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| ===Proto-Moonshine to Late Moonshine (6800)===
| | '''Future Moonshine''' is a term for the post-classical dialects of Moonshine that began to arise after 6843 AD. Though Moonshine had been the most rapidly changing branch of its family for its first 3,000 years, the centralized school system slowed down the rate of change as it spread the Cartwheel dialect throughout the empire, and nearly all citizens attended school. |
| Alternat enames: '''Classical Moonshine'''
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|
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| <ol>
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| <li> Clusters of any consonant plus a nasal simplified to single consonants: <b>n</b> disappeared and lengthened the previous vowel; <b>s</b> made the nasal voiceless, disappeared and lengthened the previous vowel; <b>ʔ</b> disappeared and raised the tone of the previous vowel.
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| </li><li> Syllable-final <b>ʔ n s</b> were grammatically analogized to the consonants <b>k ŋ h</b> between two of the same vowel, which then became <em>ʔ n s</em> and deleted the final vowel.
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| </li><li> A schwa following another vowel disappeared and made that vowel a long vowel.
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| </li><li> Unaccented short schwas were lost. Because the language
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| had a very active compounding system, this shift led to a steep
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| increase in the number of types of allowable consonant clusters, as
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| well as new consonants allowed in final position. </li><li> Syllable-final <b>s</b> after a vowel disappeared and made the preceding consonant voiceless and aspirated.
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| </li><li> Syllable-final <b>s</b> after a consonant disappeared and made that consonant into an alveolar.
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| </li><li> Unaccented <b>e</b> and <b>o</b> became <em>a</em>, often spelled as schwa or as ʕ, the vowel separator. If high tone, this was replaced by ʔ, the glottal stop. However, in neither case was this sound actually pronounced; it merely affected surrounding consonants for a short period of time after the shift.
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| </li><li> Unaccented <b>i</b> and <b>u</b> came to spelled as
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| palatalized/labialized consonants followed by a schwa, which had merged
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| in with these. Thus the old glyphs for coarticulated consonants were
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| revived, and stress was no longer fixed on the first syllable of the
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| word even when the first vowel in the word wasn't a schwa. There was
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| now only one orthographic unaccented vowel in the language: the schwa,
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| which was now often unwritten. Unaccented <em>i</em> and <em>u</em> were written as part of the preceding consonant (the syllable was always open).
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| Consonant clusters simplified according to the following rules:
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| </li><li> Labialized consonants (<b>kʷ ŋʷ hʷ</b>) in final position (or at the beginning of a cluster) became plain and added a <em>w</em> glide to the preceding vowel.
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| </li><li> Palatalized consonants (<b>pʲ mʲ tʲ nʲ sʲ č ñ š ž</b>) in final position or at the beginning of a cluster became plain and added a <em>j</em> glide to the preceding vowel.
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| </li><li> Doubled consonants simplified to singles and caused the tone of the preceding vowel to become high.
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| </li><li> Any consonant before a nasal disappeared and lengthened
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| the preceding vowel. If the sound had been voiceless, it caused the
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| tone of the preceding vowel to become high. If it had been voiced, it
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| caused the tone of the preceding vowel to become low. </li><li> Any remaining <b>ʷ</b> trapped between consonants became <em>u</em>.
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| </li><li> Any remaining <b>ʲ</b> trapped between consonants became <em>i</em>.
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| </li><li> <b>φ</b> and <b>β</b> changed to <em>w</em>.
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| </li><li> Aspirated consonants became voiceless.
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| </li><li> In unaccented syllables, all vowels became short.
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| </li><li> Nonpalatalized alveolar consonants became velarized (not shown in the orthography).
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| <br>
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|
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| </li><li> An old method of deriving verbs from nouns by
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| truncating the word after the first vowel, and lengthening that vowel
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| if there was any missing info began to take over now. Although this was
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| not a true sound change, it affected the general language more than any
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| of the sound changes on the list. <br>
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| </li><li> <b>o ò</b> changed to schwa in unaccented position and <em>a</em> in accented position.
