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| ==Pronunciation table==
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
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| !<center>p</center>
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| !b
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| !f
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| !v
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| !m̃
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| !m
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| !t
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| !d
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| !þ
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| !ð
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| !ɫ
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| !l
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| !ṡ
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| !ż
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| !s
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| !z
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| !r
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| !n
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| !k
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| !g
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| !x
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| ![[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
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| !h
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| ![[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
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| !š
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| !s̨
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| !i
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| !e
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| !a
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| ![[Wikipedia:Ogonek#Similar diacritics|ǫ]]
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| !o
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| !u
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| !ĭ
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| !ĕ
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| !ŭ
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| |-
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| |/p/
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| |/b/
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| |/ɸ/
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| |/β/
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| |/m̥/
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| |/m/
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| |/t/
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| |/d/
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| |/θ/
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| |/ð/
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| |/l̥/
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| |/l/
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| |/ʦ/
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| |/ʣ/
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| |/s/
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| |/z/
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| |/ɾ̥/
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| |/n/
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| |/k/
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| |/g/
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| |/ç/
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| |/ʝ/
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| |/j̊/
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| |/j/
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| |/sʷ/
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| |/sʲ/
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| |/i/
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| |/e/
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| |/ä/
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| |/ɒ/
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| |/o/
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| |/u/
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| |/ɪ/
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| |/ɛ/
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| |/ʊ/
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| |}
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| ==Derived Postpositions==
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:100%;"
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
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| |-
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| ! width="15%"| <center>Senjecas</center>
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| ! width="15%"| Denotation
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| ! width="20%"| English
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| ! width="50%"| Examples
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| |-
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| | '''altéua''' < '''te̋ua''', ''t.v.'' pay attention to
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| | paying no attention to
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| | regardless of
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| | '''mu dagőm ''altéua'' a̋ta:'''<br>I am going ''regardless of'' the consequences.
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| |-
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| | '''dása''' < '''da̋sa''', ''t.v.'' govern
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| | on the authority of
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| | by
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| | '''k̨uðdı̋slu daslűs ''dása'' őnom e-e̋ma:'''<br>The coast guard seized the cargo ''on the authority of'' the governor.
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| |-
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| | '''déla''' < '''de̋la''', ''t.v.'' refer to
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| | reference
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| | with reference to, as to
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| | '''mu tu-meta̋s ''déla'' kı̋rom sa̋a̋ra ne:'''<br>''As to'' your question, I don’t know the answer.
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| |-
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| | '''déxa''' < '''de̋xa''', ''t.v.'' obtain, acquire
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| | in order to obtain or acquire
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| | for
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| | '''tu sade̋mom do toolőm ''déxa'' a̋tu ma̋ƣame:'''<br>Can you go to the store ''for'' some eggs?
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| |-
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| | '''ðééa''' < '''ðe̋e̋a''', ''t.v.'' put, place
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| | in place of, replacement or preference
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| | for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than
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| | '''e̋rlus erőm ''ðééa'' fa̋lonĕ ne̋udu e-ke̋la:'''<br>The rowers had to use boards ''for'' oars.<br>'''m̃us ǧom̃ős ''ðééa'' dorős kíma þe̋som e̋da:'''<br>''Instead of'' beef we had lamb for supper.<br>'''vőőƣlu i-voogős éna k̨ortemős ''ðéé' '' abe̋lon e-ne̋uda:'''<br>The baker used apples ''rather than'' pears in this cake.
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| |-
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| | '''éba''' < '''e̋ba''', ''t.v.'' befall, bechance
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| | eventuality
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| | in case of, against
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| | '''m̃u' suum̃ős ''éba'' beƣős éna u-sa̋ra:'''<br>''In case of'' rain, we'll have the party in the barn.<br>'''nu' sűűm̃' aha̋s ''éba'' dőþom a̋uka:'''<br>They are saving money ''against'' a rainy day.
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| |-
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| | '''éȝa''' < '''e̋ȝa''', ''t.v.'' entrust
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| | in the charge of
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| | in charge of, with
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| | '''nu le̋e̋mon műűlu ''éȝa'' vűűa:'''<br>She is ''in charge of'' planting the vegetables.<br>'''mu piinős ''éȝa'' dı̋slum e-te̋m̃a'''<br>I left the guard ''with'' the money.
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| |-
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| | '''éra''' < '''e̋ra''', ''t.v.'' take advantage of, benefit
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| | on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone
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| | for
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| | '''m̃us leudős ''éra'' íðu vűűa:'''<br>We are here ''for'' the people.
