User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions

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  x|tl
  x|tl
  wo|wa
  wo|wa
== stems ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 700px;"
!
! ''p''
! ''t''
! ''k''
! ''kw''
! ''m''
! ''n''
! ''ny''
! ''h''
! ''l''
! ''tl''
! ''w''
! ''y''
|-align=center
! ''a''
| '''pa'''
| '''ta'''
| '''ka'''
| '''kwa'''
| '''ma'''
| '''na'''
| '''nya'''
| '''ha'''
| '''la'''
| '''tla'''
| '''wa'''
| '''ya'''
|-align=center
! ''ap''
| '''-'''
| '''tap'''
| '''kap'''
| '''kwap'''
| '''map'''
| '''nap'''
| '''nyap'''
| '''hap'''
| '''lap'''
| '''tlap'''
| '''wap'''
| '''yap'''
|-align=center
! ''at''
| '''pat'''
| '''-'''
| '''kat'''
| '''kwat'''
| '''mat'''
| '''nat'''
| '''nyat'''
| '''hat'''
| '''lat'''
| '''tlat'''
| '''wat'''
| '''yat'''
|-align=center
! ''ak''
| '''pak'''
| '''tak'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| <span style="color:red">'''mak'''</span><br>''love''
| '''nak'''
| '''nyak'''
| '''hak'''
| '''lak'''
| '''tlak'''
| '''wak'''
| '''yak'''
|-align=center
! ''akw''
| '''pakw'''
| '''takw'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''makw'''
| '''nakw'''
| '''nyakw'''
| '''hakw'''
| '''lakw'''
| '''tlakw'''
| '''-'''
| '''yakw'''
|-align=center
! ''am''
| '''pam'''
| '''tam'''
| '''kam'''
| '''kwam'''
| '''-'''
| '''nam'''
| '''nyam'''
| '''ham'''
| '''lam'''
| '''tlam'''
| '''wam'''
| '''yam'''
|-align=center
! ''an''
| '''pan'''
| '''tan'''
| '''kan'''
| '''kwan'''
| '''man'''
| '''-'''
| '''nyan'''
| '''han'''
| '''lan'''
| '''tlan'''
| '''wan'''
| '''yan'''
|-align=center
! ''any''
| '''pany'''
| '''tany'''
| '''kany'''
| '''kwany'''
| '''many'''
| '''nany'''
| '''-'''
| '''hany'''
| '''lany'''
| '''tlany'''
| '''wany'''
| '''-'''
|-align=center
! ''ah''
| '''pah'''
| '''tah'''
| '''kah'''
| '''kwah'''
| '''mah'''
| '''nah'''
| '''nyah'''
| '''-'''
| '''lah'''
| '''tlah'''
| '''wah'''
| '''yah'''
|-align=center
! ''al''
| '''pal'''
| '''tal'''
| '''kal'''
| '''kwal'''
| <span style="color:red">'''mal'''</span><br>''speech''
| '''nal'''
| '''nyal'''
| '''hal'''
| '''-'''
| '''tlal'''
| '''wal'''
| '''yal'''
|-align=center
! ''atl''
| '''patl'''
| '''tatl'''
| '''katl'''
| '''kwatl'''
| '''matl'''
| '''natl'''
| '''nyatl'''
| '''hatl'''
| '''latl'''
| '''-'''
| '''watl'''
| '''yatl'''
|-align=center
! ''aw''
| '''paw'''
| '''taw'''
| '''kaw'''
| '''-'''
| '''maw'''
| '''naw'''
| '''nyaw'''
| '''haw'''
| '''law'''
| '''tlaw'''
| '''-'''
| '''yaw'''
|-align=center
! ''ay''
| '''pay'''
| '''tay'''
| '''kay'''
| '''kway'''
| '''may'''
| '''nay'''
| '''-'''
| '''hay'''
| '''lay'''
| '''tlay'''
| '''way'''
| '''-'''
|-align=center
! ''e''
| '''pe'''
| '''te'''
| '''ke'''
| '''kwe'''
| '''me'''
| '''ne'''
| '''nye'''
| '''he'''
| '''le'''
| '''tle'''
| '''we'''
| '''ye'''
|-align=center
! ''ep''
| '''-'''
| '''tep'''
| '''kep'''
| '''kwep'''
| '''mep'''
| '''nep'''
| '''nyep'''
| '''hep'''
| '''lep'''
| '''tlep'''
| '''wep'''
| '''yep'''
|-align=center
! ''et''
| '''pet'''
| '''-'''
| '''ket'''
| '''kwet'''
| '''met'''
| '''net'''
| '''nyet'''
| '''het'''
| '''let'''
| '''tlet'''
| '''wet'''
| '''yet'''
|-align=center
! ''ek''
| '''pek'''
| '''tek'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''mek'''
| '''nek'''
| '''nyek'''
| '''hek'''
| '''lek'''
| '''tlek'''
| '''wek'''
| '''yek'''
|-align=center
! ''ekw''
| '''pekw'''
| '''tekw'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''mekw'''
| '''nekw'''
| '''nyekw'''
| '''hekw'''
| '''lekw'''
| '''tlekw'''
| '''-'''
| '''yekw'''
|-align=center
! ''em''
| '''pem'''
| '''tem'''
| '''kem'''
| '''kwem'''
