Dahoukki: Difference between revisions

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(→‎Script: changing notes to actual description, plus more info)
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== Script ==
== Script ==
The native script is called '''Hŭcukda''' (this term comes from 翡翠かな or *'''hisuikana''', while this term doesn't exist in Japanese, the project itself has long had an association with jade — more specifically, ''nephrite'' — so, it became associated via Japanese with the written script).  As is probably obvious, this script is substantially similar to Japanese's [[WP:hiragana|hiragana]] script.
The native script is called '''Hŭcukda''' (this term comes from 翡翠かな or *'''hisuikana''', while this term doesn't exist in Japanese, the project itself has long had an association with jade — more specifically, ''nephrite'' — so, it became associated via Japanese with the written script).  As is probably obvious, this script is substantially similar to Japanese's [[WP:hiragana|hiragana]] script with which it shares several characters. (However, not all of those shared characters have the same sound value as hŭcukda kŭda [*kana]).


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
Line 82: Line 82:
|  || {{DHG|-k|48px}} || {{DHG|-c|48px}} || {{DHG|-t|48px}} || {{DHG|-p|48px}} || {{DHG|-d|48px}} || {{DHG|-h|48px}} || {{DHG|-b|48px}} || || {{DHG|-r|48px}} || {{DHG|-q|48px}} || {{DHG|-k|48px}}{{DHG|S-i|48px}}
|  || {{DHG|-k|48px}} || {{DHG|-c|48px}} || {{DHG|-t|48px}} || {{DHG|-p|48px}} || {{DHG|-d|48px}} || {{DHG|-h|48px}} || {{DHG|-b|48px}} || || {{DHG|-r|48px}} || {{DHG|-q|48px}} || {{DHG|-k|48px}}{{DHG|S-i|48px}}
|}
|}
* '''''Note''''': ''The letters marked with an asterisk ('''d''' and '''b''') above are noted as such since they are etymological. As such, they are only used to spell words that came from an *'''n''' or an *'''m''', respectively.''
 
* ''A '''dakdi''' (*'''dakuten''') can be added to any kana with a voiceless consonant to make it voiced instead.''
Only lax (or neutral) vowels are shown in the table above. This is because the "plain" vowels do not have a separate series of kana associated with them. Rather, one must add another (small) vowel sign following certain kana for the desired vowel sound to be understood. As etymologically, these are mainly from formerly long vowels, the method to write them follows the former paradigm as well. Namely: to arrive at '''Cu''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŭ"; for '''Ce''', one adds a small '''i''' after a kana ending in "-ĕ"; and for '''Co''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŏ".
* ''Likewise, the "long" vowels are achieved by adding a small '''i''', or '''ŭ''' after the relevant kana. So to arrive at '''Cu''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŭ"; for '''Ce''', one adds a small '''i''' after a kana ending in "-ĕ"; and for '''Co''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŏ".
 
The letters marked in the above table with an asterisk ('''d''' and '''b''') are noted as such since they are etymological in nature. As such, they are only used to spell words that came from a historical *'''n''' or *'''m''', respectively. As such, any other time a '''d''' or '''b''' is required for spelling, a '''dakdi''' [*'''dakuten'''] must be added to the relevant kana with a voiceless initial. All voiceless kana can have a dakdi added to them, with the exception of '''hV''' kana. For '''źV''', however, a dakdi must be added to the '''ki''' kana making it '''gi''' and then the normal small '''yV''' is added to it for the requisite vowel sound.
 
In addition, there is a series of small '''rV''' kana as well. These kana can be written after any kana ending in '''ŭ'''. So, should the sequence '''gro''' be desired, one would need to write the following: '''kŭ''' + dakdi + small '''rŏ''' + small '''ŭ''' ({{DHG+|ku|12px}}{{DHG|S-ro|12px}}{{DHG|S-u|12px}}).


=== Examples ===
=== Examples ===

Revision as of 00:34, 10 January 2018


Flag-DHG.png
Dahoukki
Dŭhoug
Pronounced: Native: /də.hok/
Anglicized: /də.hoʊ̯k.kiː/
Timeline and Universe: Alternate Earth
Species: Human
Spoken: Carnassus
Writing system: Syllabary
Genealogy: Language Isolate
Typology
Morphological type: Agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment: Nominative-Accusative
Basic word order: SOV
Credits
Creator: Thrice Xandvii | ✎
Created: December 2015

Phonology

Dŭhoug has 13 consonants and 8 distinct vowels.

