Senjecas - break: Difference between revisions

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m (→‎Pronunciation chart: Orthography revision.)
m (Grammar corrections. Style revison. Glossing table updated.)
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===Pronunciation table===
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
!p
!p
!b
!b
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|}
|}


===Glossing abbreviations===
 
::{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
==Glossing abbreviations==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
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|EQU = equative degree
|EQU = equative degree
|INS = instrument
|INS = instrument
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|PST = past
|-
|-
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|CONV = conversive
|F = feminine
|F = feminine
|INT = intensive prefix
|INT = intensive prefix
|QUOT = direct quotation
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|-
|-
|3p/m = third person [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal/medial]]
|
|ADV = adverb
|ADV = adverb
|DIM = diminutive
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|M = masculine
|M = masculine
|REL = [[Wikipedia:Relativizer|relativizer]]
|QUOT = direct quotation
|-
|-
|4 = [[Wikipedia:Obviative|fourth person]]
|
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|DIM = diminutive
|FUT = future
|FUT = future
|PP = patient (past) participle
|OCC = occupation suffix
|RPRF = recent perfective
|RPRF = recent perfective
|-
|-
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|AP = agent (active) participle
|AP = agent (active) participle
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|IMP = imperative
|IMP = imperative
|PRF = perfect
|PP = patient (past) participle
|SBJ = subjunctive
|SBJ = subjunctive
|-
|-
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|AUG = augmentative
|AUG = augmentative
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative|elative]]
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|PRF = perfect
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
|-
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|
|
|
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
|IND = indicative
|IND = indicative
|PST = past
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|
|
|}
|}
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===Transitive===
===Transitive===
*1. '''le̋ma''' - separate into two or more pieces
*'''1.''' '''le̋ma''' - separate into two or more pieces
::'''nu gı̋ndom e-le̋ma:'''
*She broke the cup.
::She broke the cup.
*'''éȝu gı̋ndom e-le̋ma:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!éȝ-u||gı̋nd-om||e=le̋m-a
!n-u||gı̋nd-om||e=le̋m-a
|-
|-
|3-N.s||cup-A.s||PST=break-IND
|she-N.s||cup-A.s||PST=break-IND
|}
|}




*2. '''le̋ma''' - crack or fracture under a physical strain
*'''2.''' '''le̋ma''' - crack or fracture under a physical strain
::'''hűsu ȝe̋gom éna e-pı̋za da la̋kom e-le̋ma:'''
*The boy slipped on the ice and broke (his) leg.
::The boy slipped on the ice and broke (his) leg.
*'''hűsu ȝe̋gom éna e-pı̋za da la̋kom e-le̋ma:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!hűs-u||ȝe̋g-om||éna||e=pı̋z-a||da||la̋k-om||e=le̋m-a
!hűs-u||ȝe̋g-om||éna||e=pı̋z-a||da||la̋k-om||e=le̋m-a
|-
|-
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*3. '''pűla''' - divide something into smaller units
*'''3.''' '''pűla''' - divide something into smaller units
::'''k̬a̋pu pĭpı̋no de̋e̋gon éna műűtom e-pűla:'''
*The merchant broke the bundle into smaller parcels.
::The merchant broke the bundle into smaller parcels.
*'''k̬a̋pu pĭpı̋no de̋e̋gon éna műűtom e-pűla:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!k̬a̋p-u||pĭ~pı̋no-Ø||de̋e̋g-on||éna||műűt-om||e=pűl-a
!k̬a̋p-u||pĭ~pı̋no-Ø||de̋e̋g-on||éna||műűt-om||e=pűl-a
|-
|-
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*4. '''dusre̋e̋da''' - crush the spirit
*'''4.''' '''dusre̋e̋da''' - crush the spirit
::'''gunős i-mőődo kísu kőlaþum u-dusre̋e̋da:'''
*This method of torture will surely break the prisoner.
::This method of torture will surely break the prisoner.
*'''gunős i-mőődo kísu kőlaþum u-dusre̋e̋da:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!gun-ős||i=mőőd-o||kísu||kőlaþ-um||u=dus=re̋e̋d-a
!gunős||i=mőőd-o||kísu||kőlaþ-um||u=dus=re̋e̋d-a
|-
|-
|torture-G.s||this=method-N.s||surely||prisoner-A.s||FUT=dis-=cheer-IND
|torture-G.s||this=method-N.s||surely||prisoner-A.s||FUT=dis-=cheer-IND
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*5. '''dőma''' - cause to lose the will
*'''5.''' '''dőma''' - cause to lose the will
::'''tu mőrem dőmu ke̋la. fési mı̋mu ma̋a̋ƣa:'''
*You have to break a horse before you can ride.
::You have to break a horse before you can ride.
*'''tu mőrem dőmu ke̋la—fési mı̋mu ma̋ƣa:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!t-u||mőr-em||dőm-u||ke̋l-a||fési||mı̋m-u||ma̋ƣ-a
!t-u||mőr-em||dőm-u||ke̋l-a||fési||mı̋m-u||ma̋a̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|2s-N||horse-A.s||break-SUP||must-IND||before||ride-SUP||be.able-IND
|2s-N||horse-A.s||break-SUP||must-IND||before||ride-SUP||be.able-IND
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*6. '''ðe̋ża''' - interrupt; destroy the continuity of; dissolve or terminate  
*'''6.''' '''ðe̋ża''' - interrupt; destroy the continuity of; dissolve or terminate  
::'''na̋bo sa̋a̋mom e-ðe̋ża:'''
*The explosion broke the silence.
::The explosion broke the silence.
*'''na̋bo sa̋a̋mom e-ðe̋ża:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!na̋b-o||sa̋a̋m-om||e=ðe̋ż-a
!na̋b-o||sa̋a̋m-om||e=ðe̋ż-a
|-
|-
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*7. '''lı̋ða''' - violate, not adhere to
*'''7.''' '''lı̋ða''' - violate, not adhere to
::'''ur-su ii-nús o su-k̬e̋tom e-lı̋ða:'''
*He broke his promise to her.
::He broke his promise to her.
*'''ur-éȝu ii-eȝús o eȝu-k̬e̋tom e-lı̋ða:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!ur=éȝ-u||ii=eȝ-ús||o||eȝu=k̬e̋t-om||e=lı̋ð-a
!ur=s-u||ii=n-ús||o||su=k̬e̋t-om||e=lı̋ð-a
|-
|-
|M=3-N.s||F=3-G.s||to||his=promise-A.s||PST=break-IND
|M=he-N.s||F=she-G.s||to||his=promise-A.s||PST=break-IND
|}
|}




