Senjecas - List of Postpositions

Pronunciation table

p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	õ	o	u			ĭ	ĕ	ŭ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

List of postpositions

Non-derivative postpositions - algı̋ı̋no pos̈a̋m̃os

• 1. áda denotes in association or connection with: among(st), with(in).

no m̃a̋a̋sto leuðős áða le̋uða gűa e̋sa:

That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people

'koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-m̃maka̋s áða vűűa ne:

It is not within my power to free you from prison.

• 2. áfa denotes separation from support, attachment or position: off (of), from, of.

m̃úm áfa þűn

one of us

t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga da mı̋mu nem áfa e-főőla:

The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.

duspőrvu riine̋ȝu boþa̋s áfa hesáhvi dűűraþu e-ı̋la:

The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.

• 3. ána denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up (to).

šı̋naþu ii-s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom ána ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:

The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.

• 4. ápa denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively: from, away from.

laanı̋ȝo re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem ápa e-re̋e̋sa:

The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.

• 5. ba denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.

m̃us ðurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:

We heard a loud noise outside the door.

m̃úm e-rekantűm. m̃u-þőősu terős ba e-ṡűra:

Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.

• 6. do denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into.

a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋me da̋a̋em do e-a̋ta:

The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.

ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:

The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.

ba̋a̋k̬o ṡúm̃vi le̋e̋tam ǧa̋ron do u-a̋a̋ta:

Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.

tú sa̋ram do a̋a̋tek̬e ra̋a̋dek̬e:

Go to the party and have a good time.

• 7. dúna denotes at or during a time anterior to; before, by, no later than, of, to.

tú duua̋s dúna íðu vűűe:

Be here by/no later than sunset.

d̬őfoos te̋nlas pe̋n tena̋s dúna

twenty minutes of/to five

nu. rı̋ı̋ba i-aha̋s dúna. num m̃e̋e̋rum e-vűűu ðe̋ra:

To this very day, he insists he was right.

• 8. éha denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).

tűgu pe̋e̋l̤us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋e̋sa:

The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.

mı̋mum ṍnu e-mı̋mantum—ii-be̋kus tungős éha e-ża̋ba:

The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.

na̋a̋ðrus ðuunős éha ṡata̋' še̋nom e-ve̋na:

The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.

• 9. éna denotes stationary position or location within or movement into: at, in, into, on, to.

pempe̋lo ta̋inżo raȝős niterős éna ṡe̋ȝu e-tőpa:

The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.

tú m̃aspe̋go e̋rgom éna pe̋lkon ðeee̋ȝa:

Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.

ṡűvlu ṡeȝős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:

The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.

• 10. épa denotes accordance with: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.

ii-mı̋mu mal̤űm épa su-mőrem e-mı̋ma:

The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.

ṡa̋þm̃us soþveel̤űs eevős épa e-ȝűða:

At the general's command the troops charged.

ȝa mol̤űs kőzu peeka̋s épa e-vűűa—te̋ido e-e̋sa:

It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.

no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős épa. dőraþo ile̋ȝa mee:

Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.

• 11. éva denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: on, over, to, upon.

tu eðős éna serős éva ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:

You will find the hat on the table in the hall.

ma̋l̤us że̋e̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬im e-te̋e̋ra:

The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.

dőxlu maat̨őno serős éva a̋ito m̃e̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:

The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.

• 12. ha denotes causality: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.

dı̋slu m̃u-igős ha m̃enðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:

At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.

m̃us ṡarsa̋a̋ke suum̃e̋s ha a̋tu e-ma̋ƣa ne:

Because of the torrential rain we could not go.

ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa nu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vűűa:

The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.

m̃us i-sepa̋m ha na̋a̋nu ke̋la:

Under these circumstances, we should turn back.

le̋uðu nakaþős ha naaa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:

At the sight the people went pale with fear.

• 13. ȝúṡa denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among(st), (in) between, through, with.

þa̋la voourlűm ȝúṡa vűűla ne:

There is no honor among(st) thieves.

de̋e̋ȝos m̃eesősk̬e beƣősk̬e ȝúṡa vűűa:

The beehives are between the house and the barn.

i-lűvo me̋e̋o ma̋non ȝúṡa kĭke̋e̋da:

This book has passed through many hands.

