Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 5: Line 5:
== Verb Patterns ==
== Verb Patterns ==
Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.
Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.
=== Ṣarhup ʾAx̣šuyi (Triliteral Verbs) ===
=== Ṣārsupī ??? (Triliteral Verbs) ===
==== Ṣarhəwwən Šəǧǧišən (Full Verbs) ====
==== Ṣārsewwen Śēǧǧāśen (Full Verbs) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
  |+ '''ṣ-r-h''' (to throw, to say)
  |+ '''ṣ-r-s''' (to throw, to say)
  !
  !
  ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣrah'' || ''nu-ṣarh-əm'' || threw, said || ''ni-ṣrəh'' || ''ni-ṣərh-əm'' || was thrown, was said
  | ''nu-ṣras'' || ''nu-ṣars-em'' || threw, said || ''ni-ṣres'' || ''ni-ṣers-em'' || was thrown, was said
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''ṣarah'' || ''ṣarh-əm'' || throws, says || ''ṣarəh'' || ''ṣərh-əm'' || is thrown, is said
  | ''ṣaras'' || ''ṣars-em'' || throws, says || ''ṣares'' || ''ṣers-em'' || is thrown, is said
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣaruh'' || ''ṣurh-əm'' || will throw, will say || ''ṣarih'' || ''ṣirh-əm'' || will be thrown, will be said
  | ''ṣarus'' || ''ṣurs-em'' || will throw, will say || ''ṣaris'' || ''ṣirs-em'' || will be thrown, will be said
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}


==== Ṣarhəwwən Šəgšagən (Fused Verbs) ====
==== Ṣārsewwen Śēgśāgen (Fused Verbs) ====
The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and the past tense prefix '''nu-''' simply becomes '''nə-''' in the singular.
The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and the past tense prefix '''nu-''' simply becomes '''nə-''' in the singular.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
  |+ '''y-b-ž''' (to smell)
  |+ '''y-b-l''' (to smell)
  !
  !
  ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nə-ybaž'' || ''nu-yabž-əm'' || smelled || ''nə-ybəž'' || ''ni-yəbž-əm'' || was smelled
  | ''n-ībal'' || ''nu-yabl-em'' || smelled || ''n-ībel'' || ''ni-yebl-em'' || was smelled
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''yabaž'' || ''yabž-əm'' || smell || ''yabəž'' || ''yəbž-əm'' || is smelled
  | ''yabal'' || ''yabl-em'' || smell || ''yabel'' || ''yebl-em'' || is smelled
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''yabuž'' || ''yubž-əm'' || will smell || ''yabiž'' || ''yibž-əm'' || will be smelled
  | ''yabul'' || ''yubl-em'' || will smell || ''yabil'' || ''yibl-em'' || will be smelled
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}


==== Ṣarhəwwən Ləšlašən (Short Verbs) ====
==== Ṣārsewwen Lēssāyən (Short Verbs) ====
The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.
The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 51: Line 51:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-dwal'' || ''nu-dawl-əm'' || dug out, revealed || ''ni-dwəl'' || ''ni-dəwl-əm'' || was dug out, was revealed
  | ''nu-dwal'' || ''nu-dawl-em'' || dug out, revealed || ''ni-dwel'' || ''ni-dewl-em'' || was dug out, was revealed
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''dawal'' || ''dawl-əm'' || dig out, reveal || ''dawəl'' || ''dəwl-əm'' || is dug out, is revealed
  | ''dawal'' || ''dawl-em'' || dig out, reveal || ''dawel'' || ''dewl-em'' || is dug out, is revealed
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''dul'' || ''dul-əm'' || will dig out, will reveal || ''dul'' || ''dul-əm'' || will be dug out, will be revealed
  | ''dūl'' || ''dūl-em'' || will dig out, will reveal || ''dūl'' || ''dūl-em'' || will be dug out, will be revealed
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}


==== Ṣarhəwwən Nərruṣ́ən (Cut Verbs) ====
==== Ṣārsewwen Nērrāṣ́en (Cut Verbs) ====
The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.
The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 70: Line 70:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-nšay'' || ''nu-našy-əm'' || wanted, desired || ''ni-nšəy'' || ''ni-nəšy-əm'' || was wanted, was desired
  | ''nu-nśā'' || ''nu-naśy-em'' || wanted, desired || ''ni-nśē'' || ''ni-neśy-em'' || was wanted, was desired
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''našay'' || ''našy-əm'' || want, desire || ''našəy'' || ''nəšy-əm'' || is wanted, is desired
  | ''naśā'' || ''naśy-em'' || want, desire || ''naśē'' || ''neśy-em'' || is wanted, is desired
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''naši'' || ''nušy-əm'' || will want, will desire || ''naši'' || ''nišy-əm'' || will be wanted, will be desired
  | ''naśū'' || ''nuśy-em'' || will want, will desire || ''naśī'' || ''niśy-em'' || will be wanted, will be desired
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}