*8. '''m̃ine̋uda''' - stop, or to cause to stop, functioning properly or altogether
*'''8.''' '''m̃ine̋uda''' - stop, or to cause to stop, functioning properly or altogether
::'''tu k̨őőrlom m̃ine̋udame:'''
*Did you break the churn?
::Did you break the churn?
*'''tu k̨őőrlom m̃ine̋udame:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!t-u||k̨őőr-l-om||m̃i=ne̋ud-a=me
!t-u||k̨őőrl-om||m̃i=ne̋ud-a=me
|-
|-
|2s-N||churn-A.s||CONV=utilize-IND=Q
|2s-N||churn-INS-A.s||CONV=utilize-IND=Q
|}
|}


*9. '''pa̋xa''' - interrupt (a fall) by inserting something so that the falling object not hit something else beneath
::'''nu tűngom úúda ı̋tom e-t̬ı̋ɫa. hi ne̋ri dűűsis su-főőlom e-pa̋xa:'''
::He survived the jump out the window because the bushes below broke his fall.


::{| Class=wikitable
*'''9.''' '''pa̋xa''' - interrupt (a fall) by inserting something so that the falling object not hit something else beneath
!n-u||tűng-om||úúda||ı̋t-om||e=t̬ı̋ɫ-a||hi||ne̋ri-Ø||dűűs-is||su=főől-om||e=pa̋x-a
*He survived the jump out the window because the bushes below broke his fall.
*'''éȝu tűngom úúda ı̋tom e-t̬ı̋ɫa—hi ne̋ri dűűsis eȝ u-főőlom e-pa̋xa:'''
 
:{|
!éȝ-u||tűng-om||úúda||ı̋t-om||e=t̬ı̋ɫ-a||hi||ne̋ri-Ø||dűűs-is||eȝu=főől-om||e=pa̋x-a
|-
|-
|3-N.s||window-A.s||out.of||jump-A.s||PST=survive-IND||because||below-ABS||bush-N.p||his=fall-A.s||PST=stop-IND
|he-N.s||window-A.s||out.of||jump-A.s||PST=survive-IND||because||below-ABS||bush-N.p||his=fall-A.s||PST=stop-IND
|}
|}




===Intransitive===
===Intransitive===
*1. '''őna''' - be overwhelmed with sorrow or grief
*'''10.''' '''őna''' - be overwhelmed with sorrow or grief
::'''mu-sűð' őna:'''
*My heart is breaking.
::My heart is breaking.
*'''mu-sűð' őna:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!mu=sűð-o||őn-a
!mu=sűð-'||őn-a
|-
|-
|my=heart-ELIS||be.overwhelmed.with.grief-IND
|my=heart-N.s||be.overwhelmed.with.grief-IND
|}
|}