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| |-
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| | '''éta''' < '''étu''', ''adv.'' also, too, as well, likewise
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| | addition
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| | as well as, besides, in addition to, with
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| | '''sausm̃evős ''éta'' šemőutom toƣe̋ȝa:'''<br>Please bring your swimming suit ''as well as'' your towel.<br>'''da̋mu e̋fu maama̋s ''éta'' eȝús o mǫ̋ǫ̋ru e̋sa:'''<br>''Besides'' a mother, he has an invalid older sister to support.<br>'''éȝu xirős ''éta'' mőrem e-sa̋a:'''<br>He bought the horse ''with'' the saddle.
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|
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| |-
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| | '''fára''' < '''fa̋ri''', ''adj.'' ready
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| | in preparation for
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| | for
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| | '''mu-taƣős ''fára'' bűtu ke̋la:'''<br>I must pack ''for'' my trip.
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| |-
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| | '''fésa''' < '''fe̋si''', ''adj.'' earlier, prior
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| | before in time
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| | before, previous to
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| | '''leuðm̃e̋ƣo naaża̋s ''fésa'' vı̋da:'''<br>The bus leaves ''before'' noon.
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| |-
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| | '''f̨óþa''' < '''f̨őþo''', light
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| | able to see by some light
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| | by, in
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| | '''pa̋a̋vo zeere̋s ''f̨óþa'' nĭna̋k̨o e-ı̋la:'''<br>''By the light of'' the moon the road became more visible.
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| |-
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| | '''góþa''' < '''gőþa''', ''t.v.'' make similar, resemble
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| | similarity or likeness
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| | like, similar to
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| | '''tu-eðdőka mu-eðdoka̋s ''góþa'' e̋sa:'''<br>Your recipe is ''like/similar to'' mine.<br>'''tu voutős ''góþa'' nűmon e-ża̋a̋da:'''<br>You spread out the heavens ''like'' a tent.
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| |-
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| | '''íla''' < '''ı̋la''', ''i.v.'' become
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| | change from one form into another
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| | into
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| | '''ga̋a̋lem e-le̋ża: m̃enantűm ''íla'' éȝem e-űűra:'''<br>He gathered air. He crafted it ''into'' loving beings:
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| |-
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| | '''ı́za''' < '''ı̋za''', ''t.v.'' descend, go down
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| | descent from
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| | down from
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| | '''da̋rlu korős ''ı́za'' re̋nantu e-főőla:'''<br>The workman fell climbing ''down from'' the roof.
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| |-
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| | '''ȝéta''' < '''ȝe̋ta''', ''t.v.'' have to do with, relate to
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| | relating to someone or something
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| | toward, in relation to
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| | '''tu-űtos eȝús ''ȝéta'' xos vűűa:'''What are your feelings ''toward'' him?
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| |-
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| | '''ȝóba''' < '''ȝőba''', ''t.v.'' approach, draw near
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| | proximity
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| | near, about, by, next to, on, close to, against
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| | '''mı̋ı̋nlu leðős éna eherős ''ȝóba'' nomős éna e-m̃e̋e̋sa:'''<br>The fisherman lived in a home ''by/on'' the lake in the valley.<br>'''be̋ƣo m̃eesős ''ȝóba'' e̋sa: tu ta̋sen ve̋nu ma̋ƣa:'''<br>The barn is ''close to'' the house. You can hear the animals.<br>'''sa̋mu m̃eesős ''ȝóba'' m̃e̋ƣom e-ṡűra:'''<br>The shaman parked the wagon ''against'' the house.
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| |-
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| | '''ȝúa''' < '''ȝűi''', ''adj.'' inside; interior
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| | interiority
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| | inside, within
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| | '''kűno nı̋ı̋go vőm̃aþo abelős ''ȝúa'' e-vűűa:'''<br>Inside each baked apple was a walnut.<br>'''mőres sa̋ko riȝős ''ȝúa'' dőraþes ı̋la ne:'''<br>Horses are not permitted ''within'' the holy city.
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| |-
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| | '''kéésa''' < '''ke̋e̋sa''', ''t.v.'' while (away)
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| | from a past time
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| | since
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| | '''mu hesdila̋s ''kéésa'' éȝum żĭże̋e̋na:'''<br>I have known her ''since'' last year.
