of the action (almost corresponding to English ''-ing'')
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| * '''-mor''': it forms a noun for the person who performs the action (corresponding to English ''-er'')
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| ====Verb → Adjective====
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| * '''-sy''': it forms an adjective with a perfective passive meaning (almost corresponding to English ''-ed''). Because of its passive meaning, it cannot be added to intransitive verbs.
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| ** '''ul la dī mīl{{color|red|sy}} tanvran''', ''my beloved man''
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| ====Noun/Adjective → Verb====
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| * '''-skyt''' (''to make''): it forms a verb indicating that the object is made according to the meaning of the adjective or of the noun (almost corresponding to English ''-fy'', ''to make'')
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| ** '''mē''', ''one'' + '''-skyt''' → '''mēskyt''', ''to unite''
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| * '''-bly''' (''to become''): it forms a verb indicating that the subject is becoming according to the meaning of the adjective or of the noun (almost corresponding to English ''to become'', ''to get'')
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| ==Syntax==
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| Typologically speaking, Qihep is a strictly SOV language. That means that in the sentences the word order is unvariably '''Subject-Object-Verb'''.
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| * '''{{color|green|Subject}} - {{color|blue|Object}} - {{color|red|Verb}}''': '''{{color|green|Tȳn}} {{color|blue|ma}} {{color|red|śak sty}}''', ''{{color|green|He}} {{color|red|is following}} {{color|blue|you}}''
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| Word order is usually strictly respected, since words cannot show morphologically their role in the sentence (almost like in English).
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| Indirect object are usually placed before the direct object.
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| * '''{{color|green|Ul}} {{color|orange|tȳn}} {{color|blue|woroh}} {{color|red|nat kreś maj}}''', ''{{color|green|I}} {{color|red|have never given}} {{color|orange|him}} {{color|blue|the key}}''
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| Other members of the sentences are placed after the object, and they are mandatorily marked by postpositions, except from some adverbs clearly showing their meaning.
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| *'''{{color|green|Tȳn}} {{color|blue|trojkȳtxep}} {{color|purple|woroh ō}} {{color|red|ta āś fa}}''', ''{{color|green|He}} {{color|red|opened}} {{color|blue|the door}} {{color|purple|with the key}}''
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| * '''{{color|green|Ul}} {{color|orange|tȳn}} {{color|blue|woroh}} {{color|purple|arbultsēd}} {{color|red|kreś fa}}''', {{color|purple|Yesterday}} ''{{color|green|I}} {{color|red|gave}} {{color|orange|him}} {{color|blue|the key}}''
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| The order of the other elements of the sentence is not as strict as the main elements, but it usually follow the order '''Place-Manner-Time'''.
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| The word order of a Qihep sentence is thus this:
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| <center>'''Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Place - Manner - Temporal adverbs or construction - Verb system'''</center>
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| Qihep is thus a consistently '''head-final''' language, which implies also other features:
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| * '''Adjective-Noun''': adjectives are always placed before their nouns
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| * '''Genitive-Noun''': genitive constructions are always placed before their nouns
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| * '''Noun-Postposition''': there are only postpositions and no prepositions
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| * '''Relative-Noun''': relative sentences are always placed before the noun they specify
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| ===Genitive construction===
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| ===Topicalization===
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| ===Passive===
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| Qihep verbs lack a passive form. In order to express a meaning similar to a passive forme, the object is moved to the first position of the sentence and is marked it with the accusative particle '''ā''' and with the topicalizing particle '''le'''. Since there is no real passivization, the agent of the action is not marked and remain in its subject position:
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| * '''{{color|green|Mew}} {{color|blue|mīś}} {{color|red|ta fabej fa}}''', ''the cat killed the mouse'' → '''{{color|blue|mīś ā le}} {{color|green|mew}} {{color|red|ta fabej fa}}''', ''the mouse was killed by the cat''
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| If there is no agent, the subject is simply left unexpressed:
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| * '''{{color|blue|Mīś ā le}} {{color|red|ta fabej fa}}''', ''the mouse was killed''
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| As in English, this the way to express the impersonal subject of other languages:
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| * '''{{color|blue|Qixēp ā le}} tykmeś {{color|red|xēp}}''', ''Qihep is spoken here'', in French: ''ici on parle qihep'', in Italian ''qui si parla qihep'', in German ''man spricht Qihep hier''
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| Even if it is possible to form a passive adjective with the suffix '''-sy''', this is never used as a verb, but only as an adjective.
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| * '''Mew {{color|red|fabejsy}} mīś ta cax fa''', ''The cat ate the {{color|red|killed}} mouse''
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| ===Locative verbs===
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| ===Subordinate clauses===
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| ====Subjective and objective clauses====
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| ====Purpose clause====
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| ====Causative clause====
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| ====Modal clauses====
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| ====Indirect interrogative clauses====
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| ====Conditional clauses====
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| ==Texts==
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| ===Lord's prayer===
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| Ul la dī pāp, ma kōpdīn stā<br>
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| Ma dī ńim ā śkedskyt des<br>
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| Ma dī horvranmeś qin des<br>
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| Ma dī wiś ā skyt des<br>
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| Kōpdīn stā dī do i grūn stā dī do tykcin<br>
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| Ma ul la tykbultsēd pām kreś fa si<br>
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| Ī ma ul la dī smūś vorkreś si<br>
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| Ul la ul la dī smūśmor mēmcin vorkreś fa<br>
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| Ī ma ul la togrēxkūt to pē mūh<br>
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| yt ma ul la śluk ud vrīskyt si<br>
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| <u>Āmen</u>
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| ===Babel text===
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| 1. tsal dīn dī vranvran mē xēp rā xēp ī tȳn la mēm dum nuts sōl<br>
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| 2. tsēd o le xīs ud qin sty tȳn la <u>Śinār</u> lān stā dī sbēnlān qum fa ī nārmeś rā sōlǵīv fa kōm<br>
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| 3. ī tȳn la drug tȳn la rā kāǵ fa "ma la qin si ul la trojsās skyt fa si ī ul la qem la pīr ō qōc fa si" tȳn la sās ā skām fa dī trojsās i kāx ā skām fa dī trojkāx rā nūts fa<br>
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| 4. ī tȳn la rā kāǵ fa "ma la qin si ul la byl i qem dī fīp kōpdīn fut dūqin fa dī fītrojkȳt tsel vor le ul la dī ńīm snāsy bly fa ī ul la ā nat fut rasjēq fa"<br>
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| 5. ī Pō rā dōlqin fa vran dī denden troj sty dī byl i fītrojkȳt piǵvor fa<br>
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| 6. ī tȳn rā kāǵ fa "ma la piǵ fa si tȳn la mē vranvran ī mē xēp xēp sty tyn la do skyt ǵa kōm ī ńakmē tȳn la fut fajan fa kra tȳn la do skyt fa ud dī do ā le tȳn la skyt fa ā"<br>
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| 7. "ma la tyk prīc par qin si ul la dōlqin fa si ī ul la tȳn la dī xēp obmiś fa si tsel vor le tȳn la drug tȳn la dī xepsvūk nat fut enēm fa pos"<br>
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| 8. ī Pō tȳn la ńik lān to rā rasjēq fa ī tȳn la byl dī trojtan jan fa<br>
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| 9. tyk byl ā <u>Bābel</u> rā ńīmkreś fa prīc par le Pō tsal dīn dī xēp tykmeś ud rasjēq fa
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