Senjecas - over: Difference between revisions

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m (→‎Pronunciation chart: Orthography revision.)
m (Grammar corrections. Style revison. Glossing table updated.)
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===Pronunciation table===
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
!p
!b
!f
!v
!m̃
!m
|
|
!t
!d
!þ
!ð
!ɫ
!l
|
|
!ṡ
!ż
!s
!z
!r
!n
|
|
!k
!g
!x
![[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
!h
![[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
|
|
!š
!s̨
|
|
!i
!e
!a
![[Wikipedia:Ogonek#Similar diacritics|ǫ]]
!o
!u
|
|
!ĭ
!ĕ
!ŭ
|-
|/p/
|/b/
|/ɸ/
|/β/
|/m̥/
|/m/
|
|
|/t/
|/d/
|/θ/
|/ð/
|/l̥/
|/l/
|
|
|/ʦ/
|/ʣ/
|/s/
|/z/
|/ɾ̥/
|/n/
|
|
|/k/
|/g/
|/ç/
|/ʝ/
|/j̊/
|/j/
|
|
|/sʷ/
|/sʲ/
|
|
|/i/
|/e/
|/ä/
|/ɒ/
|/o/
|/u/
|
|
|/ɪ/
|/ɛ/
|/ʊ/
|}
 
 
==Glossing abbreviations==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
|CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
|EQU = equative degree
|INS = instrument
|PST = past
|-
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|CONV = conversive
|F = feminine
|INT = intensive prefix
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|-
|
|ADV = adverb
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|M = masculine
|QUOT = direct quotation
|-
|
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|DIM = diminutive
|FUT = future
|OCC = occupation suffix
|RPRF = recent perfective
|-
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|AP = agent (active) participle
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|IMP = imperative
|PP = patient (past) participle
|SBJ = subjunctive
|-
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|AUG = augmentative
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|PRF = perfect
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
|IND = indicative
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|
|}
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
!p
!p
!b
!b
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===Glossing abbreviations===
==Glossing abbreviations==
::{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
Line 106: Line 259:
|EQU = equative degree
|EQU = equative degree
|INS = instrument
|INS = instrument
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|PST = past
|-
|-
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|CONV = conversive
|F = feminine
|F = feminine
|INT = intensive prefix
|INT = intensive prefix
|QUOT = direct quotation
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|-
|-
|3p/m = third person [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal/medial]]
|
|ADV = adverb
|ADV = adverb
|DIM = diminutive
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|M = masculine
|M = masculine
|REL = [[Wikipedia:Relativizer|relativizer]]
|QUOT = direct quotation
|-
|-
|4 = [[Wikipedia:Obviative|fourth person]]
|
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|DIM = diminutive
|FUT = future
|FUT = future
|PP = patient (past) participle
|OCC = occupation suffix
|RPRF = recent perfective
|RPRF = recent perfective
|-
|-
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|AP = agent (active) participle
|AP = agent (active) participle
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|IMP = imperative
|IMP = imperative
|PRF = perfect
|PP = patient (past) participle
|SBJ = subjunctive
|SBJ = subjunctive
|-
|-
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|AUG = augmentative
|AUG = augmentative
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative|elative]]
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|PRF = perfect
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
|-
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|
|
|
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
|IND = indicative
|IND = indicative
|PST = past
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|
|
|}
|}




===Adjective===
==Adjective==
*1. '''þűki''' - Finished, ended or concluded.
*'''1.''' '''þűki''' - Finished, ended or concluded.
::'''le̋ida þűka e-e̋sa fési m̃us e-tőpa:'''
*The play was over before we got there.
::The play was over before we got there.
*'''le̋ida þűka e-e̋sa—fési m̃us e-tőpa:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!le̋id-a||þűk-a||e=e̋s-a||fési||m̃-us||e=tőp-a
!le̋id-a||þűk-a||e=e̋s-a||fési||m̃-us||e=tőp-a
|-
|-
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===Adverb===
==Adverb==
*2. '''xófvi''' - Thoroughly, completely, from beginning to end.
*'''2.''' '''xófvi''' - Thoroughly, completely, from beginning to end.
::'''m̃us xófvi nomĕ me̋inu ı̋ı̋ƣa fési ṡ̨őxa:'''
*We need to think that over before agreeing.
::We need to think that over before agreeing.
*'''m̃us xófvi nomĕ me̋inu ı̋ı̋ƣa—fési ṡ̨őxa:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!m̃-us||xóf=vi||n-om=ĕ||me̋in-u||ı̋ı̋ƣ-a||fési||ṡ̨őx-a
!m̃-us||xóf=vi||n-om=ĕ||me̋in-u||ı̋ı̋ƣ-a||fési||ṡ̨őx-a
|-
|-
|1p-N||thorough=ADV||3-A.s=EP||think-SUP||need-IND||before||agree-IND
|1p-N||thorough=ADV||that-A.s=EP||think-SUP||need-IND||before||agree-IND
|}
|}