• 14. kóma denotes physical proximity: about, beside, by, next to, on.

om̃ta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:

The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.

• 15. la denotes on this side of.

vőðlus m̃eesős la ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:

The diggers found the box on this side of the house.

• 16. n̨a denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through).

me̋ṡe ha̋iṡim n̨a e-re̋na:

The monkey climbed down the tree.

mu-vı̋lu dı̋la' n̨a e-e̋sa:

He has been my friend down through the years.

d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em n̨a m̃u-la̋im̃om e-da̋ga:

The two otters followed our canoe down the river.

• 17. o denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.

re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:

These red and yellow flowers are for you.

nu-sa̋m̃no orűm o te̋ido e-vűűa:

His speech was clear to all.

• 18. ṍna denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.

te̋na meðlaata̋s ṍna e̋sa:

The time is after/past midnight.

műdu őmu kéþu ten̈e̋msom ṍna e-tőpa:

The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.

va̋rsim seea̋s tááda tena̋s ṍna e̋sa:

It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.

m̃al̤űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka nı̋þa mu-þumra̋s ṍna e̋sa:

The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.

re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom ṍna m̃e̋ƣom e-re̋iða:

The driver drove the wagon by/past the beseiged fortress.

soþlűs ƣőlvo kı̋o nu-boþa̋s ṍna e-e̋sa:

The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.

rem̃rűs ṡı̋ṡu főő ṍna lűku e-fe̋e̋a ne:

The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.

• 19. sána denotes having a lack of something; without.

t̬ı̋ɫus tı̋r a̋han m̃a̋stom tára hurő' sána e-ta̋ƣa:

The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.

• 20. sííra denotes up to a limit; at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.

ka̋a̋ðlu peliső' sííra e-ṡűra: péru e-ı̋ta:

The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.

m̃us da̋a̋em sííra tum u-sűna:

We will go with you as far as the river.

tu pe̋n abelőm sííra gae̋ȝa:

You may have as many as five apples.

abe̋li bı̋n peda̋m sííra e-a̋la:

The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.

m̃us needa̋' sííra tum u-me̋na:

We will wait for you until/till sunup.

ṡiifne̋xlus tűűbom sííra ṡı̋ı̋pom e-pe̋e̋la:

The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.

• 21. ša denotes exception; apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.

m̃u-nuvke̋e̋sa þűn ðuső' ša dı̋zra e-e̋sa:

Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.

tu-te̋e̋a ȝoba̋' ša e̋sa:

Your statement is beside the point.

néx̨u bilűsk̬e músk̬e ša íðu vűűla:

There's no one here besides Bill and me.

őmu ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' ša ṡa̋tom hĭĭhaȝe̋ȝa:

But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.

őru nus mú' ša tóru e-vűűa:

They were all there except/save me.

dűƣlus ṡaþm̃űs o me̋e̋e kake̋m ša tı̋r ǧőősen e-nı̋ı̋xa:

The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.

néxo dőþo s̨oxőm paadős éna pad̨őm ša mús o vűűa:

I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.

ne̋k̬o govta̋' ša nús o vűűa:

Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.

• 22. ṡ̨úfa denotes in the course of; during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under

m̃us leeta̋s ṡ̨úfa še̋ma:

During the summer we go swimming.

m̃us vı̋l̤us me̋e̋a kalta̋m ṡ̨úfa e̋e̋sa:

We have been friends through many trials.

m̃e̋kos reeƣűs zila̋s ṡ̨úfa m̃éumvi vĭva̋dos e-e̋sa:

Under the king's rule things were much better.

• 23. þáfa denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively; (all) over, through(out).

me̋ża ba̋ȝa mexa̋s þáfa e-vűűla:

Throughout the nation there was great joy.

ga̋a̋ȝu őro vutiȝős þáfa ve̋naþo ı̋lu e-ma̋ƣa:

The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.

re̋e̋ƣu m̃űn ðűűnom þáfa ma̋lu e-te̋e̋a:

The king said we might wander through the castle.

• 24. úúda denotes egress; out of, from.

bőőde ne-dűpom úúda e-főőla:

The chick fell out of its nest.