*2. '''de̋usa''' - pass the most dangerous part of the illness
*'''11.''' '''de̋usa''' - pass the most dangerous part of the illness
::'''su-ðe̋ɫo vaiƣa̋s éna e-de̋usa:'''
*His fever broke at dawn.
::His fever broke at dawn.
*'''vu-ðe̋ɫo vaiƣa̋s e-de̋usa:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!su=ðe̋ɫ-o||vaiƣ-a̋s||e=de̋us-a
!su=ðe̋ɫ-o||vaiƣ-a̋s||éna||e=de̋us-a
|-
|-
|his=fever-N.s||dawn-G.s||at||PST=stop-IND
|his=fever-N.s||dawn-G.s||PST=stop-IND
|}
|}




*3. '''vı̋ra''' - collapse into surf
*'''12.''' '''vı̋ra''' - collapse into surf
::'''mu k̨űdom éna vı̋ranto da̋lo' na̋ka:'''
*I see waves breaking on the shore.
::I see waves breaking on the shore.
*'''mu k̨űdom éna vı̋ranto da̋lo' na̋ka:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!m-u||k̨űd-om||éna||vı̋r-a-nto-Ø||da̋l-o-'||na̋k-a
!m-u||k̨űd-om||éna||vı̋r-a-nto-Ø||da̋l-o-'||na̋k-a
|-
|-
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4. '''þűka''' - end of a storm or spell of weather
*'''13.''' '''þűka''' - end of a storm or spell of weather
::'''mu-ȝa tı̋ı̋þo i-la̋þo m̃u-taƣős fésa þuke̋ȝa-ı̋ṡa:'''
*I hope this hot weather breaks before our trip.
::I hope this hot weather breaks before our trip.
*'''mu—tı̋ı̋þo i-la̋þo m̃u-taƣős fésa þűku—ı̋ṡa:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!m-u||tı̋ı̋þo-Ø||i=la̋þ-o||m̃u=taƣ-ős||fésa||þűk-u||ı̋ṡ-a
!m-u||ȝa||tı̋ı̋þo-Ø||i=la̋þ-o||m̃u=taƣ-ős||fésa||þuk-e̋ȝa||ı̋ṡ-a
|-
|-
|1s-N||REL||hot-ABS||this=weather-N.s||our=trip-G.s||before||finish-SBJ||hope-IND
|1s-N||hot-ABS||this=weather-N.s||our=trip-G.s||before||finish-SUP||hope-IND
|}
|}




5. '''żűka''' - interrupt or cease one's work or occupation temporarily
*14. '''żűka''' - interrupt or cease one's work or occupation temporarily
::'''m̃ú żűke: pósu náánu tőde:'''
*Let's (take a) break, then start again.
::Let's (take a) break, then start again.
*'''m̃ú żűke: pósu náánu tőde:'''
 
:{|
::{| Class=wikitable
!m̃-ú||żűk-e||pósu||náánu||tőd-e
!m̃-ú||żűk-e||pósu||náánu||tőd-e
|-
|-
|1p-V||pause-IMP||then||again||begin-IMP
|1p-V||pause-IMP||then||again||begin-IMP
|}
|}

Revision as of 11:38, 19 March 2018

Pronunciation table

p b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ǫ o u ĭ ĕ ŭ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = first person singular/plural V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PST = past
2s/p = second person singular/plural ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) CONV = conversive F = feminine INT = intensive prefix Q = interrogative particle
ADV = adverb DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative M = masculine QUOT = direct quotation
AG = agent DIM = diminutive FUT = future OCC = occupation suffix RPRF = recent perfective
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELIS = elision IMP = imperative PP = patient (past) participle SBJ = subjunctive
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis INC = inchoative PRF = perfect SUP = supine
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) ELT = elative IND = indicative PRV = privative prefix


Transitive

  • 1. le̋ma - separate into two or more pieces
  • She broke the cup.
  • éȝu gı̋ndom e-le̋ma:
éȝ-u gı̋nd-om e=le̋m-a
she-N.s cup-A.s PST=break-IND


  • 2. le̋ma - crack or fracture under a physical strain
  • The boy slipped on the ice and broke (his) leg.
  • hűsu ȝe̋gom éna e-pı̋za da la̋kom e-le̋ma:
hűs-u ȝe̋g-om éna e=pı̋z-a da la̋k-om e=le̋m-a
boy-N.s ice-A.s on PST=slip-IND and leg-A.s PST=break-IND