*3.''' lénvi''' - From an upright position to being horizontal.
*'''3.'''''' lénvi''' - From an upright position to being horizontal.
::'''ba̋a̋lu lénvi vőulom ṡűűþom e-þőka:'''
*The baby knocked over the bottle of milk.
::The baby knocked over the bottle of milk.
*'''ba̋a̋lu lénvi vőulom ṡűűþom e-þőka:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!ba̋a̋l-u||lén-vi||vőul-om||ṡűűþ-om||e=þők-a
!ba̋a̋l-u||lén-vi||vőul-om||ṡűűþ-om||e=þők-a
|-
|-
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*4. '''tárvi''' - Horizontally; left to right or right to left.
*'''4.''' '''tárvi''' - Horizontally; left to right or right to left.
::'''m̃ús mĭme̋e̋o baȝa̋lom kı̋u táda tárvi se̋dom pı̋ze:'''
*Let's slide the chair over to make more room.
::Let's slide the chair over to make more room.
*'''m̃ús mĭme̋e̋o baȝa̋lom kı̋u tááda tárvi se̋dom pı̋ze:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!m̃-ús||mĭ~me̋e̋o-Ø||baȝa̋l-om||kı̋-u||tááda||tárvi||se̋dom||pı̋z-e
!m̃-ús||mĭ~me̋e̋o-Ø||baȝa̋l-om||kı̋-u||táda||tárvi||se̋dom||pı̋z-e
|-
|-
|1p-N||ELAT~much=ABS||space-A.xs||make-SUP||in.order.to||cross-ADV||chair-A.s||slice-IMP
|1p-N||ELT~much=ABS||space-A.s||make-SUP||in.order.to||cross-ADV||chair-A.s||slice-IMP
|}
|}




*5. '''tárvi''' - From one position or state to another.
*'''5.''' '''tárvi''' - From one position or state to another.
::'''tárvi ǧe̋mek̬e m̃úm súna dőrek̬e:'''
*Come over and have dinner with us.
::Come over and have dinner with us.
*'''tárvi ǧe̋mek̬e m̃úm súna dőrek̬e:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!tár-vi||ǧe̋m-e=k̬e||m̃-úm||súna||dőr-e=k̬e
!tár-vi||ǧe̋m-e=k̬e||m̃-úm||súna||dőr-e=k̬e
|-
|-
|cross-ADV||come-IMD=and||1p-G||with||dine-IMP=and
|cross-ADV||come-IMP=and||1p-G||with||dine-IMP=and
|}
|}




*6. '''la̋a̋ta''' - Overnight.
*'''6.''' '''la̋a̋ta''' - Overnight.
::'''ṡı̋ṡus tom̃ős h' anűs nóma la̋a̋tu e-ke̋la:'''
*The children had to sleep over at grandma's because of the snow.
::The children had to sleep over at grandma's because of the snow.
*'''ṡı̋ṡus tom̃ős h' anűs nóma la̋a̋tu e-ke̋la:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!ṡı̋ṡ-us||tom̃-ős||h-'||an-űs||nóma||la̋a̋t-u||e=ke̋l-a
!ṡı̋ṡ-us||tom̃-ős||h-'||an-űs||nóma||la̋a̋t-u||e=ke̋l-a
|-
|-
|child-N.p||snowG.s||because-ELIS||grandmother-G.s||at.the.home||pass.the.night-SUP||PST=had.to-IND
|child-N.p||snow-G.s||because-ELIS||grandmother-G.s||at.the.home||pass.the.night-SUP||PST=had.to-IND
|}
|}