• 25. xéma denotes instrumentality; with, by means of.

meðna̋mu siimlős xéma ðűrom lűru e-ma̋ƣa:

By means of a knife the policeman was able to open the door.

ve̋e̋mlu nu-veemős xéma n̨e̋tum e-ka̋a̋da:

The swordsman killed the enemy with his sword.

Derivative postpositions - gı̋ı̋no pos̈a̋m̃os

• 26. altéua denotes paying no attention to: regardless of. [> al, negating prefix; te̋ua, t.v. pay attention to]

mu dagőm altúȝa a̋ta:

I am going regardless of the consequences.

• 27. dása denotes on the authority of: by. [< da̋sa, t.v. govern]

k̨uðdı̋slu dasűs dása őnom e-e̋ma:

The coast guard seized the cargo on the authority of the governor.

• 28. déla denotes reference: with reference to, as to. [< de̋la, t.v. refer to]

mu meta̋s déla kı̋rom sa̋a̋ra ne:

As to your question, I don’t know the answer.

• 29. déxa denotes in order to obtain or acquire: for. [< de̋xa, t.v. obtain, acquire]

tu sade̋mom do toolőm déxa a̋tu ma̋ƣame:

Can you go to the store for some eggs?

• 30. ðééa' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than. [< ðe̋e̋a, t.v. put, place]

e̋rlus erőm ðééa fa̋lo' ne̋udu e-ke̋la:

The rowers had to use boards for oars.

m̃us ǧom̃ős ðééa dorős kíma þe̋som e̋da:

Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.

vőőƣlu i-voogős éna k̨ortemős ðéé' abe̋lon e-ne̋uda:

The baker used apples rather than pears in this cake.

• 31. éba denotes eventuality: in case of, against. [< e̋ba, t.v. befall, bechance]

m̃u' suum̃ős éba beƣős éna u-sa̋ra:

In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.

nu' sűűm̃' aha̋s éba dőþom a̋uka:

They are saving money against a rainy day.

• 32. éȝa denotes in charge of: in charge of, with. [< e̋ȝa, t.v. entrust]

nu le̋e̋mon műűlu éȝa vűűa:

She is in charge of planting the vegetables.

• 33. éra denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for. [< e̋ra, t.v. take advantage of, benefit]

m̃us leudős éra íðu vűűa:

We are here on behalf of the people.

• 34. éta denotes addition: as well as, besides, in addition to, with. [< étu, adv. also, too, as well, likewise]

sausm̃evős éta šemőutom toƣe̋ȝa:

Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.

da̋mu e̋fu maama̋s éta nús o mõ̋õ̋ru e̋sa:

Besides a mother, he has an invalid older sister to support.

nu xirős éta mőrem e-sa̋a:

He bought the horse with the saddle.

• 35. fára denotes in preparation for: for. [< fa̋ra, t.v. make ready, prepare]

m̃ús ṡ̬ena̋s fára bege̋ȝa:

Let’s brew some millet beer (in preparation) for the celebration.

mu-taƣős fára bűtu ke̋la:

I must pack for my trip.

• 36. fésa denotes before in time: before, previous to. [< fe̋si, adj. earlier, prior]

leuðm̃e̋ƣo naaża̋s fésa vı̋da:

The bus leaves before noon.

• 37. f̨óþa denotes being able to see by some light: by, in [< f̨őþa, t.v. light (up), illuminate]

pa̋a̋vo zeere̋s f̨óþa nĭna̋k̨o e-ı̋la:

By the light of the moon the road became more visible.

• 38. góþa denotes similarity or likeness: like, similar to. [< gőþa, t.v. make similar, resemble.]

tu-eðdőka mu-eðdoka̋s góþa e̋sa:

Your recipe is like/similar to mine.

tu voutős góþa nűmon e-ża̋a̋da:

You spread out the heavens like a tent.

• 39. íla denotes change from one form into another: into. [< ı̋la, i.v. become]

ga̋a̋lem e-le̋ża: m̃e̋nantűm íla nem e-űűra:

He gathered air. He crafted it into loving beings:

• 40. ı́za denotes descent from: down from. [< ı̋za, t.v. descend, go down]

korős ı́za re̋nantu da̋rlu e-főőla:

The workman fell climbing down from the roof.

• 41. ȝéta denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to. [< ȝe̋ta, t.v. have to do with, relate to]

t'-űtos nús ȝéta xos vűűa:

What are your feelings toward him?

