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| = Introduction =
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| This is more of a thought experiment than a fully fleshed-out constructed language. The working name of the language is '''kamalu''' (meaning "words" (<small>PL-speech-NOM</small>)). The foundation of '''kamalu''' is CVC stems that cover a broad semantic spectrum. Meaning, that one stem can be used in a multitude of ways through derivation - with the use of an array of affixes - and compounding. Example:
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |+ '''yim-'''
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| ! Stem || Use || Example || English || Gloss
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| | '''yim''' || verb || '''wayima''' || ''I eat'' || <small>1s-eat-NPST</small>
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| |-
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| | '''yim''' || verb || '''yiyimi''' || ''She ate'' || <small>FEM-eat-PST</small>
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| |-
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| | '''yim''' || noun || '''yimu''' || ''food'' || <small>eat-NOM</small>
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| |}
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| = Word order =
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| * SOV
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| * Attributes follow the words that they modify.
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| = Phonology = | | = Phonology = |
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| | j | | | j |
| |} | | |} |
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| === Clusters ===
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| * '''Nasalized''': /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
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| * '''Labialized''':/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ t͡ʃʷ/
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| * '''Palatalized''': /pʲ kʲ mʲ ɲ/
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| * the cluster '''tl''' is /t͡ɬ/ or /t͡l/
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| == Vowels == | | == Vowels == |
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| = Nouns = | | = Nouns = |
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| == Classifiers ==
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| * '''na-''' - person; human
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| * '''nya-''' - tool; device; vehicle
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| * '''tsa-''' - color of ~
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| * '''la-''' - object; thing [generic noun]
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| * '''lu-''' - abstract idea
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| * '''tla-''' - masculine; male [MASC]
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| * '''tli-''' - food
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| * '''ya-''' - inanimate; material; stuff
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| * '''yi-''' - feminine; female [FEM]
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| == Determiners == | | == Pronouns == |
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| * '''ti-''' - last
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| * '''tu-''' - so-called; reportative [REP]
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| * '''mi-''' - other; different
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| * '''mwa-''' - this; near me [PROX]
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| * '''nyi-''' - self; reflexive [REFL]
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| * '''nyu-''' - next
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| * '''sa-''' - sort; kind of
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| * '''wi-''' - that; near you [MED]; over there [DIST]
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| == Number ==
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| Nouns are marked for various quantities:
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| * '''pa-''' - dual; pair of; both [DU]
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| * '''ka-''' - plural [PL]
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| * '''ma-''' - many; much
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| * '''mu-''' - group; collection; mass of
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| * '''nu-''' - one; a
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| * '''tsi-''' - few; little [quantity]
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| * '''li-''' - all; every
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| * '''yu-''' - piece of
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| == Qualifiers ==
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| * '''a-''' - venerated [honorific]
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| * '''ta-''' - big; large
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| * '''kwi-''' - good; regular; normal
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| * '''si-''' - small; diminutive; dear
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| * '''su-''' - bad; unpleasant
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| * '''tsu-''' - lacking respect; damn
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| == Pronouns ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
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| !
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| ! ''singular''
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| ! ''dual''
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| ! ''plural''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1
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| | '''wa-'''
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| | '''pwa-'''
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| | '''kwa-'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2
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| | '''ni-'''
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| | '''(m)pi-
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| | '''(n)ki-'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3
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| | '''u-'''
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| | '''pu-'''
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| | '''ku-'''
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| |}
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| === Possession === | | === Possession === |
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| Possession is marked by the nominal suffix '''-u''' and a pronominal prefix attached to a stem.
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| * '''kwamalu''' - <small>1pl-speak-NOM</small> - ''our word''
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| * '''tlayimu''' - <small>MASC-eat-NOM</small> - ''his food''
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| * '''pupatu''' - <small>3du-be.aware-NOM</small> - ''their awareness''
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| * '''wanyaku''' - <small>1s-burn-NOM</small> - ''my fire''
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| === Pronominal prefixes ===
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| Verb arguments (i.e. subject, direct object, indirect object) are indicated with pronominal affixes which are added to verb stems. The pronominal affixes are inflected according to number (singular, dual, and plural) and person (1st, 2nd, etc.).