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| </li><li> <b>ō ó</b> changed to <em>o ò</em>.
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| </li><li> The vowel sequences <b>aj ej ij oj uj</b> became <em>ē i ī i ī</em> respectively.
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| </li><li> The vowel sequences <b>aw ew iw ow uw</b> became <em>ō u ū u ū</em> respectively.
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| </li><li>
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| The consonant cluster <b>řp</b> became <em>lp</em> in all positions.
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| </li><li> Following an accented syllable in a word of three or more syllables, all vowels became schwa.
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| </li><li> Following an accented syllable in a word of two syllables or less, the consonant sequences <b>ts ns ss</b> changed to <em>`ts z s</em> respectively.
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| </li><li> Following an accented syllable in word-final position, the syllables <b>ka ke ki ko ku</b> became <em>ʔ ʔč ʔč ʔt ʔt</em>. Before another consonant, they all became <em>ʔ</em>.
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| </li><li> All consonant clusters except those beginning with <b>s</b> became homorganic; the <b>s-</b> clusters did not retain any distinction based on point of articulation but instead shifted the <b>s-</b> to <em>š</em> except before another <em>s</em>.
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| </li><li> The cluster <b>sw</b> (spelled <b>sbʷ</b>) became a bilabial <em>v</em> in all positions.
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| </li><li> <b>sb</b> shifted to <em>žb</em>.
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|
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| </li><li> Before front vowels, <b>k g ŋ</b> shifted to <em>č ǯ ñ</em>.
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|
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| </li><li> Between two unstressed vowels, all labial consonants
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| except rounded bilabials disappeared unless a string of three vowels
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| would be created. </li><li> Before a vowel, unaccented <b>ə</b> changed to <em>u</em>, which then shifted to the labial glide <em>w</em> in syllable-initial position and otherwise created a labialized consonant. (year
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| 5800; same as 26 in Izda Mir)
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| </li><li> Before a vowel, unaccented <b>a</b> changed to <em>i</em> ("the karaoke shift"), which then shifted to the palatal glide <em>j</em>
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| in syllable-initial position and otherwise created a palatalized
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| consonant. Like the new labialized consonants, palatalized consonants
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| could occur only before a vowel, but in orthography they could occur
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| before other consonants because they were used to denote whole
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| unstressed syllables. However, the only vowel allowed in these
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| unstressed syllables was the epenthetic schwa, and during the following
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| sound changes this schwa often disappeared. </li><li> The labials <b>pʲ bʲ mʲ</b> became the labiodentals <em>ṗ ḅ ṃ</em> in all positions.
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| </li><li> The dentals <b>fʲ vʲ</b> changed to <em>f v</em> before vowels, but to <em>fĭ vĭ</em> elsewhere.
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| </li><li> The alveolars <b>tʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ</b> became the dentals <em>ṭ ḍ ṣ ẓ ṇ</em> in all positions. <b>lʲ</b> became <em>j</em> and <b>řʲ</b> became <em>ř</em>.
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| </li><li> The dorsals <b>kʲ hʲ rʲ</b> became the palatals <em>č š j</em> in all positions.
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|
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| </li><li> The labialized postalveolar consonants <b>čʷ ǯʷ šʷ žʷ ñʷ</b> became delabialized.
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| </li><li> The palatal consonants <b>č ǯ š ž ñ</b> became <em>c ʒ s z n</em> in all positions.
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| </li><li> The rounded labials <b>pʷ bʷ mʷ fʷ vʷ</b> became the plain labials <em>pŭ bŭ mŭ fŭ vŭ</em> before a consonant.
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| </li><li> The labialized alveolars <b>tʷ dʷ sʷ zʷ nʷ řʷ</b> became plain alveolars <em>t d s z n ř</em> in all positions.
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| </li><li> Before a vowel, <b>lʷ</b> became <em>w</em>, but elsewhere it changed to <em>lŭ</em>.