| '''-'''
| '''nem'''
| '''nyem'''
| '''hem'''
| '''lem'''
| '''tlem'''
| '''wem'''
| '''yem'''
|-align=center
! ''en''
| '''pen'''
| '''ten'''
| '''ken'''
| '''kwen'''
| '''men'''
| '''-'''
| '''nyen'''
| '''hen'''
| '''len'''
| '''tlen'''
| '''wen'''
| '''yen'''
|-align=center
! ''eny''
| '''peny'''
| '''teny'''
| '''keny'''
| '''kweny'''
| '''meny'''
| '''neny'''
| '''-'''
| '''heny'''
| '''leny'''
| '''tleny'''
| '''weny'''
| '''-'''
|-align=center
! ''eh''
| '''peh'''
| '''teh'''
| '''keh'''
| '''kweh'''
| '''meh'''
| '''neh'''
| '''nyeh'''
| '''-'''
| '''leh'''
| '''tleh'''
| '''weh'''
| '''yeh'''
|-align=center
! ''el''
| '''pel'''
| '''tel'''
| '''kel'''
| '''kwel'''
| '''mel'''
| '''nel'''
| '''nyel'''
| '''hel'''
| '''-'''
| '''tlel'''
| '''wel'''
| '''yel'''
|-align=center
! ''etl''
| '''petl'''
| '''tetl'''
| '''ketl'''
| '''kwetl'''
| '''metl'''
| '''netl'''
| '''nyetl'''
| '''hetl'''
| '''letl'''
| '''-'''
| '''wetl'''
| '''yetl'''
|-align=center
! ''ew''
| '''pew'''
| '''tew'''
| '''kew'''
| '''-'''
| '''mew'''
| '''new'''
| '''nyew'''
| '''hew'''
| '''lew'''
| '''tlew'''
| '''-'''
| '''yew'''
|-align=center
! ''ey''
| '''pey'''
| '''tey'''
| '''key'''
| '''kwey'''
| '''mey'''
| '''ney'''
| '''-'''
| '''hey'''
| '''ley'''
| '''tley'''
| '''wey'''
| '''-'''
|-align=center
! ''o''
| '''po'''
| '''to'''
| '''ko'''
| '''kwo'''
| '''mo'''
| '''no'''
| '''nyo'''
| '''ho'''
| '''lo'''
| '''tlo'''
| '''-'''
| '''yo'''
|-align=center
! ''op''
| '''-'''
| '''top'''
| '''kop'''
| '''-'''
| '''mop'''
| '''nop'''
| '''nyop'''
| '''hop'''
| '''lop'''
| '''tlop'''
| '''-'''
| '''yop'''
|-align=center
! ''ot''
| '''pot'''
| '''-'''
| '''kot'''
| '''-'''
| '''mot'''
| '''not'''
| '''nyot'''
| '''hot'''
| '''lot'''
| '''tlot'''
| '''-'''
| '''yot'''
|-align=center
! ''ok''
| '''pok'''
| '''tok'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''mok'''
| '''nok'''
| '''nyok'''
| '''hok'''
| '''lok'''
| '''tlok'''
| '''-'''
| '''yok'''
|-align=center
! ''okw''
| '''pokw'''
| '''tokw'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''mokw'''
| '''nokw'''
| '''nyokw'''
| '''hokw'''
| '''lokw'''
| '''tlokw'''
| '''-'''
| '''yokw'''
|-align=center
! ''om''
| '''pom'''
| '''tom'''
| '''kom'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''nom'''
| '''nyom'''
| '''hom'''
| '''lom'''
| '''tlom'''
| '''-'''
| '''yom'''
|-align=center
! ''on''
| '''pon'''
| '''ton'''
| '''kon'''
| '''-'''
| '''mon'''
| '''-'''
| '''nyon'''
| '''hon'''
| '''lon'''
| '''tlon'''
| '''-'''
| '''yon'''
|-align=center
! ''ony''
| '''pony'''
| '''tony'''
| '''kony'''
| '''-'''
| '''mony'''
| '''nony'''
| '''-'''
| '''hony'''
| '''lony'''
| '''tlony'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
|-align=center
! ''oh''
| '''poh'''
| '''toh'''
| '''koh'''
| '''-'''
| '''moh'''
| '''noh'''
| '''nyoh'''
| '''-'''
| '''loh'''
| '''tloh'''
| '''-'''
| '''yoh'''
|-align=center
! ''ol''
| '''pol'''
| '''tol'''
| '''kol'''
| '''-'''
| '''mol'''
| '''nol'''
| '''nyol'''
| '''hol'''
| '''-'''
| '''tlol'''
| '''-'''
| '''yol'''
|-align=center
! ''otl''
| '''potl'''
| '''totl'''
| '''kotl'''
| '''-'''
| '''motl'''
| '''notl'''
| '''nyotl'''
| '''hotl'''
| '''lotl'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''yotl'''
|-align=center
! ''ow''
| '''pow'''
| '''tow'''
| '''kow'''
| '''-'''
| '''mow'''
| '''now'''
| '''nyow'''
| '''how'''
| '''low'''
| '''tlow'''
| '''-'''
| '''yow'''
|-align=center
! ''oy''
| '''poy'''
| '''toy'''
| '''koy'''
| '''-'''
| '''moy'''
| '''noy'''
| '''-'''
| '''hoy'''
| '''loy'''
| '''tloy'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
|}

