Kala/particles

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional particles used in Kala. Their grammatical range and use can vary widely. Examples given are common uses.

pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

• pa

although; even; despite

ha pa kuhu nayo hina - 3s despite protest 1s.GEN here - She is here despite my protest.

• po

so; consequently; thus; as a result

po na nya ta ke kase te emyalo moyapua - thus 1s for you O report of happen-PL write-PFV - Therefore I have written an account of what happened for you.

mpa

• mpe marks the Limitative (LIM)

only; just; merely

ya inampe - VOC eat-LIM - Just eat!

ka

• ka

marks the Interrogative (Q)

mo mita ka - place dog Q - Where is the dog?

ta unya ka - 2s understand Q - Do you understand?

nka

• nka

marks the Imperative Negative (also called "vetative") (VET)

nka sima - VET sit - Do not sit!

nka - VET - No!

ma

• ma

connects nouns; conjunction

neko ke panya ma tsunka ina - cat O mouse and bug eat - Cats eat mice and bugs.

na

• ni

passive particle "by

eha ni mita yatsiye - 3s by dog bite-PST - He was bitten by the dog.