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| <br> <em> </em>
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| </li><li> The dorsals <b>kʷ hʷ rʷ</b> became <em>w</em> before a consonant, while also lengthening the preceding vowel.
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| <br> <em> </em>
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|
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| </li><li> The labiodentals <b>ṗ ḅ ṃʰ ṃ</b> and the dentals <b>ṭ ḍ ṇʰ ṇ</b> became <em>c ʒ ns nz</em> in word-final position.
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| </li><li> The dentals <b>ṗ ḅ ṃʰ ṃ ṭ ḍ ṇʰ ṇ</b> became the affricates <em>pf bv mf mv tṣ dẓ nṣ nẓ</em>, but there was no change in spelling.
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| </li><li> The affricates <b>pf bv mf mv tṣ dẓ nṣ nẓ</b> became <em>f v f v ṣ ẓ ṣ ẓ</em> in initial position and after a consonant.
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| </li><li> Epenthetic schwas after previously labialized and palatalized consonants disappeared.
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| </li><li> Nasals disappeared before a fricative.
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| </li><li> The affricates <b>mbʷ mb mḅ nḍ nd nǯ ŋg</b> shifted to <em>bʷ b ḅ ẓ ʒ ǯ g</em> in all positions. If the preceding vowel had been long, it became short.
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| </li><li> The affricates <b>mpʷ mp mṗ nṭ nt nč ŋk</b> shifted to <em>pʷ p ṗ ẓ ʒ ǯ g</em> in all positions. If the preceding vowel had been long, it became short.
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| </li><li> Unstressed <b>ər</b> shifted to <em>o</em>.
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| </li><li> <b>š</b> before a nasal changed to <em>ž</em> and the nasal changed into a voiced stop.
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| </li><li> The velar stops <b>k g</b> were fronted to <em>č ǯ</em> unless they occurred in a cluster after another consonant and before <b><font color="#000000">a o u</font></b>.
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| </li><li> Labialization was lost on all consonants.
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| </li><li> The clusters <b>šb</b> and <b>bš</b> were devoiced to <em>šp</em> and <em>pš</em> respectively.
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| </li><li> The clusters <b>žp</b> and <b>pž</b> became <em>žb</em> and <em>bž</em> respectively.
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| </li><li> Velar stops in accented syllables before another
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| syllable beginning in a velar were fronted to postalveolar affricates
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| before front vowels, and otherwise to alveolar stops.
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| </li><li> Alveolar stops in accented syllables before another syllable beginning in an alveolar became postalveolar affricates.
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| </li><li> A bilabial sound in an accented syllable before a
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| syllable beginning in a labiodental sound became labiodental. A
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| labiodental sound in an accented syllable before a syllable beginning
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| in a bilabial became bilabial.
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| </li><li>
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| </li><li>
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| </li><li> Sonority hierarchy shifts: #hp ---> #kf̥ etc
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| </li><li>
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| </li><li>
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| </li><li> After a vowel, the consonant clusters <b>ṿt ṿd</b> merged as <em>d</em>. If after /u/ or /o/, that vowel became long.
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| </li><li>
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| </li><li> After a vowel, the consonant clusters <b>gč gǯ</b> (g is ɣ) changed to <em>ġ</em> (a voiced velar stop).