*7. '''m̃er-''' - Again, another time, once more, over again.
*'''7.''' '''m̃er-''' - Again, another time, once more, over again.
::'''mu-nomda̋a̋ro e-ha̋ȝa. nááru nom m̃erkı̋u e-ke̋la:'''
*I lost my homework so I had to do it over.
::I lost my homework so I had to do it over.
*'''mu-nomda̋a̋rom e-ha̋ȝa—nááru éȝom m̃erkı̋u e-ke̋la:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!mu=nom-da̋a̋r-om||e=ha̋ȝ-a||nááru||éȝ-om||m̃er=kı̋-u||e=ke̋l-a
!mu=nom-da̋a̋r-o||e=ha̋ȝ-a||nááru||n-om||m̃er=kı̋-u||e=ke̋l-a
|-
|-
|my=ho=me-task-N.s||PST-lose-IND||therefore||3-A.s||re-=do-SUP||PST=had.to-IND
|my=home-task-A.s||PST-lose-IND||therefore||it-A.s||re-=do-SUP||PST=had.to-IND
|}
|}




===Postposition===
==Postposition==
*8. '''úpa''' - On top of, above, higher than.
*'''8.''' '''úpa''' - On top of, above, higher than.
::'''tu-niimős úpa ne̋uom ƣe̋ve:'''
*Hold the sign over your head.
::Hold the sign over your head.
*'''tu-niimős úpa ne̋uom ƣe̋ve:'''


::{| Class=wikitable
:{|
!tu=niim-ős||úpa||ne̋u-om||ƣe̋v-e
!tu=niim-ős||úpa||ne̋u-om||ƣe̋v-e
|-
|-
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*9. '''tára''' - Across, spanning.
*'''9.''' '''tára''' - Across, spanning.
::'''nus erekős tára þőlom dĭde̋ma:'''
*'''nus erekős tára þőlom dĭde̋ma:'''
::They have built a bridge over the canyon.
*They have built a bridge over the canyon.
 
*'''éȝus erekős tára þőlom dĭde̋ma:'''
::{| Class=wikitable
:{|
!n-us||erek-ős||tára||þől-om||dĭ~de̋m-a
!éȝ-us||erek-ős||tára||þől-om||dĭ~de̋m-a
|-
|-
|3-N.p||canyon-G.s||over||bridge-A.s||PRF~build-IND
|they-N.p||canyon-G.s||over||bridge-A.s||PRF~build-IND
|}
|}




*10. '''éva''' - In such a way as to cover.
*'''10.''' '''éva''' - In such a way as to cover.
::'''tu ṡ̨űbom éva pa̋dom muxe̋ȝa:'''
*You may drape the flag over the casket.
::You may drape the flag over the casket.
*'''tu ṡ̨űbom éva pa̋dom muxe̋ȝa:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!t-u||ṡ̨űb-om||éva||pa̋d-om||mux-e̋ȝa
!t-u||ṡ̨űb-om||éva||pa̋d-om||mux-e̋ȝa
|-
|-
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*11. '''tára''' - From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards.  
*'''11.''' '''tára''' - From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards.  
::'''mu tűrom tára u-re̋na táádi tum þőnu maaƣe̋ȝa:'''
*I'll climb over the fence so I can help you.
::I'll climb over the fence so I can help you.
*'''mu tűrom tára u-re̋na—táádi tum þőnu maƣe̋ȝa:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!m-u||tűr-om||tára||u=re̋n-a||táádi||t-um||þőn-u||maƣ-e̋ȝa
!m-u||tűr-om||tára||u=re̋n-a||táádi||t-um||þőn-u||maaƣ-e̋ȝa
|-
|-
|1s-N||gate-A.s||over||FUT=climb-IND||in.order||2s-A||help-SUP||be.able-SBJ
|1s-N||gate-A.s||over||FUT=climb-IND||in.order||2s-A||help-SUP||be.able-SBJ
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*12. '''sóma''' - More than, to a greater degree.
*'''12.''' '''sóma''' - More than, to a greater degree.
::'''mu abelőm sóma te̋fon me̋e̋ƣa:'''
*I prefer peaches over apples.
::I prefer peaches over apples.
*'''mu abelőm sóma te̋fon me̋e̋ƣa:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!m-u||abel-őm||sóma||te̋f-on||me̋e̋ƣ-a
!m-u||abel-őm||sóma||te̋f-on||me̋e̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
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*13. '''sépa''' - Concerning or regarding.
*'''13.''' '''sépa''' - Concerning or regarding.
::'''d̬o hűsus leiðþórteelűs rekő' sépa e-ṡa̋ta:'''
*The two boys fought over the referee's decision.
::The two boys fought over the referee's decision.
*'''d̬o hűsus leiðþórteelűs rekő' sépa e-ṡa̋ta:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!d̬o||hűs-us||leið-þór-tee-l-űs||rek-ő-'||sépa||e-ṡa̋t-a
!d̬o||hűs-us||leið-þór-tee-l-űs||rek-ő-'||sépa||e-ṡa̋t-a
|-
|-
|two||boy-N.p||sport-lay-say-AG-G.s||decision-G.s-ELIS||about||PST=fight-IND
|two||boy-N.p||sport-law-say-AG-G.s||decision-G.s-ELIS||about||PST=fight-IND
|}
|}




