Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''naši'' || ''nušy-əm'' || will want, desire || ''naši'' || ''nišy-əm'' || will be wanted, desired
  | ''naši'' || ''nušy-əm'' || will want, desire || ''naši'' || ''nišy-əm'' || will be wanted, desired
|-
|}
== Weak Verbs ==
Verbs are considered weak if the root contains a weak radical, which are called called '''haẏwan'''. These weak radicals are ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨h⟩. Weak verbs have different morphophonological properties depending on the position of the radical with respect to the other radicals. Verbs where the first radical is weak are called '''madsiran ???''' ("??? verbs")...
Verbs where the second radical is weak are called '''madsiran mṛḵapan''' ("hollow verbs")... An exception to this is in the case of gemination whereby they are simply fortified. Lastly, verbs where the third radical is weak are called '''madsiran ṗṛšašan''' ("cut verbs")...
=== ??? Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''w-d-d''' (to cover) (Uzerian)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''wdaddu'' || to cover || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''wdaddi'' || to be covered
|-
! Past Realis
| ''nawdud'' || ''nuwaddəm'' || covered || ''nawdid'' || ''niwaddəm'' || was covered
|-
! Past Irrealis
| ''yawdud'' || ''yowaddəm'' || might have covered || ''yawdid'' || ''yewaddəm'' || might have been covered
|-
! Present Realis
| ''wadud'' || ''waddəm'' || cover || ''wadid'' || ''waddəm'' || is covered
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''hawdud'' || ''huwaddəm'' || might cover || ''hawdid'' || ''hiwaddəm'' || might be covered
|-
! Future
| ''ʾawdud'' || ''ʾawaddəm'' || will cover || ''ʾawdid'' || ''ʾewaddəm'' || will be covered
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''w-d-d''' (to cover) (Mukhebic)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''wdaddu'' || to cover || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''wdaddi'' || to be covered
|-
! Past Realis
| ''nūdud'' || ''nuwaddəm'' || covered || ''nīdid'' || ''niwaddəm'' || was covered
|-
! Past Irrealis
| ''yūdud'' || ''yowaddəm'' || might have covered || ''yīdid'' || ''yewaddəm'' || might have been covered
|-
! Present Realis
| ''wadud'' || ''waddəm'' || cover || ''wadid'' || ''waddəm'' || is covered
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''hūdud'' || ''huwaddəm'' || might cover || ''hīdid'' || ''hiwaddəm'' || might be covered
|-
! Future
| ''ʾōdud'' || ''ʾawaddəm'' || will cover || ''ʾīdid'' || ''ʾewaddəm'' || will be covered
|-
|}
=== Hollow Verbs (Mukhebic only) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''t-y-l''' (to destroy)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾetyallu'' || to destroy || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾetyalli'' || to be destroyed
|-
! Past Realis
| ''nutūl'' || ''nutūləm'' || destroyed || ''nitīl'' || ''nitīləm'' || was destroyed
|-
! Past Irrealis
| ''yotūl'' || ''yotūləm'' || might have destroyed || ''yetīl'' || ''yetīləm'' || might have been destroyed
|-
! Present Realis
| ''tayul'' || ''tēləm'' || destroy || ''tayil'' || ''tēləm'' || is destroyed
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''hutūl'' || ''hutūləm'' || might destroy || ''hitīl'' || ''hitīləm'' || might be destroyed
|-
! Future
| ''ʾatūl'' || ''ʾatūləm'' || will destroy || ''ʾetīl'' || ''ʾetīləm'' || will be destroyed
|-
|}
=== Cut Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''n-š-y''' (to want, to desire) (Uzerian)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾenšayyu'' || to want || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾenšayyi'' || to be wanted
|-
! Past Realis
| ''nunšay'' || ''nunašyəm'' || wanted || ''ninšay'' || ''ninašyəm'' || was wanted
|-
! Past Irrealis
| ''yonšay'' || ''yonašyəm'' || might have wanted || ''yenšay'' || ''yenašyəm'' || might have been wanted
|-
! Present Realis
| ''našay'' || ''našyəm'' || want || ''našay'' || ''našyəm'' || is wanted
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''hunšay'' || ''hunašyəm'' || might want || ''hinšay'' || ''hinašyəm'' || might be wanted
|-
! Future
| ''ʾanšay'' || ''ʾanašyəm'' || will want || ''ʾenšay'' || ''ʾenašyəm'' || will be wanted
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''n-š-y''' (to want, to desire) (Mukhebic)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾenšayyu'' || to want || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾenšayyi'' || to be wanted
|-
! Past Realis
| ''nunšū'' || ''nunašyəm'' || wanted || ''ninšī'' || ''ninašyəm'' || was wanted
|-
! Past Irrealis
| ''yonšū'' || ''yonašyəm'' || might have wanted || ''yenšī'' || ''yenašyəm'' || might have been wanted
|-
! Present Realis
| ''našū'' || ''našyəm'' || want || ''našī'' || ''našyəm'' || is wanted
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''hunšū'' || ''hunašyəm'' || might want || ''hinšī'' || ''hinašyəm'' || might be wanted
|-
! Future
| ''ʾanšū'' || ''ʾanašyəm'' || will want || ''ʾenšī'' || ''ʾenašyəm'' || will be wanted
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 19:50, 30 August 2019