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| </li><li>
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| </li><li>
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| </li><li>
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| </li><li>
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| </li>
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| <br> The Moonshine language at this point had the consonants
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| <p></p><p class="mid">
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| <br>
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| <pable>
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| <pbody><pr><pd width="50"><em> </em></pd><pd width="50">
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| <em> </em></pd><pd width="50"><em> </em></pd><pd width="50"><em> </em></pd><pd width="50"><em> </em></pd><pd width="50"><em>
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| </em></pd><pd width="50"><em> </em></pd><pd width="50"><em> </em></pd></pr>
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| <pr><pd><em> p </em></pd><pd><em> b </em></pd><pd><em> fʷ </em></pd><pd><em> vʷ </em></pd><pd><em> m </em></pd><pd><em> mʰ </em></pd><pd><em> w </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd></pr>
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| <pr><pd><em> ṗ </em></pd><pd><em> ḅ </em></pd><pd><em> f </em></pd><pd><em> v </em></pd><pd><em> ṃ </em></pd><pd><em> ṃʰ </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd></pr>
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| <pr><pd><em> t </em></pd><pd><em> d </em></pd><pd><em> s </em></pd><pd><em> z </em></pd><pd><em> n </em></pd><pd><em> nʰ </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd></pr>
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| <pr><pd><em> ṭ </em></pd><pd><em> ḍ </em></pd><pd><em> ṣ </em></pd><pd><em> ẓ </em></pd><pd><em> ṇ </em></pd><pd><em> ṇʰ </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd></pr>
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| <pr><pd><em> č </em></pd><pd><em> ǯ </em></pd><pd><em> š </em></pd><pd><em> ž </em></pd><pd><em> ñ </em></pd><pd><em> ñʰ </em></pd><pd><em> j </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd></pr>
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| <pr><pd><em> k </em></pd><pd><em> g </em></pd><pd><em> h </em></pd><pd><em> ɣ </em></pd><pd><em> ŋ </em></pd><pd><em> ŋʰ </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd></pr>
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| <pr><pd><em> ʔ </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd><pd><em> </em></pd></pr>
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| </pbody></pable>
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| </p><p class="body">
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| <br> and the vowels
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| <em>/a ā e ē i ī o ō u ū ə/</em>.
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| <br><br>
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| The alphabet now consisted of the consonants <em>/p b ṗ ḅ f v m mʰ w t ṭ d ḍ s z ṣ ẓ n nʰ š ž k g ŋ ŋʰ h x l ř j r/</em> and the vowels <em>/a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū ə̄ à è ì ò ù ə̀ á é í ó ú ə́/</em>.
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| This is considered to be the state of classical Moonshine, also known as Rúló.
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| </p></ol>
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| <br><br><br>
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| <pable><pbody><pr><pd width="50"></pd><pd>
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| ====Rúló to Xykhasl (year 12850 AD)====
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| </p>
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| <ol>
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| <li> Intervocalically, the dental consonants <b>ṗ ḅ ṭ ḍ</b> came to be written as <em>pf bv tṣ dẓ</em>, and to be treated as consonant clusters.
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| </li><li> In word-initial position and after another consonant they became the plain fricatives <em>f v ṣ ẓ</em>.
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| </li><li> The vowel <b>/u/</b> came to be spelled <em><font color="#000000">/ū/</font></em>; this was a spelling change rather than a phonetic one.
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| </li><li> In bisyllabic roots, if the vowel in the second syllable was rounded, the vowels in the first syllable changed from <b>/a e i o ū ə/</b> to <em>/â ū y ô y u/</em>, where
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| <b><font color="#000000">â</font></b> spells the SAMPA sound <em>Q</em>,
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| <b><font color="#000000">ū</font></b> spells <em>u:</em>,
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| <b><font color="#000000">ô</font></b> spells <em>u:</em>,
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| and <b><font color="#000000">y</font></b> spells <em>y</em>.
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|
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| </li><li> If the vowel in the second syllable was <em>/i/</em>, then <b>/o ū/</b> in the first syllable changed to <em>/oj ūj/</em>.
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| </li><li> High tone vowels came to be distinguished primarily by
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| being lax rather than by being of high pitch. Allophonic pitch
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| distinctions began to arise, and soon tone had been completely replaced
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| by laxness.
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| </li><li> Consonant clusters and final consonants, aside from <em>c ʒ č ǯ</em> were simplified: any <b>/p/</b> or <b>/š/</b> at the end of a syllable disappeared and made the preceding vowel into a lax vowel.