Consonants

  Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Laryngeal
Plosive p /p/ t /t/   k /k/ ʼ (q) /ʔ/
b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricative     c /ɕ/ ~ [s]    
z /ʑ/ ~ [z]
Affricate     ć /ʨ/    
ź /ʥ/
Approximant r /ɺ/ ~ [ɾ] y /j/

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High Plain i /i/ u /ɯ/
Lax ŭ /ə/
Middle Plain e /e/   o /o/
Lax ĕ /ɛ/ ŏ /ɔ/
Low a /ä/

Phonotactics

Stress

Allophony

Script

The native script is called Hŭcukda (this term comes from 翡翠かな or *hisuikana, while this term doesn't exist in Japanese, the project itself has long had an association with jade — more specifically, nephrite — so, it became associated via Japanese with the written script). As is probably obvious, this script is substantially similar to Japanese's hiragana script with which it shares several characters. (However, not all of those shared characters have the same sound value as hŭcukda kŭda [*kana]).

  — k c t p d* h b* y r q ć
a DHG-a.png DHG-ka.png DHG-ca.png DHG-ta.png DHG-pa.png DHG-da.png DHG-ha.png DHG-ba.png DHG-ya.png DHG-ra.png DHG-qa.png DHG-ki.pngDHG-S-ya.png
i DHG-i.png DHG-ki.png DHG-ci.png DHG-ti.png DHG-pi.png DHG-di.png DHG-hi.png DHG-bi.png DHG-ri.png DHG-qi.png DHG-ki.pngDHG-S-i.png
ŭ DHG-u.png DHG-ku.png DHG-cu.png DHG-tu.png DHG-pu.png DHG-du.png DHG-hu.png DHG-bu.png DHG-yu.png DHG-ru.png DHG-qu.png DHG-ki.pngDHG-S-yu.png
ĕ DHG-e.png DHG-ke.png DHG-ce.png DHG-te.png DHG-pe.png DHG-de.png DHG-he.png DHG-be.png DHG-ye.png DHG-re.png DHG-qe.png DHG-ki.pngDHG-S-ye.png
ŏ DHG-o.png DHG-ko.png DHG-co.png DHG-to.png DHG-po.png DHG-do.png DHG-ho.png DHG-bo.png DHG-yo.png DHG-ro.png DHG-qo.png DHG-ki.pngDHG-S-yo.png
Ø DHG--k.png DHG--c.png DHG--t.png DHG--p.png DHG--d.png DHG--h.png DHG--b.png DHG--r.png DHG--q.png DHG--k.pngDHG-S-i.png

Only lax (or neutral) vowels are shown in the table above. This is because the "plain" vowels do not have a separate series of kana associated with them. Rather, one must add another (small) vowel sign following certain kana for the desired vowel sound to be understood. As etymologically, these are mainly from formerly long vowels, the method to write them follows the former paradigm as well. Namely: to arrive at Cu, one adds a small ŭ after a kana ending in "-ŭ"; for Ce, one adds a small i after a kana ending in "-ĕ"; and for Co, one adds a small ŭ after a kana ending in "-ŏ".

The letters marked in the above table with an asterisk (d and b) are noted as such since they are etymological in nature. As such, they are only used to spell words that came from a historical *n or *m, respectively. As such, any other time a d or b is required for spelling, a dakdi [*dakuten] must be added to the relevant kana with a voiceless initial. All voiceless kana can have a dakdi added to them, with the exception of hV kana. For źV, however, a dakdi must be added to the ki kana making it gi and then the normal small yV is added to it for the requisite vowel sound.

In addition, there is a series of small rV kana as well. These kana can be written after any kana ending in ŭ. So, should the sequence gro be desired, one would need to write the following: kŭ + dakdi + small rŏ + small ŭ (DHG-ku+dakdi.pngDHG-S-ro.pngDHG-S-u.png).

Examples

The following are a series of words and phrases written in Dahoukki script.

