Kunke

General Description

Kunke is a nominative-accusative SOV language which combines inverse number marking, orientation prefixes, and areal prefixes.

Phonotactics

<r> becomes <zh> at an intervocalic morpheme boundary.

<r> becomes before <h> within a morpheme, after <w> at a morpheme boundary.

<y> is an epenthetic (excrescent) consonant between vowels at a morpheme boundary.

Number and Orientation

Number

Direct -0

Inverse -aah

Orientation

Vertical osi-

Horizontal osuw-

Squatting hii-

Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. For the numbers which are not inherent to that stem, the inverse number suffix <-aah> is added. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root. The three orientation roots are <osi-> ‘vertical’, <osuw-> ‘horizontal’, <hii-> ‘squatting’. The basic meaning of the root <nasah> is ‘long wooden thing’ and it is inherently singular; thus <osinasah> means ‘tree’ and <osinasahaah> means ‘trees (dual or plural). <osuwnasah> means ‘stick’, and <hiinasah> means ‘branch’. <ruwsa> means ‘eye’ and is inherently dual. <siuyosuwsuwsa> means ‘eyes (du)’, <siuyosuwsuwsayaah> ‘one eye’, <siuyosizhuwsa> ‘downward eye; modesty’, <siuhii-zhuwsa> ‘upward-glancing eye; insolence’. <runwu> means ‘water’ and is inherently plural. <osuwsunwuyaah> means ‘drop of water (in river)’, <osizhunwuyaah> means ‘raindrop’, and <hiizhunwuyaah> means ‘waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical)’.

Phonotactics

<r> becomes <zh> at an intervocalic morpheme boundary.

<r> becomes before <h> within a morpheme, after <w> at a morpheme boundary.

<y> is an epenthetic (excrescent) consonant between vowels at a morpheme boundary.

Number and Orientation

Number

Direct -0 Inverse -aah

Orientation

Vertical osi- Horizontal osuw- Squatting hii-

Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. For the numbers which are not inherent to that stem, the inverse number suffix <-aah> is added. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root. The three orientation roots are <osi-> ‘vertical’, <osuw-> ‘horizontal’, <hii-> ‘squatting’. The basic meaning of the root <nasah> is ‘long wooden thing’ and it is inherently singular; thus <osinasah> means ‘tree’ and <osinasahaah> means ‘trees (dual or plural). <osuwnasah> means ‘stick’, and <hiinasah> means ‘branch’. <ruwsa> means ‘eye’ and is inherently dual. <siuyosuwsuwsa> means ‘eyes (du)’, <siuyosuwsuwsayaah> ‘one eye’, <siuyosizhuwsa> ‘downward eye; modesty’, <siuhii-zhuwsa> ‘upward-glancing eye; insolence’. <runwu> means ‘water’ and is inherently plural. <osuwsunwuyaah> means ‘drop of water (in river)’, <osizhunwuyaah> means ‘raindrop’, and <hiizhunwuyaah> means ‘waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical)’.

Phonotactics

<r> becomes <zh> at an intervocalic morpheme boundary.

<r> becomes before <h> within a morpheme, after <w> at a morpheme boundary.

<y> is an epenthetic (excrescent) consonant between vowels at a morpheme boundary.

Number and Orientation

Number

Direct -0 Inverse -aah

Orientation

Vertical osi- Horizontal osuw- Squatting hii-

Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. For the numbers which are not inherent to that stem, the inverse number suffix <-aah> is added. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root. The three orientation roots are <osi-> ‘vertical’, <osuw-> ‘horizontal’, <hii-> ‘squatting’. The basic meaning of the root <nasah> is ‘long wooden thing’ and it is inherently singular; thus <osinasah> means ‘tree’ and <osinasahaah> means ‘trees (dual or plural). <osuwnasah> means ‘stick’, and <hiinasah> means ‘branch’. <ruwsa> means ‘eye’ and is inherently dual. <siuyosuwsuwsa> means ‘eyes (du)’, <siuyosuwsuwsayaah> ‘one eye’, <siuyosizhuwsa> ‘downward eye; modesty’, <siuhii-zhuwsa> ‘upward-glancing eye; insolence’. <runwu> means ‘water’ and is inherently plural. <osuwsunwuyaah> means ‘drop of water (in river)’, <osizhunwuyaah> means ‘raindrop’, and <hiizhunwuyaah> means ‘waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical)’.

Phonotactics

<r> becomes <zh> at an intervocalic morpheme boundary.

<r> becomes before <h> within a morpheme, after <w> at a morpheme boundary.

<y> is an epenthetic (excrescent) consonant between vowels at a morpheme boundary.