  • 3. pűla - divide something into smaller units
  • The merchant broke the bundle into smaller parcels.
  • k̬a̋pu pĭpı̋no de̋e̋gon éna műűtom e-pűla:
k̬a̋p-u pĭ~pı̋no-Ø de̋e̋g-on éna műűt-om e=pűl-a
merchant-N.s ELT~small-ABS parcel-A.p into bundle-A.s PST=divide-IND


  • 4. dusre̋e̋da - crush the spirit
  • This method of torture will surely break the prisoner.
  • gunős i-mőődo kísu kőlaþum u-dusre̋e̋da:
gun-ős i=mőőd-o kísu kőlaþ-um u=dus=re̋e̋d-a
torture-G.s this=method-N.s surely prisoner-A.s FUT=dis-=cheer-IND


  • 5. dőma - cause to lose the will
  • You have to break a horse before you can ride.
  • tu mőrem dőmu ke̋la—fési mı̋mu ma̋ƣa:
t-u mőr-em dőm-u ke̋l-a fési mı̋m-u ma̋ƣ-a
2s-N horse-A.s break-SUP must-IND before ride-SUP be.able-IND


  • 6. ðe̋ża - interrupt; destroy the continuity of; dissolve or terminate
  • The explosion broke the silence.
  • na̋bo sa̋a̋mom e-ðe̋ża:
na̋b-o sa̋a̋m-om e=ðe̋ż-a
explosion-N.s silence-A.s PST=break-IND


  • 7. lı̋ða - violate, not adhere to
  • He broke his promise to her.
  • ur-éȝu ii-eȝús o eȝu-k̬e̋tom e-lı̋ða:
ur=éȝ-u ii=eȝ-ús o eȝu=k̬e̋t-om e=lı̋ð-a
M=he-N.s F=she-G.s to his=promise-A.s PST=break-IND


  • 8. m̃ine̋uda - stop, or to cause to stop, functioning properly or altogether
  • Did you break the churn?
  • tu k̨őőrlom m̃ine̋udame:
t-u k̨őőr-l-om m̃i=ne̋ud-a=me
2s-N churn-INS-A.s CONV=utilize-IND=Q


  • 9. pa̋xa - interrupt (a fall) by inserting something so that the falling object not hit something else beneath
  • He survived the jump out the window because the bushes below broke his fall.
  • éȝu tűngom úúda ı̋tom e-t̬ı̋ɫa—hi ne̋ri dűűsis eȝ u-főőlom e-pa̋xa:
éȝ-u tűng-om úúda ı̋t-om e=t̬ı̋ɫ-a hi ne̋ri-Ø dűűs-is eȝu=főől-om e=pa̋x-a
he-N.s window-A.s out.of jump-A.s PST=survive-IND because below-ABS bush-N.p his=fall-A.s PST=stop-IND


Intransitive

  • 10. őna - be overwhelmed with sorrow or grief
  • My heart is breaking.
  • mu-sűð' őna:
mu=sűð-o őn-a
my=heart-N.s be.overwhelmed.with.grief-IND


  • 11. de̋usa - pass the most dangerous part of the illness
  • His fever broke at dawn.
  • vu-ðe̋ɫo vaiƣa̋s e-de̋usa:
su=ðe̋ɫ-o vaiƣ-a̋s e=de̋us-a
his=fever-N.s dawn-G.s PST=stop-IND


  • 12. vı̋ra - collapse into surf
  • I see waves breaking on the shore.
  • mu k̨űdom éna vı̋ranto da̋lo' na̋ka:
m-u k̨űd-om éna vı̋r-a-nto-Ø da̋l-o-' na̋k-a
1s-N shore-A.s on collapse-IND-AP-ABS wave-A.p-ELIS see-IND


  • 13. þűka - end of a storm or spell of weather
  • I hope this hot weather breaks before our trip.
  • mu—tı̋ı̋þo i-la̋þo m̃u-taƣős fésa þűku—ı̋ṡa:
m-u tı̋ı̋þo-Ø i=la̋þ-o m̃u=taƣ-ős fésa þűk-u ı̋ṡ-a
1s-N hot-ABS this=weather-N.s our=trip-G.s before finish-SUP hope-IND


  • 14. żűka - interrupt or cease one's work or occupation temporarily
  • Let's (take a) break, then start again.
  • m̃ú żűke: pósu náánu tőde:
m̃-ú żűk-e pósu náánu tőd-e
1p-V pause-IMP then again begin-IMP
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