  • Dŭhoug:

DHG-du.png DHG-ho.pngDHG-S-u.png DHG--k.png

  • Hŭcukda:

DHG-hu.pngDHG-cu.pngDHG-S-u.png DHG--k.pngDHG-da.png

  • Argatu:

DHG-a.png DHG--r.png DHG-ka+dakdi.png DHG-tu.pngDHG-S-u.png

  • Dakdi:

DHG-ta+dakdi.png DHG--k.png DHG-ti+dakdi.png

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns in Dahoukki can be in one of 12 declension classes depending on the form of the word's form in the ancestor language. As such, the following tables can be used to determine what class any Japanese noun is a part of.

There are two different "linking" or "thematic" vowels that can appear as the primary vowel between a noun's stem, and it's case suffix (these are listed as V₁ & V₂ in the following tables). These vowels alternate depending on which case is being appended to it. In some cases, there is a third situation in which the vowel changes yet again when it appears as the final vowel of a word (such as when there is no consonant to append from the case ending). In that last situation, the vowel that is used is listed after a slash under V₂.

Class Ancestor V₁ V₂
I *a a ŭ
II *aː a a
III *an Ø Ø / u
IV *i, ai, ui Ø i
V *iː, in i i
VI *u, uː, un Ø u
VII *e, en ĕ ĕ / e
VIII *eː e e / i
IX *o ŏ o
X *oː, on o o /u
XI *oi, enʼi Ø i
XII *CiCi ŭ i
V₁
Ancestor Ending Use
*wa (は)
*ga (が) 		-ga nom
*de (で) di inst / loc
*to (と) t com
V₂
Ancestor Ending Use
を (*o) Ø acc
に (*ni) di dat
の (*no) r gen


The tables to the left can be used to put any noun into the desired case. For some examples, the Class IX word dĕko (*neko — cat) as well as the Class III word gŏhu (*gohan — food, cooked rice).

  • Nominative: dĕk + V₁ + ga → dĕkŏga
  • Accusative: dĕk + V₂ + Ø → dĕko
  • Dative: dĕk + V₂ + di → dĕkodi
  • Instrumental: dĕk + V₁ + di → dĕkŏdi
  • Genitive: dĕk + V₂ + r → dĕkor
  • Comitative: dĕk + V₁ + t → dĕkŏt
  
  • Nominative: gŏh + V₁ + ga → gŏhga
  • Accusative: gŏh + V₂ + Ø → gŏhu
  • Dative: gŏh + V₂ + di → gŏhdi
  • Instrumental: gŏh + V₁ + di → gŏhdi
  • Genitive: gŏh + V₂ + r → gŏhŭr
  • Comitative: gŏh + V₁ + t → gŏhŭt

As is illustrated by the second example word, there are some things that the charts can't completely solve. For those issues where certain letter combinations appear at the end of the word, or to assure that the contrastive consonant voicing process takes place, there is a small set of other rules that come into play. These rules are morphophonological in nature, and are thus affectionately referred to as "Morfofo Rules." They are stated as sound change rules, but occur synchronically within the current language and not diachronically. They are as follows: 

ʔ → Ø / _C
Ø → ə / C_C#
Ø → ɯ / C_CC
j → ɕ / _C
D → T / _C // D = A
{h ʔ} → g / T_
T → D / C_

Where C is any consonant, T and D are paired sets of voiceless and voiced consonants (respectively), and A is an approximant and all other letters are their IPA value.

Lexicon

—For a full list of words in Dŭhoug, see: Lexicon.

Since almost all of the words in Dahoukki are derived directly from modern Japanese, any word can be created when needed by running the word through sound changes and making some accommodations for changes in meaning.

Sound Changes

See: Sound Changes for full list of sound changes from Japanese.

Creator Comments

This language began life as a sort of weird idea in which I set out to eliminate all nasal sounds (both as vowels and as consonants) from Modern Japanese through sound changes. The language presented above is just the product of that somewhat bizarre starting place. It eventually morphed into a collaborative thread over on the CBB (this one to be specific). There people far more interested (and talented) about Japanese and sound changes, and seemingly everything else contributed muchly to the development of this project. Were it not for them, I wouldn't have 11 wonderful noun classes and a sure to be ginormous dumpster fire of verb stuff happening.

Of course, as is my way, the script for this language was also a huge contributing factor as I had discovered hentaigana and all kinds of other glorious beasts lurking in the annals of Japanese Past. I like what came out, such as it is. Hopefully, now that I've dedicated a page her to it... more development can continue to take place as I remember and expound on things.

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