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |-
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| ! ''subject''
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| ! ''object''
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| ! ''verb''
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| ! ''tense / aspect / mood''
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| |-
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| | '''ku-''' || '''wa-''' || '''kup''' || '''-i'''
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| | 3pl || 1sg || harm || PST
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| | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''kuwakupi'''
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| | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ''They harmed me.''
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| |}
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| = Verbs = | | = Verbs = |
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| Verbs are either non-past or past. | | Verbs are either non-past or past. |
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| * '''wa-yim-a'''
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| : <small>1sg-eat-NPST</small>
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| : ''I eat. / I am eating. / I will eat.''
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| * '''yi-yim-i'''
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| : <small>FEM-eat-PST</small>
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| : ''She ate.''
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| == Other verb modifiers == | | == Other verb modifiers == |
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| === aspect ===
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| * '''al-''' - repetitive; frequentative [FREQ]
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| * '''itl-''' - finished [perfect]
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| * '''utl-''' - progressive; continuing [CONT]
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| === conjunctive ===
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| * '''ak-''' - equally; also; as much as [CONJ]
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| * '''an-''' - instead; rather; but
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| * '''ats-''' - so long as
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| * '''im-''' - so that; in order to; because; since
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| * '''imp-''' - then; thereafter
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| * '''ip-''' - unless
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| * '''its-''' - instead of
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| * '''ul-''' - then; therefore
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| * '''uts-''' - if [possible]
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| === modals ===
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| * '''am-''' - question [Q]
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| * '''amy-''' - ability [ABIL]
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| * '''ank-''' - like to
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| * '''any-''' - try to; attempt [ATT]
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| * '''ap-''' - want [VOL]
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| * '''atl-''' - possibility; potential [POT]
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| * '''aw-''' - be allowed [PERM]
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| * '''ay-''' - to intend to [VOL]
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| * '''ik-''' - suggestive [SUG]
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| * '''il-''' - necessity [NEC]
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| * '''iy-''' - stop oneself; cease [not prevent]
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| * '''uk-''' - negative; no; not [NEG]
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| * '''umy-''' - obligation
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| * '''unk-''' - hate to
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| * '''uny-''' - begin; become [INCEP]
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| === temporal ===
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| * '''as-''' - while [DUR]
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| * '''in-''' - previously; already
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| * '''iw-''' - until; before
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| * '''us-''' - always
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| * '''ut-''' - to be about to
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| === others ===
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| * '''amp-''' - as if; seem to
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| * '''amw-''' - causative [CAUS]
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| * '''ant-''' - more
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| * '''at-''' - augmentative [AUG]; intensifier
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| * '''imy-''' - to undo
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| * '''ink-''' - well; enough
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| * '''iny-''' - diminutive [DIM]
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| * '''is-''' - too little; not enough
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| * '''it-''' - too much
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| * '''um-''' - suddenly
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| * '''un-''' - less
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| * '''up-''' - if [but not] irrealis
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| * '''uy-''' - probably; likely
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| = Stems =
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| * '''kam-''' - symbol; write; mark
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| * '''kup-''' - harm; hurt; corrupt
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| * '''lum-''' - sleep; rest; relax
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| * '''mak-''' - want; desire; love
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| * '''mal-''' - speak; talk
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| * '''n-''' - know; see
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| * '''nay-''' - loud; noise; roar
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| * '''nyak-''' - fire; burn; light
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| * '''pat-''' - be awake; aware; focused
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| * '''t-''' - be; exist [COP]
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| * '''tlil-''' - bathe; wash
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| * '''wap-''' - rhythm; pulse; meter
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| * '''way-''' - go; move; walk
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| * '''y-''' - have; belong; get
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| * '''yam-''' - delight; happy; toy; glad
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| * '''yap-''' - be green; foliage; plant
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| * '''yat-''' - hand; five; grab
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| * '''yim-''' - eat; nourish; bread
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| = Examples =
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| * '''''wana'''''
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| : '''wa-n-a'''
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| : <small>1s-see-NPST</small>
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| : ''I see.''
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| * '''''kukami'''''
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| : '''ku-kam-i'''
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| : <small>3pl-write-PST</small>
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| : ''They wrote.''
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| = notes =
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| for word generator:
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| C=ptkmnswlyqxcf
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| V=aáàiíìuúù
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| P=aiu
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| c|ts
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| f|ny
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| x|tl
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| q|kw
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| n[nml]|n
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| np|mp
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| wu|wa
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| * aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=1855&hilit=uskra
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