=== Ṣarhup ʾAśduri (Biliteral Verbs) ===
=== Ṣārsupī ??? (Biliteral Verbs) ===
There are a lot of verbal roots consisting of only two radicals.
There are a lot of verbal roots consisting of only two radicals.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 89: Line 89:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-dan'' || ''nu-dan-əm'' || was heavy, pressed down || ''ni-dən'' || ''ni-dən-əm'' || was pressed down
  | ''nu-dān'' || ''nu-dān-em'' || was heavy, pressed down || ''ni-dēn'' || ''ni-dēn-em'' || was pressed down
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''dan'' || ''dan-əm'' || is heavy, presses down || ''dən'' || ''dən-əm'' || is pressed down
  | ''dān'' || ''dān-em'' || is heavy, presses down || ''dēn'' || ''dēn-em'' || is pressed down
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''dun'' || ''dun-əm'' || will be heavy, will press down || ''din'' || ''din-əm'' || will be pressed down
  | ''dūn'' || ''dūn-em'' || will be heavy, will press down || ''dīn'' || ''dīn-em'' || will be pressed down
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 103: Line 103:
==== The Instrumental-Causative Applicative ====
==== The Instrumental-Causative Applicative ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
  |+ '''ṣ-r-h''' (to throw, to say)
  |+ '''ṣ-r-s''' (to throw, to say)
  !
  !
  ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣrah-śa'' || ''nu-ṣarh-a-śa-m'' || made throw, made say || ''ni-ṣrəh-śa'' || ''ni-ṣərh-a-śa-m'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  | ''nu-ṣras-śa'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-śā-m'' || made throw, made say || ''ni-ṣres-śa'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-śā-m'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''ṣarah-śa'' || ''ṣarh-a-śa-m'' || makes throw, makes say || ''ṣarəh-śa'' || ''ṣərh-a-śa-m'' || is made to throw, is made to say
  | ''ṣaras-śa'' || ''ṣars-a-śā-m'' || makes throw, makes say || ''ṣares-śa'' || ''ṣers-a-śā-m'' || is made to throw, is made to say
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣaruh-śa'' || ''ṣurh-a-śa-m'' || will make throw, will make say || ''ṣarih-śa'' || ''ṣirh-a-śa-m'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  | ''ṣarus-śa'' || ''ṣurs-a-śā-m'' || will make throw, will make say || ''ṣaris-śa'' || ''ṣirs-a-śā-m'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 121: Line 121:
==== The Dative-Locative Applicative ====
==== The Dative-Locative Applicative ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
  |+ '''ṣ-r-h''' (to throw, to say)
  |+ '''ṣ-r-s''' (to throw, to say)
  !
  !
  ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣrah-ku'' || ''nu-ṣarh-a-ku-m'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ni-ṣrəh-ku'' || ''ni-ṣərh-a-ku-m'' || was thrown to, was spoken to
  | ''nu-ṣras-ku'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-kū-m'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ni-ṣres-ku'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-kū-m'' || was thrown to, was spoken to
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''ṣarah-ku'' || ''ṣarh-a-ku-m'' || throws to, speaks to || ''ṣarəh-ku'' || ''ṣərh-a-ku-m'' || is thrown to, is spoken to
  | ''ṣaras-ku'' || ''ṣars-a-kū-m'' || throws to, speaks to || ''ṣares-ku'' || ''ṣers-a-kū-m'' || is thrown to, is spoken to
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣaruh-ku'' || ''ṣurh-a-ku-m'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''ṣarih-ku'' || ''ṣirh-a-ku-m'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  | ''ṣarus-ku'' || ''ṣurs-a-kū-m'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''ṣaris-ku'' || ''ṣirs-a-kū-m'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 144: Line 144:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣrah-di'' || ''nu-ṣarh-a-di-m'' || threw for, spoke for || ''ni-ṣrəh-di'' || ''ni-ṣərh-a-di-m'' || was thrown for, was spoken for
  | ''nu-ṣras-di'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-dī-m'' || threw for, spoke for || ''ni-ṣres-di'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-dī-m'' || was thrown for, was spoken for
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''ṣarah-di'' || ''ṣarh-a-di-m'' || throws for, speaks for || ''ṣarəh-di'' || ''ṣərh-a-di-m'' || is thrown for, is spoken for
  | ''ṣaras-di'' || ''ṣars-a-dī-m'' || throws for, speaks for || ''ṣares-di'' || ''ṣers-a-dī-m'' || is thrown for, is spoken for
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣaruh-di'' || ''ṣurh-a-di-m'' || will throw for, will speak for || ''ṣarih-di'' || ''ṣirh-a-di-m'' || will be thrown for, will be spoken for
  | ''ṣarus-di'' || ''ṣurs-a-dī-m'' || will throw for, will speak for || ''ṣaris-di'' || ''ṣirs-a-dī-m'' || will be thrown for, will be spoken for
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 11:33, 30 October 2019

Vrkhazhian verbs are called ṣarhəwwən (singular ṣarhəwwə). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root. The verb only conjugates for three tenses (past, present, and future), two voices (active and passive), and two numbers (singular and plural).