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| |-
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| | '''kía''' < '''kı̋a''', ''t.v.'' work, do
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| | agency
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| | by
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| | '''éȝu taata̋s ''kía'' ka̋a̋daþu e-ı̋la:'''<br>He was killed ''by'' his father.
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| |-
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| | '''kíma''' < '''kı̋ma''', ''t.v.'' intend
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| | intention
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| | for
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| | '''mu dorős ''kíma'' m̃e̋inom u-sa̋a:'''<br>I will buy the wine ''for'' the dinner.
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| |-
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| | '''kúȝa''' < '''kűȝa''', ''t.v.'' thank
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| | gratitude
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| | thanks to
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| | '''eȝu-dooős ''kúȝa'' mu-e̋dom sa̋u e-ma̋ƣa:'''<br>''Thanks to'' his donation, I was able to buy my food.
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| |-
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| | '''láába''' < '''la̋a̋ba''', ''i.v.'' hang down loosely
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| | hanging down from
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| | on
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| | '''abe̋los haiṡı̋m ''láába'' a̋la:'''<br>Apples grow ''on'' trees.
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| |-
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| | '''með-''' < '''me̋ði''', ''adj.'' middle
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| | the middle
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| | the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is prefixed
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| | '''ne̋sku terős ''meðéna'' e-ṡűrak̬' e-ɫı̋ı̋gak̬e:'''<br>The girl stood ''in the middle of'' the room and cried.<br>'''éȝu pósu lőukomĕ ''méðdo'' e-re̋e̋sa:'''<br> Then she ran ''to the middle of'' the field.
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| |-
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| | '''méṡa''' < '''me̋ṡa''', ''t.v.'' lie alongside
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| | in a parallel direction
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| | along, alongside of
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| | '''ve̋e̋ðlus fűrom þáfa paavős ''méṡa'' e-ne̋da:'''<br>The hunters walked ''along'' the road through the forest.<br>'''na̋a̋ȝe mumĕ ''méṡa'' saxm̃e̋e̋som do őra a̋tam e-re̋e̋sa:'''<br>The dog ran ''alongside'' me all the way to the tavern.
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| |-
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| | '''méta''' < '''métu''', ''adv.'' at the same time
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| | at the same time
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| | at the same time as
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| | '''éȝu mús ''méta'' he̋lem e-na̋ka:'''<br>She saw the lightning ''at the same time as'' me.
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| |-
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| | '''méþa''' < '''me̋þa''', ''t.v.'' center, focus
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| | center
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| | in the center of
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| | '''m̃ú' se̋rom ''méþa'' na̋nan ðeee̋ȝa:'''<br>Let’s put the flowers ''in the center of'' the table.
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| |-
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| | '''móóda''' < '''mőőda''', means, method
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| | manner, method, way by which something is done
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| | with, by means of, through, in
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| | '''raaðta̋s ''móóda'' ȝűmum nı̋ı̋xe:'''<br>Serve God ''with'' gladness.
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| |-
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| | '''m̃ása'''< '''m̃a̋si''', ''adj.'' left
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| | to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun
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| | on-, to-, -the left
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| | '''be̋ku eȝu-taata̋s ''m̃ása'' e-ṡűra:'''<br>The young man stood ''to the left of'' his father.<br>'''sőþlu ha̋iṡim ''m̃ása'' e-re̋e̋sa:'''<br>The soldier ran ''to the left of'' the tree.
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| |-
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| | '''néra''' < '''ne̋ri''', ''adj.'' under
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| | at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively
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| | behind, below, beneath, under(neath)
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| | '''re̋e̋slu þ̨axős ''néra'' la̋kom e-ȝa̋fa:'''<br>The runner broke his leg ''below'' the knee.<br>'''fa̋ṡo sűðo ka̋l' o-niivrős ''néra'' bűþa:'''<br>''Beneath'' that stern visage beats a kindly heart.<br>'''zǫ̋ðlu m̃eesős n̨erős ''néra'' eȝu-goolƣa̋vom e-ðőőva:'''<br>The farmer buried his treasure ''under(neath)'' the floor of his house.
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| |-
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| | '''nóóla''' < '''nőőla''', size
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| | to the extent of
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| | by
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| | '''n̨a̋ro pe̋n bı̋n ''nóóla'' me̋a:'''<br>The picture measures 5 ''by'' 8.<br>'''éȝu þűn ṡidős ''nóóla'' tĭt̨a̋a̋ru efű' sóma vűűa:'''<br>He is shorter than his older sister ''by'' one inch.
