Amal/affixes: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
!
!
! ''past''
! ''ba''
! ''present''
! ''da''
! ''tentative''
! ''ga''
! ''ha''
! ''ka''
! ''la''
! ''ma''
! ''na''
! ''pa''
! ''ra''
! ''sa''
! ''sha''
! ''ta''
! ''wa''
! ''ya''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! eb
! eb
| '''xeshan'''
| ''-''
| '''xan'''
| ''ebda''
| '''xuran'''
| ''-''
| ''ebha''
| ''-''
| ''ebla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ebra''
| ''ebsa''
| ''ebsha''
| ''ebta''
| ''ebwa''
| ''ebya''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! ed
! ed
| '''xeshti'''
| ''-''
| '''xti'''
| ''-''
| '''xure'''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''edra''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! eg
! eg
| '''xesha'''
| ''-''
| '''xa'''
| ''-''
| '''xura'''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''egla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''egra''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''egwa''
| ''-''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! ek
! ek
| '''xeshuk'''
| ''-''
| '''xuk'''
| ''-''
| '''xuruk'''
| ''-''
| ''ekha''
| ''-''
| ''ekla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ekra''
| ''eksa''
| ''eksha''
| ''ekta''
| ''ekwa''
| ''-''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! el
! el
| '''xeshut'''
| ''-''
| '''xut'''
| ''-''
| '''xurut'''
| ''-''
| ''elha''
| ''-''
| ''ella''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''elwa''
| ''elya''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! em
! em
| '''xeshum'''
| ''emba''
| '''xum'''
| ''emda''
| '''xurum'''
| ''-''
| ''emha''
| ''-''
| ''emla''
| ''-''
| ''emna''
| ''empa''
| ''emra''
| ''emsa''
| ''emsha''
| ''emta''
| ''emwa''
| ''emya''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! en
! en
| '''xeshum'''
| ''-''
| '''xum'''
| ''enda''
| '''xurum'''
| ''enga''
| ''-''
| ''enka''
| ''enla''
| ''enma''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ensa''
| ''ensha''
| ''enta''
| ''enwa''
| ''enya''<br>[ɲ]
|-align=center
|-align=center
! ep
! ep
| '''xeshum'''
| ''-''
| '''xum'''
| ''-''
| '''xurum'''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''epla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''epra''
| ''epsa''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! er
! er
| '''xeshum'''
| ''-''
| '''xum'''
| ''-''
| '''xurum'''
| ''-''
| ''erha''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''erwa''
| ''erya''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! es
! es
| '''xeshum'''
| ''esba''
| '''xum'''
| ''-''
| '''xurum'''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''eska''
| ''esla''
| ''esma''
| ''esna''
| ''espa''
| ''esra''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''esta''
| ''eswa''
| ''-''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! esh
! esh
| '''xeshum'''
| ''eshba''
| '''xum'''
| ''-''
| '''xurum'''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''eshka''
| ''eshla''
| ''eshma''
| ''eshna''
| ''eshpa''
| ''eshra''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''eshta''
| ''eshwa''
| ''-''
|-align=center
|-align=center
! et
! et
| '''xeshum'''
| ''-''
| '''xum'''
| ''-''
| '''xurum'''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''etla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''etra''
| ''etsa''
| ''etsha''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|}
|}

Revision as of 18:28, 17 December 2018


These are productive affixes in Amal.


  • -ab - durative aspect [DUR]
  • -al - repetitive; habitual [HAB]
  • -ám - augmentative [AUG]
  • -ash - desiderative mood [DES]
  • bi- - dative case [DAT] "to; for; toward"
ib- - dative for pronouns
  • bu- - proximal "this (by me)" for roots with o, u or a
be- - proximal "this (by me)" for roots with e or i
  • -da - locative case [LOC] "to; at; in; on"
-ad - for some roots
  • -eb - passive [PASS]
  • -ed - causative [CAUS]
  • -eg - reflexive [REFL]
  • -ek - infinitive [INF]
  • -em - interrogative [INT]
  • ém- - ordinal number [ORD]
  • -en - feminine; female [FEM]
  • -esh - past tense [PST]
  • -eshb - passive participles [PPP]
  • gá- - multiple number [MULT]
  • gi- - tool; device; instrument
  • -ha - comitative case [COM] "with; by; through"; also used to form adverbs
-ak - for some roots
  • -ik - dual plural [DU]
  • -im - plural [PL]
  • -in - agent noun [AG]
  • -ísh - diminutive [DIM]
  • ka- - animal
  • -la - negative mood [NEG]
not used with second or third person singular
  • mu- - other; else
  • na- - collective plural [COL]
  • -ra - infinitive [INF]
  • -sha - negative mood [NEG] ablative case [ABL] "from; off of"; also used to form comparatives
-ásh - for some roots
  • -ul - masculine; male [MASC]
  • -úl - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE]
  • -un - reportative marker [REP]
  • -ur - tentative mood [TENT]
  • -wa - accusative case [ACC]; object
-u - for some roots
  • -ya - genitive case [GEN]; possessive
-ai - for some roots

Medial Clusters

ba da ga ha ka la ma na pa ra sa sha ta wa ya
eb - ebda - ebha - ebla - - - ebra ebsa ebsha ebta ebwa ebya
ed - - - - - - - - - edra - - - - -
eg - - - - - egla - - - egra - - - egwa -
ek - - - ekha - ekla - - - ekra eksa eksha ekta ekwa -
el - - - elha - ella - - - - - - - elwa elya
em emba emda - emha - emla - emna empa emra emsa emsha emta emwa emya
en - enda enga - enka enla enma - - - ensa ensha enta enwa enya
[ɲ]
ep - - - - - epla - - - epra epsa - - - -
er - - - erha - - - - - - - - - erwa erya
es esba - - - eska esla esma esna espa esra - - esta eswa -
esh eshba - - - eshka eshla eshma eshna eshpa eshra - - eshta eshwa -
et - - - - - etla - - - etra etsa etsha - - -
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