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb ṣ-r-h (to throw, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular, it is called ṣarah because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.

Ṣārsupī ??? (Triliteral Verbs)

Ṣārsewwen Śēǧǧāśen (Full Verbs)

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras nu-ṣars-em threw, said ni-ṣres ni-ṣers-em was thrown, was said
Present ṣaras ṣars-em throws, says ṣares ṣers-em is thrown, is said
Future ṣarus ṣurs-em will throw, will say ṣaris ṣirs-em will be thrown, will be said

Ṣārsewwen Śēgśāgen (Fused Verbs)

The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and the past tense prefix nu- simply becomes nə- in the singular.

y-b-l (to smell)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past n-ībal nu-yabl-em smelled n-ībel ni-yebl-em was smelled
Present yabal yabl-em smell yabel yebl-em is smelled
Future yabul yubl-em will smell yabil yibl-em will be smelled

Ṣārsewwen Lēssāyən (Short Verbs)

The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.

d-w-l (to dig out, to remove, to reveal, to uncover)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-dwal nu-dawl-em dug out, revealed ni-dwel ni-dewl-em was dug out, was revealed
Present dawal dawl-em dig out, reveal dawel dewl-em is dug out, is revealed
Future dūl dūl-em will dig out, will reveal dūl dūl-em will be dug out, will be revealed

Ṣārsewwen Nērrāṣ́en (Cut Verbs)

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.

n-š-y (to want, to desire)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-nśā nu-naśy-em wanted, desired ni-nśē ni-neśy-em was wanted, was desired
Present naśā naśy-em want, desire naśē neśy-em is wanted, is desired
Future naśū nuśy-em will want, will desire naśī niśy-em will be wanted, will be desired

Ṣārsupī ??? (Biliteral Verbs)

There are a lot of verbal roots consisting of only two radicals.

d-n (to be heavy, to press down)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-dān nu-dān-em was heavy, pressed down ni-dēn ni-dēn-em was pressed down
Present dān dān-em is heavy, presses down dēn dēn-em is pressed down
Future dūn dūn-em will be heavy, will press down dīn dīn-em will be pressed down

Extensions To the Verb

The Instrumental-Causative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras-śa nu-ṣars-a-śā-m made throw, made say ni-ṣres-śa ni-ṣers-a-śā-m was made to throw, was made to say
Present ṣaras-śa ṣars-a-śā-m makes throw, makes say ṣares-śa ṣers-a-śā-m is made to throw, is made to say
Future ṣarus-śa ṣurs-a-śā-m will make throw, will make say ṣaris-śa ṣirs-a-śā-m will be made to throw, will be made to say

The Dative-Locative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras-ku nu-ṣars-a-kū-m threw to, spoke to ni-ṣres-ku ni-ṣers-a-kū-m was thrown to, was spoken to
Present ṣaras-ku ṣars-a-kū-m throws to, speaks to ṣares-ku ṣers-a-kū-m is thrown to, is spoken to
Future ṣarus-ku ṣurs-a-kū-m will throw to, will speak to ṣaris-ku ṣirs-a-kū-m will be thrown to, will be spoken to

The Benefactive-Malefactive Applicative

ṣ-r-h (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras-di nu-ṣars-a-dī-m threw for, spoke for ni-ṣres-di ni-ṣers-a-dī-m was thrown for, was spoken for
Present ṣaras-di ṣars-a-dī-m throws for, speaks for ṣares-di ṣers-a-dī-m is thrown for, is spoken for
Future ṣarus-di ṣurs-a-dī-m will throw for, will speak for ṣaris-di ṣirs-a-dī-m will be thrown for, will be spoken for

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme. The theme of the verb is indicated with the instrumental prefix sa-.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Ḳa tuhazə sabəda palku.
Ḳa tu-haz-ə sa-bəd-a pal-ku-∅
3fs.NOM ACC-man-MASC.SG INS-book-FEM.SG give\ACT.PRES-APL-SG
"She gives the man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

Pəlku hazə sabəda.
Pəl-ku-∅ ∅-haz-ə sa-bəd-a
give\PASS.PRES-APL-SG NOM-man-MASC.SG INS-book-FEM.SG
"The man is given a book."
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Verbs_in_Vrkhazhian&oldid=127312"