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| |-
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| | '''nóma''' < '''nőmo''', home
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| | to or at the home of someone
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| | to-, at-, -the home of
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| | '''m̃us riineȝűs ''nóma'' tum u-pa̋na:'''<br>We will meet you ''at the home of'' the mayor.<br>'''ȝŭȝűűnus riine̋ȝum ''nóma'' e-re̋e̋sa:'''<br>The younger ones ran ''to the home of'' the mayor.
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| |-
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| | '''n̨áxa''' < '''n̨a̋xa''', ''t.v.'' defy
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| | disregard for
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| | despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding
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| | '''be̋ku gaudős eȝu-egős ''n̨áxa'' e-ve̋e̋da:'''<br>The young man went hunting ''despite'' his lack of experience.<br>'''a-sőþlu sóólvi þűn be̋som űðu ''n̨áxa'' dűbu da̋a̋rlu vűűa:'''<br>That soldier is a good worker ''for'' having only one arm.
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| |-
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| | '''n̨óópa''' < '''n̨őőpo''', front
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| | in a position forward of
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| | in front of, before, ahead of, against, in advance of
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| | '''va̋mlu tozdemős ''n̨óópa'' e-ṡűra:'''<br>The priest stood ''in front of'' the church.<br>'''ṡiṡűs nı̋zo éȝum ''n̨óópa'' e-me̋m̃a da éȝum e-tűga:'''<br>The child’s shadow advanced ''before/ahead of'' him and frightened him.<br>'''m̃us żı̋mo posnákaþős ''n̨óóp' '' alkénvi na̋non e-na̋ka:'''<br>We saw the flowers easily ''against'' the dark background.
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| |-
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| | '''óita''' < '''őito''', oath
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| | taking of an oath
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| | by, in the name of
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| | '''mu ȝuműs ''óita'' éȝom kı̋u ma̋ƣa:'''<br>By God, I can do it.
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| |-
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| | '''péga''' < '''pe̋go''', side
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| | position at or movement towards the side of
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| | at-, to-, -the side of
| |
| | '''me̋vlus mevsárterős ''péga'' e-se̋da:'''<br>The dancers sat ''at the side of'' the ballroom.<br>'''ṡı̋ṡus leida̋ulom ''péga'' e-re̋e̋sa:'''<br>The children ran ''to the side of'' the playground.
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| |-
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| | '''réiða''' < '''re̋iða''', ''t.v.'' drive, ride
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| | a means of conveyance
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| | by
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| | '''soorta̋ƣlus reðnős ''réiða'' noiivda̋rom do e-a̋ta:<br>'''The pilgrims went ''by'' wagon to the shrine.
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| |-
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| | '''ríza''' < '''rı̋za''', ''t.v.'' prop, support
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| | support
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| | in-, -support-, -favor-, -of
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| | '''le̋udu reeƣűs tolős ''ríza'' vűűa:<br>'''The people are ''in favor of'' the king’s decree.
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| |-
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| | '''sépa''' < '''se̋pa''', ''t.v.'' treat (of), concern
| |
| | reference or interest
| |
| | concerning, about
| |
| | '''pe̋rlu saarkős áfa vőőuraþo doþős sépa néxom e-sa̋a̋ra:'''<br>The ferryman knew nothing ''concerning/about'' the money stolen from the treasury.
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| |-
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| | '''sóma''' < '''sőma''', ''t.v.'' liken, compare
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| | comparison
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| | compared to, than
| |
| | '''sa hesdila̋' ''sóma'' tı̋ı̋þa le̋e̋ta e-e̋sa ne:'''<br>''Compared to'' last year, this was not a hot summer.<br>'''mőre mĭme̋że m̃ake̋' ''sóma'' e̋sa:'''<br>A horse is bigger ''than'' a cow.
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| |-
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| | '''súna''' < '''sűna''', ''t.v.'' accompany
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| | accompaniment in time or space
| |
| | with, in company with, along with
| |
| | '''m̃u-pőikus őra sı̋xam eȝu-orpűm ''súna'' e-le̋ida:'''<br>Our sons played ''with'' their cousins all afternoon.<br>'''ṡ̨őƣlu tı̋r eepűm ''súna'' sade̋mom e-ka̋da:'''<br>The trader ''in company with'' three associates robbed the store.<br>'''ii-asűru ɫiirlűm ''súna'' e-gaaȝa̋sa:'''<br>The princess began to sing ''along with'' the minstrels.