*14. '''n̨áxa''' - Above, implying superiority after a contest, in spite of, notwithstanding.
*'''14.''' '''n̨áxa''' - Above, implying superiority after a contest, in spite of, notwithstanding.
::'''þőro reeƣűs þoosaṡős n̨áxa þőraþo e-ı̋la:'''
*The law was passed over the king's objections.
::The law was passed over the king's objections.
*'''þőro reeƣűs þoosaṡős n̨áxa þőraþo e-ı̋la:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!þőr-o||reeƣ-űs||þoos-aṡ-ős||n̨áxa||þőr-a-þ-o||e=ı̋l-a
!þőr-o||reeƣ-űs||þoos-aṡ-ős||n̨áxa||þőr-a-þ-o||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|-
|law-N.s||king-G.s||against-move-G.s||despite||enact-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|law-N.s||king-G.s||against-move-G.s||despite||enact-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
|}

Revision as of 10:41, 20 March 2018

Pronunciation table

p b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ǫ o u ĭ ĕ ŭ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = first person singular/plural V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PST = past
2s/p = second person singular/plural ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) CONV = conversive F = feminine INT = intensive prefix Q = interrogative particle
ADV = adverb DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative M = masculine QUOT = direct quotation
AG = agent DIM = diminutive FUT = future OCC = occupation suffix RPRF = recent perfective
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELIS = elision IMP = imperative PP = patient (past) participle SBJ = subjunctive
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis INC = inchoative PRF = perfect SUP = supine
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) ELT = elative IND = indicative PRV = privative prefix


Pronunciation table

p b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ǫ o u ĭ ĕ ŭ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = first person singular/plural V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PST = past
2s/p = second person singular/plural ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) CONV = conversive F = feminine INT = intensive prefix Q = interrogative particle
ADV = adverb DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative M = masculine QUOT = direct quotation
AG = agent DIM = diminutive FUT = future OCC = occupation suffix RPRF = recent perfective
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELIS = elision IMP = imperative PP = patient (past) participle SBJ = subjunctive
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis INC = inchoative PRF = perfect SUP = supine
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) ELT = elative IND = indicative PRV = privative prefix


Adjective

  • 1. þűki - Finished, ended or concluded.
  • The play was over before we got there.
  • le̋ida þűka e-e̋sa—fési m̃us e-tőpa:
le̋id-a þűk-a e=e̋s-a fési m̃-us e=tőp-a
play-N.s over-N.s PST=be-IND before 1p-N PST=arrive-IND


Adverb

  • 2. xófvi - Thoroughly, completely, from beginning to end.
  • We need to think that over before agreeing.
  • m̃us xófvi nomĕ me̋inu ı̋ı̋ƣa—fési ṡ̨őxa:
m̃-us xóf=vi n-om=ĕ me̋in-u ı̋ı̋ƣ-a fési ṡ̨őx-a
1p-N thorough=ADV that-A.s=EP think-SUP need-IND before agree-IND


  • '3.' lénvi - From an upright position to being horizontal.
  • The baby knocked over the bottle of milk.
  • ba̋a̋lu lénvi vőulom ṡűűþom e-þőka:
ba̋a̋l-u lén-vi vőul-om ṡűűþ-om e=þők-a
baby-N.s inclined-ADV bottle-A.s milk-A.s PST=knock-IND