Vrkhazhian verbs are called madsiṟud (singular madsiṟu). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root (which is collectively called masčišu and translated as "pattern"), though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active, passive, causative, and reflexive). There are five tenses (past, past progressive, present, present progressive, and future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. There is only one aspect: the perfect, called saẕkeru, which is indicated by reduplicating the entire verb. Additionally, there are also five moods (indicative, jussive, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive) and these are also indicated by prefix, placed closer to the base form than the tense prefixes. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb d-s-ṟ (to do, to perform, to execute, to act). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called dusaṟ because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Ṣarhəwwən Šəǧǧišən (Full Verbs)

This is the simplest basic form of a verb, it gives the general idea of its root.

ṣ-r-h (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past Realis nu-ṣrah nu-ṣarh-əm threw, said ni-ṣrəh ni-ṣərh-əm was thrown, said
Present Realis ṣarah ṣarh-əm throws, says ṣarəh ṣərh-əm is thrown, said
Future ṣaruh ṣurh-əm will throw, say ṣarih ṣirh-əm will be thrown, be said

Ṣarhəwwən Ləšlašən (Short Verbs)

d-w-l (to dig out, to remove, to reveal, to uncover)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past Realis nu-dul nu-dul-əm dug out, revealed ni-dul ni-dul-əm was dug out, revealed
Present Realis dul dul-əm dig out, reveal dul dul-əm is dug out, revealed
Future dul dul-əm will dig out, reveal dul dul-əm will be dug out, revealed

Ṣarhəwwən Nərruṣ́ən (Cut Verbs)

n-š-y (to want, to desire)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past Realis nu-nši nu-našy-əm wanted, desired ni-nši ni-nəšy-əm was wanted, desired
Present Realis naši našy-əm want, desire naši nəšy-əm is wanted, desired
Future naši nušy-əm will want, desire naši nišy-əm will be wanted, desired

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme. The theme is indicated with the instrumental prefix sa-.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

ṛ-ʾUlda ṛ-tuhazi palul sabeda.
ṛ-ʾUlda ṛ-tuhazi palul sabeda
DEF-soldier-NOM.FEM.SG DEF-man-ACC.MASC.SG give\ACT.PRES.SG book-INS-FEM.SG
"The guard gives the man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

Palil sabeda ṛ-hazi ʾim ṛ-ʾulda.
Palil sabeda ṛ-hazi ʾim ṛ-ʾulda
give\PASS.PRES.SG book-INS-FEM.SG DEF-man-NOM.MASC.SG by DEF-soldier-FEM.SG
"The man is given a book by the guard."
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