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| |-
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| | '''šéða''' < '''še̋ða''', ''t.v.'' characterize
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| | possessing a special characteristic
| |
| | characteristic of, with
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| | '''mu-ta̋a̋ta miiṡő' ''šéða'' m̃ı̋ru e̋sa:<br>'''My father is the man ''with'' the moustache.
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| |-
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| | '''šóóða''' < '''šőőða''', ''t.v.'' pass-, go-, -through
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| | from one side of an opening to another
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| | through
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| | '''éȝu tűngom ''šóóða'' þűslum e-ȝe̋e̋a:'''<br>He threw the hammer ''through'' the window.
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| |-
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| | '''ṡóta''' < '''ṡőta''', ''t.v.'' straddle, bestraddle, bestride
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| | position on both sides of
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| | astraddle, astride
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| | '''hűsu turős ''ṡóta'' e-se̋da:'''<br>The boy perched ''astraddle'' the fence.<br>'''lűmlu eȝu-paame̋s ''ṡóta'' e-se̋da:'''<br>The wizard sat astride his dragon.
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| |-
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| | '''ṡ̨óga''' < '''ṡ̨őga''', ''t.v.'' exchange
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| | in exchange for, literally or figuratively
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| | (in-, -exchange-, -return-,) -for
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| | '''tu-ǧiiȝa̋s ''ṡ̨óga'' re̋e̋se:'''<br>Run ''for'' your life!<br>'''mu tu-l̨omős ''ṡ̨óga'' tús o tı̋r abe̋lon u-dőőa:'''<br>I will give you three apples ''for'' your bow.
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| |-
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| | '''tááda''' < '''ta̋a̋da''', ''t.v.'' do on purpose
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| | purpose
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| | for, in order to
| |
| | '''m̃us m̃ite̋ra siiga̋s ''tááda'' ka̋ltam le̋mu e-pe̋ra:'''<br>We tried to break down the problem ''for'' further study.
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| |-
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| | '''táɫa''' < '''ta̋ɫi''', ''adj.'' right(-hand)
| |
| | to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun:
| |
| | on-, to-, -the right of
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| | '''ii-asűru eȝu-taata̋s reeƣűs ''táɫa'' e-se̋da:'''<br>The princess sat ''to the right of'' her father the king.
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| | '''tára''' < '''ta̋ra''', ''t.v.'' cross
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| | motion from one side to the other
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| | across, on the other side of, over
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| | '''ii-ba̋nlus vőgom ''tára'' ṡŭṡ̬őko ðeeős éna e-m̃a̋a̋ða:'''<br>The washerwomen waded ''across'' the stream at its shallowest part.<br>'''tú terős ''tára'' se̋dom ðeee̋ȝa:'''<br>Please put the chair ''on the other side of'' the room.<br>'''se̋haþu ṡa̋þmus þőlom ''tára'' e-vűga:'''<br>The defeated troops fled ''over'' the bridge.
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| | '''túȝa''' < '''tűȝa''', ''t.v.'' consider
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| | with respect or regard to
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| | in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in
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| | '''mu tu-miþős ''túȝa'' ṡúm̃vi u-kı̋ı̋ra:'''<br>''In/with regard to'' your letter, I will answer tomorrow.<br>'''mu tu-m̃ida̋s ''túȝa'' ṡa̋a̋ma:'''<br>''With respect to'' your knowledge, I disagree.<br>'''mu—ȝa tu-kőzu tanɠőno dooős ''túȝa'' u-se̋ba—ne̋sa:'''<br>I am sure your wife will be pleased ''with'' this mother-of-pearl gift.<br>'''ruunȝara̋s ''túȝa'' áulmuþı̋ȝu'''<br>The Committee ''on'' Orthography<br>'''(tú) i-sim̃ős ''túȝa'' bŭbőőko ne̋e̋tom ne̋ude:'''<br>''For'' this stitch, use a heavier thread.<br>'''mu-dőxlu nomvagős ''túȝa'' mum e-re̋e̋ga:'''<br>My teacher helped me ''with'' my homework.<br>'''marvőőurlu þűn t̬alős ''túȝa'' re̋e̋mu e-e̋sa:'''<br>The pirate was blind ''in'' one eye.
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| | '''þála''' < '''þa̋la''', ''t.v.'' honor, award
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| | honor
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| | in honor of
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| | '''éȝus ka̋a̋daþu asurűs ''þála'' þőlom e-fe̋e̋ta:'''<br>They named the bridge ''in honor of'' the murdered prince.