Revision as of 16:20, 6 October 2017

kamalo

phonology

consonants

  • nasals: /m n ɲ/ m n ny
  • plosives: /p t k kʷ/ p t k kw
  • affricates: /t͡ɬ/ tl
  • continuants: /l h~ɦ/ l h
  • semivowels: /j w/ y w

All plosives, except the glottal stop, can be prenasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk ᵑkʷ/.

vowels

Kamalo only uses three vowels; /a e o/, occasionally they contrast for length. ā ē ō

phonotactics

morphology

Kamalo is an agglutinative and polysynthetic language that makes extensive use of compounding, incorporation and derivation. That is, it can add many different prefixes and suffixes to a root until very long words are formed, and a single word can constitute an entire sentence.

nouns

pronouns

singular dual plural
1 wa- pwa- kwa-
2 ne- (m)pe- (n)ke-
3 (h)o- po- ko-

possession

Possession is marked by the nominal suffix -o and a pronominal prefix attached to a stem.

  • kwamalo - 1pl-speak-NOM - our word
  • tlayemo - MASC-eat-NOM - his food
  • popato - 3du-be.aware-NOM - their awareness
  • wanyako - 1s-burn-NOM - my fire

pronominal prefixes

Verb arguments (i.e. subject, direct object, indirect object) are indicated with pronominal affixes which are added to verb stems. The pronominal affixes are inflected according to number (singular, dual, and plural) and person (1st, 2nd, etc.).

subject object verb tense / aspect / mood
ko- wa- kop -e
3pl 1sg harm PST
kowakope
They harmed me.

noun modifiers

  • he- - color of ~
  • ye- - feminine; female [FEM]
  • tla- - masculine; male [MASC]
  • -o - marks noun; nominalizer [NOM]

number

Nouns are marked for various quantities:

  • pa- - dual; pair of; both [DU]
  • ka- - plural [PL]
  • te- - few; little [quantity]
  • ma- - many; much
  • mo- - group; collection; mass of
  • mwa- - all; every
  • no- - one; a
  • yo- - piece of

verbs

The kamalo verb is quite complex and inflects for many grammatical categories. The verb is composed of a root, prefixes, and suffixes. The prefixes indicate the person of the subject, and person and number of the object and indirect object, whereas the suffixes indicate tense, aspect, mood and possession.