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| </li><li> (although in the case of <b>žb</b> and <b>šp</b>, the <b>ž</b> and <b>š</b>
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| survived and the labials didn't). Double consonants and affricates
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| simplified to singles and also laxed the preceding vowel. Final <b>/m/</b>
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| disappeared with no effect, although it began to spread as an allophone
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| to places in which it had never been before. Voiceless nasals also
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| laxed the preceding vowel.
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| </li><li> The dental fricatives <b>f v</b> changed to <em>ṣ ẓ</em> at the beginning of a word and between vowels.
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| </li><li> The postalveolar affricates <b>č ǯ</b> became the fricatives <em>š ž</em> in all positions.
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| </li><li> The alveolar stops <b>t d</b> and the affricates <b>c ʒ</b> merged as <em>č ǯ</em> before front vowels. In other positions they remained the same.
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| </li><li> In clusters the dental fricatives <b>ṣ ẓ</b> became the alveolar stops <em>t d</em>.
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| </li><li> All unstressed short vowels were reduced to the set <em>/ă ĭ u ə/</em>. If they had been lax, they also laxed the preceding vowel.
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| </li><li> After a vowel, <b>wĭ</b> changed to <em>j</em>,
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| </li><li> <b>sĭ</b> changed to <em>š</em>,
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| </li><li> and <b>kĭ</b> and <b>tĭ</b> coalesced as <em>tš</em>.
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| </li><li> Unaccented long vowels and diphthongs were reduced to the monophthongs <em>a e i o u y</em>.
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| </li><li> The remaining long vowels <b>ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ə̄</b> changed to <em>a aj i aw ū y ə</em>. The letter <em>ū</em> was not a true long vowel any longer, but only a higher and clearer version of <em>u</em>.
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| </li><li> All final vowels in bisyllabic roots were deleted. If the vowel deleted was <b>ĭ</b>, the vowels in the first syllable changed from <b>/a à è ì ə/</b> to <em>/aj àj e i ĭ/</em>.
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| In compound words and certain inflected forms, the second vowel in the
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| word was deleted if the resulting consonant cluster was acceppable
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| ("the Debra shift"). If the second vowel occurred between two labial
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| consonants, the first labial consonant was deleted and the second was
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| metathesized so that it took the place of the first. Then the place of
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| articulation of that consonant changed to match the vowel it occurred
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| next to, as the vowel was deleted. </li><li> <b>u ù</b> became fronted to mid vowels but there was
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| no change in spelling. All roots that came from Rúló had been either
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| one or two syllables. With this sound shift they nearly all came to be
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| one syllable, although due to changes in grammar they were almost
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| always used with a suffix containing a vowel and thus adding a
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| syllable. That is to say, the suffixes from the old monosyllables were
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| applied to these new monosyllables, making the old suffixes and infixes
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| for bisyllables obsolete.
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| </li><li> The dental fricatives <b>ṣ ẓ</b> changed back to <em>f v</em> in all positions.
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| </li><li> The labiodental fricatives <b>f v</b> became <em>h x</em> in word-initial position before a back vowel and between a back vowel and another vowel of any type;
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| </li><li> In clusters the labiodental fricatives <b>f v</b> became <em>p b</em>.
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| </li><li> Before the front vowels <em>e è i ì û ú</em>, the velar stops <b>k</b> and <b>g</b> were fronted to the postalveolar affricates <em>č</em> and <em>ǯ</em>, which were considered single phonemes rather than clusters.
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| </li><li> At the end of a closed syllable the bilabial stop <b>b</b> came to be pronounced as <em>/ə/</em>, with a common allophone of <em>[w]</em>; however there was no change in the native spelling.
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| </li><li> At the end of a closed syllable the bilabial stop <b>p</b> came to be pronounced as <em>[ʔ]</em>, however there was no change in the native spelling. That is, the ligatures of <em>vowel</em> + <em>p</em>, which are transliterated with grave accents, continued to be used.