Number and Orientation

Number

Direct -0 Inverse -aah

Orientation

Vertical osi- Horizontal osuw- Squatting hii-

Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. For the numbers which are not inherent to that stem, the inverse number suffix <-aah> is added. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root. The three orientation roots are <osi-> ‘vertical’, <osuw-> ‘horizontal’, <hii-> ‘squatting’. The basic meaning of the root <nasah> is ‘long wooden thing’ and it is inherently singular; thus <osinasah> means ‘tree’ and <osinasahaah> means ‘trees (dual or plural). <osuwnasah> means ‘stick’, and <hiinasah> means ‘branch’. <ruwsa> means ‘eye’ and is inherently dual. <siuyosuwsuwsa> means ‘eyes (du)’, <siuyosuwsuwsayaah> ‘one eye’, <siuyosizhuwsa> ‘downward eye; modesty’, <siuhii-zhuwsa> ‘upward-glancing eye; insolence’. <runwu> means ‘water’ and is inherently plural. <osuwsunwuyaah> means ‘drop of water (in river)’, <osizhunwuyaah> means ‘raindrop’, and <hiizhunwuyaah> means ‘waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical)’.

Possessive Prefixes

Generic siu-

1st nue-

2nd iih-

3rd asa-

Reflexive uwi-

Reciprocal aek-

Areal eur-

Disjoint aas-

Inverse Disjoint uos-

There are possessive prefixes in Kunke. One of them, <siu->, seen above in words such as <siuyosuwsuwsa> ‘eyes (du)’, is used with inalienably possessed objects, such as body parts and relatives. It is frequently used to create nouns. The first, second, and third persons are represented by <nue->, <iih->, and <asa->, respectively. <uwi-> is the reflexive prefix. <aek-> is the reciprocal prefix. Then it becomes less familiar to speakers of European languages. <eur-> is an areal prefix, used when the possessor is areal, spatial, or temporal. <aas-> is the disjoint prefix, used when both the subject and the possessor are both in the direct zero-marked form and are not identical. <uos-> is the inverse disjoint form, used when the subject is inverse-marked, the possessor is not, and the possessor is not an individual included within the inverse-marked subject. Thus, from <osizhena> ‘daughter’ from <osi-rena>:

<siuyosizhena> ‘daughter’

<nueyosizhena> ‘my daughter’

<iihosizhena> ‘your daughter’

<asayosizhena> ‘his/her daughter’

<uwiyosizhena> ‘his/her/their own daughter’

<aekosizhenayaah> ‘each other’s daughters’

<euzhosizhena> ‘area daughter; foundling; prostitute’

<aasosizhena> ‘his/her daughter (but not of the subject)’

<uososizhena> ‘his/her daughter (but not of a singular subject)’

If the inverse-marked subject is inherently dual or plural, the inverse disjoint prefix can only reflect the non-singular meaning of the inverse-marked subject. Thus, if the subject is <osihoshetaah> ‘warrior/warriors (sg/du)’, from <osi-horhet>, <uososizhena> can only refer to a daughter of someone who is a not a part of the group of the two warriors who are the subject of the sentence; if she were the daughter of one of these warriors, one would use <asayosizhena>.

Genitives

Alienable -ia

Inalienable -iko

There are two genitive suffixes, one alienable <-ia>, the other inalienable <-iko>. A piece of jewelry owned by the warrior’s daughter would produce <iihosizhenayia hiikuaw> ‘your daughter’s jewelry’, but her neck, <ruta>, would produce <iihosizhenayiko siuyosizhuta> ‘your daughter’s neck’.

Verbal Structure

Kunke verbs have the following structure:

switch reference-subject-root-object-tense.

Switch reference

Same Subject

Remote Past une-

Past ohru-

Present uuh-

Future hue-

Different Subject

Remote Past uno-

Past our-

Present uuw-

Future oha-

Switch reference is zero-marked on a free-standing verb. Switch-reference encodes tense as well change of subject.

Verbal Plurals

Singular

Generic ook-

1st nue-

2nd iih-

3rd asa-

Reflexive uwi-

Reciprocal aek-

Areal eur-

Disjoint aas-

Inverse Disjoint uos-

Plural

Generic hue-

1st iti-

2nd wao-

3rd iho-

Reflexive uwi-

Reciprocal aer-

Areal iar-

Verbs, unlike nouns, have explicit plural forms for numbers and persons. The singular/dual forms of the singular/dual are the same as the possessive prefixes listed above, except for the Generic, which is different.The plural forms are different, except for the Reflexive, which is the same.

Tense Suffixes

Remote Past -iet

Past -iur

Present -iun

Future -ihu

Sentence Examples

<osihoshetaah osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet uososuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet>

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet uos-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet

VERT-warrior SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST PL.DJT-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST

The two warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.

(No, there are no numbers yet)

<osihoshet osuwasiwaah ihosisoyiazhihu>

Osi-horhet osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu

VERT-warrior HORZ-field-INV 3pl-seize-AREA.PL-FUT

The warriors will seize the fields’