• 42. ȝóba denotes proximity: near, about, by, next to, on, close to, against. [< ȝőba, t.v. approach, draw near]

mı̋ı̋nlu leðős éna eherős ȝóba nomős éna e-m̃e̋e̋sa:

The fisherman lived in a home by/on the lake in the valley.

be̋ƣo m̃eesős ȝóba e̋sa: tu ta̋sen ve̋nu ma̋ƣa:

The barn is close to the house. You can hear the animals.

sa̋mu m̃eesős ȝóba m̃e̋ƣom e-ṡűra:

The shaman parked the wagon against the house.

• 43. ȝúa denotes interiority: inside, within. [< ȝűi, adj. inside; interior]

kűno nı̋ı̋go vőm̃aþo abelős ȝúa e-vűűa:

Inside each baked apple was a walnut.

mőres sa̋ko riȝős ȝúa dőraþes ı̋la ne:

Horses are not permitted within the holy city.

• 44. kéésa denotes from a past time: since. [< ke̋e̋sa, t.v. while (away)]

mu hesdila̋s kéésa num żĭże̋e̋na:

I have known her since last year.

• 45. kía denotes agency: by. [< kı̋a, t.v. work, do]

nu taata̋s kía ka̋a̋daþu ı̋la:

He was killed by his father.

• 46. kíma denotes intention: for. [< kı̋ma, t.v. intend]

mu dorős kíma m̃e̋inom u-sa̋a:

I will buy the wine for the dinner.

• 47. kúȝa denotes gratitude for: thanks to. [< kűȝa, t.v. thank]

nu-dooős kúȝa mu-e̋dom sa̋u e-ma̋ƣa:

Thanks to his donation, I was able to buy my food.

• 48. láába denotes hanging down from: on. [< la̋a̋ba, i.v. hang down loosely]

abe̋los haiṡı̋m lááb' a̋la:

Apples grow on trees.

• 49. méṡa denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside of. [< me̋ṡa, t.v. lie alongside]

ve̋e̋ðlus fűrom þáfa paavős méṡa e-ne̋da:

The hunters walked along the road through the forest.

na̋a̋ȝe mu' méṡa saxm̃e̋e̋som d' őr' a̋tam e-re̋e̋sa:

The dog ran alongside me all the way to the tavern.

• 50. með- denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is prefixed. [< me̋ði', adj. middle]

ƥa̋þu terős meðéna e-ṡűrak̬' e-ɫı̋ı̋gak̬e:

The girl stood in the middle of the room and cried.

nu pósu lőuko' méðdo e-re̋e̋sa:

Then she ran to the middle of the field.

• 51. méta denotes at the same time as. [< métu, adv. at the same time]

nu mús méta he̋lem e-na̋ka:

She saw the lightning at the same time as me.

• 52. méþa denotes in the center of. [< me̋þa, t.v. center, focus]

m̃ú' se̋rom méþa na̋nan ðeee̋ȝa:

Let’s put the flowers in the center of the table.

• 53. móóda denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, by means of, through, in. [< mőőda, means, method]

raðta̋s móóda ȝűmum nı̋ı̋xe:

Serve God with gladness.

• 54. m̃ása denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left. [< m̃a̋si, adj. left]

be̋ku nu-taata̋s m̃ása e-ṡűra:

The young man stood to the left of his father.

sőþlu ha̋iṡim m̃ása e-re̋e̋sa:

The soldier ran to the left of the tree.

• 55. néra denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: behind, below, beneath, under(neath). [< ne̋ri, adj. under]

re̋e̋slu þ̨axős néra la̋kom e-ȝa̋fa:

The runner broke his leg below the knee.

fa̋ṡo sűðo ka̋l' o-niivrős néra bűþa:

Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.

zõ̋ðlu m̃eesős n̨erős néra nu-goolƣa̋vom e-ðőőva:

The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor of his house.

• 56. nóóla denotes to the extent of: by. [< nőőla, t.v. size]

n̨a̋ro pe̋n bı̋n nóóla me̋a:

The picture measures 5 by 8.

nu þűn ṡidős nóóla tĭt̨a̋a̋ru efű' sóma vűűa:

He is shorter than his older sister by one inch.