  • 4. tárvi - Horizontally; left to right or right to left.
  • Let's slide the chair over to make more room.
  • m̃ús mĭme̋e̋o baȝa̋lom kı̋u tááda tárvi se̋dom pı̋ze:
m̃-ús mĭ~me̋e̋o-Ø baȝa̋l-om kı̋-u tááda tárvi se̋dom pı̋z-e
1p-N ELT~much=ABS space-A.s make-SUP in.order.to cross-ADV chair-A.s slice-IMP


  • 5. tárvi - From one position or state to another.
  • Come over and have dinner with us.
  • tárvi ǧe̋mek̬e m̃úm súna dőrek̬e:
tár-vi ǧe̋m-e=k̬e m̃-úm súna dőr-e=k̬e
cross-ADV come-IMP=and 1p-G with dine-IMP=and


  • 6. la̋a̋ta - Overnight.
  • The children had to sleep over at grandma's because of the snow.
  • ṡı̋ṡus tom̃ős h' anűs nóma la̋a̋tu e-ke̋la:
ṡı̋ṡ-us tom̃-ős h-' an-űs nóma la̋a̋t-u e=ke̋l-a
child-N.p snow-G.s because-ELIS grandmother-G.s at.the.home pass.the.night-SUP PST=had.to-IND


  • 7. m̃er- - Again, another time, once more, over again.
  • I lost my homework so I had to do it over.
  • mu-nomda̋a̋rom e-ha̋ȝa—nááru éȝom m̃erkı̋u e-ke̋la:
mu=nom-da̋a̋r-om e=ha̋ȝ-a nááru éȝ-om m̃er=kı̋-u e=ke̋l-a
my=home-task-A.s PST-lose-IND therefore it-A.s re-=do-SUP PST=had.to-IND


Postposition

  • 8. úpa - On top of, above, higher than.
  • Hold the sign over your head.
  • tu-niimős úpa ne̋uom ƣe̋ve:
tu=niim-ős úpa ne̋u-om ƣe̋v-e
your=head-G.s over sign-A.s hold-IMP


  • 9. tára - Across, spanning.
  • nus erekős tára þőlom dĭde̋ma:
  • They have built a bridge over the canyon.
  • éȝus erekős tára þőlom dĭde̋ma:
éȝ-us erek-ős tára þől-om dĭ~de̋m-a
they-N.p canyon-G.s over bridge-A.s PRF~build-IND


  • 10. éva - In such a way as to cover.
  • You may drape the flag over the casket.
  • tu ṡ̨űbom éva pa̋dom muxe̋ȝa:
t-u ṡ̨űb-om éva pa̋d-om mux-e̋ȝa
2s-N casket-A.s over flag-A.s drape-SBJ


  • 11. tára - From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards.
  • I'll climb over the fence so I can help you.
  • mu tűrom tára u-re̋na—táádi tum þőnu maƣe̋ȝa:
m-u tűr-om tára u=re̋n-a táádi t-um þőn-u maƣ-e̋ȝa
1s-N gate-A.s over FUT=climb-IND in.order 2s-A help-SUP be.able-SBJ


  • 12. sóma - More than, to a greater degree.
  • I prefer peaches over apples.
  • mu abelőm sóma te̋fon me̋e̋ƣa:
m-u abel-őm sóma te̋f-on me̋e̋ƣ-a
1s-N apple-G.p compared.to peach-A.p prefer-IND


  • 13. sépa - Concerning or regarding.
  • The two boys fought over the referee's decision.
  • d̬o hűsus leiðþórteelűs rekő' sépa e-ṡa̋ta:
d̬o hűs-us leið-þór-tee-l-űs rek-ő-' sépa e-ṡa̋t-a
two boy-N.p sport-law-say-AG-G.s decision-G.s-ELIS about PST=fight-IND


  • 14. n̨áxa - Above, implying superiority after a contest, in spite of, notwithstanding.
  • The law was passed over the king's objections.
  • þőro reeƣűs þoosaṡős n̨áxa þőraþo e-ı̋la:
þőr-o reeƣ-űs þoos-aṡ-ős n̨áxa þőr-a-þ-o e=ı̋l-a
law-N.s king-G.s against-move-G.s despite enact-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND
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