  • wakoyemapotla
wa-ko-yem-ap-otl-a
1sg-3pl-eat-CAUS-DES-NPST
"I want to feed them"

verb modifiers

  • -a - active; present tense [ACT]
  • -at- - augmentative; large [AUG]
  • -atl- - tentative; possible [TENT]
  • -e - past tense; perfective [PST]
  • -ok- - negative [NEG]
non-past past nominalizer
- mal-a
to speak; be talking 		mal-e
to have spoken; talked 		mal-o
language; speech
-at- mal-at-a
to explain; speak at length 		mal-at-e
to have spoken a long while ago 		mal-at-o
lecture; presentation

particles

  • ma - interrogative particle [INT]; "is it that"
used to form questions of all types
  • oka - "no"
used as a negative response to polar questions
  • we - "but" / "or"
used in conjunctions, and in contrasts

syntax

roots

  • pat- - be awake; aware; focused
  • t- - be; exist [COP]
  • kam- - symbol; write; mark
  • kop- - harm; hurt; corrupt
  • mak- - want; desire; love
  • mal- - speak; talk
  • n- - know; see
  • nay- - loud; noise; roar
  • nyak- - fire; burn; light
  • hen- - colored; non-white; non-ferrous (metals)
  • wap- - rhythm; pulse; meter
  • way- - go; move; walk
  • lom- - sleep; rest; relax
  • tlel- - bathe; wash
  • y- - have; belong; get
  • yam- - delight; happy; toy; glad
  • yap- - be green; foliage; plant
  • yat- - hand; five; grab
  • yem- - eat; nourish; bread

samples

  • wanemaka - 1-2-love-ACT - I love you.
  • koyematloka - 3-eat-TENT-NEG-ACT - He might not eat.
  • ma newane - INT 2-1-see-PST - Did you see me?

wordgen seed

C=ptkqmnfhwylx
V=aeo

q|kw
f|ny
x|tl
wo|wa

stems

p t k kw m n ny h l tl w y
a pa ta ka kwa ma na nya ha la tla wa ya
ap - tap kap kwap map nap nyap hap lap tlap wap yap
at pat - kat kwat mat nat nyat hat lat tlat wat yat
ak pak tak - - mak
love 		nak nyak hak lak tlak wak yak
akw pakw takw - - makw nakw nyakw hakw lakw tlakw - yakw
am pam tam kam kwam - nam nyam ham lam tlam wam yam
an pan tan kan kwan man - nyan han lan tlan wan yan
any pany tany kany kwany many nany - hany lany tlany wany -
ah pah tah kah kwah mah nah nyah - lah tlah wah yah
al pal tal kal kwal mal
speech 		nal nyal hal - tlal wal yal
atl patl tatl katl kwatl matl natl nyatl hatl latl - watl yatl
aw paw taw kaw - maw naw nyaw haw law tlaw - yaw
ay pay tay kay kway may nay - hay lay tlay way -
e pe te ke kwe me ne nye he le tle we ye
ep - tep kep kwep mep nep nyep hep lep tlep wep yep
et pet - ket kwet met net nyet het let tlet wet yet
ek pek tek - - mek nek nyek hek lek tlek wek yek
ekw pekw tekw - - mekw nekw nyekw hekw lekw tlekw - yekw
em pem tem kem kwem - nem nyem hem lem tlem wem yem
en pen ten ken kwen men - nyen hen len tlen wen yen
eny peny teny keny kweny meny neny - heny leny tleny weny -
eh peh teh keh kweh meh neh nyeh - leh tleh weh yeh
el pel tel kel kwel mel nel nyel hel - tlel wel yel
etl petl tetl ketl kwetl metl netl nyetl hetl letl - wetl yetl
ew pew tew kew - mew new nyew hew lew tlew - yew
ey pey tey key kwey mey ney - hey ley tley wey -
o po to ko kwo mo no nyo ho lo tlo - yo
op - top kop - mop nop nyop hop lop tlop - yop
ot pot - kot - mot not nyot hot lot tlot - yot
ok pok tok - - mok nok nyok hok lok tlok - yok
okw pokw tokw - - mokw nokw nyokw hokw lokw tlokw - yokw
om pom tom kom - - nom nyom hom lom tlom - yom
on pon ton kon - mon - nyon hon lon tlon - yon
ony pony tony kony - mony nony - hony lony tlony - -
oh poh toh koh - moh noh nyoh - loh tloh - yoh
ol pol tol kol - mol nol nyol hol - tlol - yol
otl potl totl kotl - motl notl nyotl hotl lotl - - yotl
ow pow tow kow - mow now nyow how low tlow - yow
oy poy toy koy - moy noy - hoy loy tloy - -
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