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| | '''þééxa''' < '''þe̋e̋xa''', ''t.v.'' rest-, be based-, -on
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| | foundation or dependence
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| | based-, depending-, -on
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| | '''m̃us eȝu-kiirős ''þééxa'' da̋rom u-se̋e̋ra:'''<br>''Depending on'' his response, we will continue the work.
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| | '''þifápa''' < '''þı̋fi''', ''adj.'' distant; '''a̋pi''', ''adv.'' away
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| | at a far distance
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| | far away from
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| | '''m̃us i-ǧarőm ''þifápa'' m̃e̋e̋sa:'''<br>We live ''far away from'' these mountains.
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| | '''þóla''' < '''þőlo''', bridge
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| | at or to the two sides of a place or thing
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| | on both sides of
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| | '''ṡı̋mżo daae̋s ''þóla'' e-e̋sa:'''<br>The town was ''on both sides of'' the river.
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| | '''þóósa''' < '''þőősa''', ''t.v.'' oppose, face
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| | opposition
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| | in opposition to, in contact with, against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with
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| | '''vı̋smu őőðlus a̋a̋to ṡűrkom ''þóósa'' e̋ru e-ke̋la:'''<br>The desperate fugitives had to row ''against'' the swift current.<br>'''mu vĭva̋a̋da mu-meda̋s ''þóósa'' som kı̋a:'''<br>I do this ''against/contrary'' to my better judgment.<br>'''mőőm̃aþu da̋a̋rlu da̋rim ''þóósa'' e-re̋e̋sa:'''<br>The dazed workman ran ''into'' the tree.<br>'''ðűűnom ''þóósa'' ȝűðo ṡum̃a̋s kíma pe̋e̋kaþo e-ı̋la:'''<br>The attack ''on'' the castle was planned for tomorrow.<br>'''rı̋ı̋rus asurű' sőtu ''þóósa'' e-vűűa:'''<br>The citizens were ''opposed to'' the prince’s going to war.<br>'''ża̋vlu a̋a̋þem ża̋bu tááda gooldarős ''þóósa'' da̋rim e-re̋na:'''<br>The onlooker climbed the tree ''opposite'' the store to look at the fire.<br>'''pűűmus m̃e̋e̋em ''þóósa'' na̋a̋m̃om na̋a̋m̃u e-ke̋la:'''<br>The explorers had to sail the boat ''up'' wind.<br>'''eȝu-ȝorűs ''þóósa'' ṡa̋tantu e-a̋ha:'''<br>He spent the day fighting ''with'' his younger brother.
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| | '''úfa''' < '''űfa''', ''t.v.'' face, look out on
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| | in a position with the front toward the object
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| | facing
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| | '''alta̋a̋bu ṡı̋ṡu godős ''úfa'' e-ṡűra:'''<br>The disobedient child stood ''facing'' the wall.
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| | '''úpa''' < '''űpi''', ''adj.'' upper, higher
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| | to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively
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| | above, over
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| | '''mı̋mlu niimős ''úpa'' ve̋e̋mom e-ƣa̋va:'''<br>The knight held the sword ''above'' his head.<br>'''ga̋s' ehe̋rom ''úpa'' e-k̬iilpe̋ta:'''<br>The osprey hovered ''over'' the lake.
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| | '''vóóa''' < '''vőői''', ''adj.'' both
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| | encirclement or in or to various directions or locations
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| | about, on all sides of, all about, around
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| | '''főőd̬o m̃aat̨őno se̋dos ketős ''vóóa'' e-vűűa:'''<br>''About/On all sides of/All about'' the living room were twelve wooden chairs.<br>'''sevta̋ƣlus íþsada̋rom ''vóóa'' e-ma̋la.'''<br>The tourists wandered ''about/around'' the meat market.<br>'''sőtu asűru eȝu-ðuunős ''vóóa'' fa̋dom e-de̋ma:'''<br>The warlike prince built a wall ''around'' his castle.
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| | '''xéma''' < '''xe̋ma''', tool
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| | instrumentality
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| | with, by means of
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| | '''þorna̋m̃lu siimlős ''xéma'' ðűrom lűru e-ma̋ƣa:'''<br>''By means of'' a knife the policeman was able to open the door.<br>'''vaala̋a̋gu eȝu-vaalős ''xéma'' n̨e̋tum e-ka̋a̋da:'''<br>The swordsman killed the enemy ''with'' his sword.
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| |}
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