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| </li><li> The labiodental fricatives <b>f v</b> became the bilabial stops <em>p b</em>
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| in all positions, although at the end of a few words they disappeared
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| completely. They were spelled with the letters for the "hard" <em>p b</em> because in some writings the letters for the ordinary <em>p b</em> were used for <em>/? ə/</em>.
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| </li><li> Voiced stops became prenasalized after a tense vowel;
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| lax vowels before voiced stops became allophonically tense but did not
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| gain prenasalization. </li><li> The lax/tense distinction in vowels disappeared,
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| leaving vowel quality alone to distinguish them and meaning that
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| glottal stops after certain vowels were no longer pronounced. However,
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| the changes that the earlier system had inflicted on the consonants
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| still remained.
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| </li><li> A chain shift occurred: the old vowel <b>ì</b> came to be pronounced as <em>e</em>, meaning that the old vowel <b>e</b> came to be pronounced as <em>ɛ</em>, which caused the old vowel <b>è</b> to become pronounced as <em>a</em>, which caused the old vowel <b>a</b> to become pronounced as a back <em>ɑ</em>. Meanwhile a similar shift occurred in the back vowels: <b>o</b> became <em>ɔ</em>, which caused <b>ò</b> to become a low back <em>ɒ</em>. Now, only roundedness and frontness distinguished the two forms of <em>o</em> and <em>a</em>; the heights were the same.
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| <br><br>
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| <p class="topic">
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| <small>Classical-Era Changes:</small>
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| </p>
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| </li><li> In some idiolects, a religious taboo forbade the pronunciation of the phonemes <b>k g</b> except when used for the names of the forces of good and evil; in other contexts they shifted to <em>/q G/</em>.
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| </li><li> Most speakers began to merge the new <b>q G</b> phonemes with <em>h x</em>.
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| </li><li> Roundedness disappeared on <em>o ò</em>, thus leaving only frontness to distinguish them from <em>a à</em>.
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| </li><li> Unstressed <b>u</b> became a true schwa. The script was now written with <em>u</em> as the inherent vowel (previously it was schwa).
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| </li><li> <em>o ò</em> merged with <em>a à</em>.
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| </li><li> The low vowel <b>a</b> rounded and moved to the back position and <b>à</b> became low to replace it.
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| <br><br>
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| The alphabet now consisted of the consonants
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| <em>/p b š ž m w t d s z n j c ʒ č ǯ k g h x ŋ r l ř/</em>
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| and the vowels
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| <em>/@ i e E a A O o u y/</em>.
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| <br> The spelling of the vowels was as such:
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| <br><br>
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| <pable class="body">
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| <pbody><pr><pd>ə</pd><pd>i</pd><pd>e</pd><pd>ɛ</pd><pd>a</pd><pd>ɑ</pd><pd>ɔ</pd><pd>o</pd><pd>u</pd><pd>y</pd><pd> </pd></pr>
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| <pr><pd>u</pd><pd>i</pd><pd>ì</pd><pd>e</pd><pd>è</pd><pd>o</pd><pd>a</pd><pd>â</pd><pd>ô</pd><pd>û</pd><pd> </pd></pr>
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| </pbody></pable>
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| o could also be spelled à, and a could also be spelled ò.
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| This is considered to be the state of classical Laveti Moonshine.
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| <br><br>
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| <p class="topic">
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| <small>Post-Classical Changes:</small>
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| </p>
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| </li><li> Letters with inherent vowels sometimes appeared as the
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| onset of a stressed syllable (mostly in Bloppabop loans, but in a few
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| native words also). Previously the <b>u</b> ones were pronounced with /w/, but that disappeared, and as it did so the ones with <b>a</b> became velarised and in some cases (especially velars) also labialized.
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| </li></ol>
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| </pd></pr></pbody></pable>
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| </pd></pr></pbody></pable>
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| <pable><pbody><pr><pd width="65"></pd><pd>
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| <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./pabappa28_files/europe.htm">
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