• 57. nóma denotes to or at the home of someone. [< nőma, i.v. go-, return-, -home]

m̃us riineȝűs nóma tum u-pa̋na:

We will meet you at the home of the mayor.

ȝŭȝűűnus riine̋ȝum nóma e-re̋e̋sa:

The younger ones ran to the home of the mayor.

• 58. n̨áxa denotes disregard for: despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding. [< n̨a̋xa, t.v. defy]

be̋ku gaudős nu-egős n̨áxa e-ve̋e̋da:

The young man went hunting despite his lack of experience.

a-sőþlu sóólvi þűn be̋som űðu n̨áxa dűbu da̋a̋rlu vűűa:

That soldier is a good worker for having only one arm.

• 59. n̨óópa denotes in a position forward of: in front of, before, ahead of, against, in advance of. [< n̨őőpo, front]

va̋mlu tozdemős n̨óópa e-ṡűra:

The priest stood in front of the church.

ṡiṡűs nı̋zo num n̨óópa e-me̋m̃a da num e-tűga:

The child’s shadow advanced before/ahead of him and frightened him.

m̃us żı̋mo posnákaþős n̨óóp' alkénvi na̋non e-na̋ka:

We saw the flowers easily against the dark background.

• 60. óita denotes the taking of an oath; by, in the name of. [< n̨őőpo, front]

mu ȝuműs óita nom kı̋u ma̋ƣa:

By God, I can do it.

• 61. péga denotes position at or movement towards the side of something or someone; at-, to-, -the side of. [< pe̋ga, t.v. flank- (-on)]

me̋vlus mevsárterős péga e-se̋da:

The dancers sat at the side of the ballroom.

ṡı̋ṡus leida̋ulom péga e-re̋e̋sa:

The children ran to the side of the playground.

• 62. pósa denotes posterior to in time or space; after, behind, following.

m̃úm m̃enðónu tŭtopaþűm. naaża̋s pósa e-e̋sa:

It was after noon when we finally arrived.

mu mús pósa ȝaṡős aaþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-ma̋a̋ƣa:

I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.

ǧe̋nus ṡatős pósa t̬iɫőnun e-ve̋da:

Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.

• 63. réiða denotes a means of conveyance; by. [< re̋iða, t.v. drive, ride]

soorta̋ƣlus reðnős réiða noiivda̋rom do e-a̋ta:

The pilgrims went by wagon to the shrine.

• 64. ríza denotes support; in-, -support-, -favor-, -of. [< rı̋za, t.v. prop, support]

le̋udu reeƣűs tőlos ríza vűűa:

The people are in favor of the king’s decree.

• 65. sépa denotes reference or interest; concerning, concern with, about. [< se̋pa, t.v. treat (of), concern]

pe̋rlu saarkős áfa vőőuraþo doþős sépa néxom e-sa̋a̋ra:

The ferryman knew nothing regarding/as regards/about the money stolen from the treasury.

• 66. sóma denotes comparison, compared to, than. [< sőma, t.v. liken, compare]

sa hesdila̋' sóma tı̋ı̋þa le̋e̋ta e-e̋sa ne:

Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.

mőre mĭme̋że m̃ake̋' sóma e̋sa:

A horse is bigger than a cow.

• 67. súna denotes accompaniment in time or space; with, in company with, along with. [< sűna, t.v. accompany]

m̃u-sűűnu' őra sı̋xam nu-orpűm súna e-le̋ida:

Our sons played with their cousins all afternoon.

ṡ̨őƣlu tı̋r eepűm súna sade̋mom e-ka̋da:

The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.

ii-asűru ɫiirlűm súna e-gaȝa̋sa:

The princess began to sing along with the minstrels.

• 68. šéða denotes possessing a special characteristic; characteristic of, with. [< še̋ða, t.v. characterize]

mu-ta̋a̋ta miiṡős šéða m̃ı̋ru e̋sa:

My father is the man with the moustache.

• 69. šóóða denotes from one side of an opening to another; through. [< šőőða, t.v. pass-, go-, -through]

nu tűngom šóóða þűslum e-ȝe̋e̋a:

He threw the hammer through the window.

• 70. ṡ̨óga denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.[< ṡ̨őga, t.v. exchange]

tu-ǧiiȝa̋s ṡ̨óga re̋e̋se:

Run for your life!

mu tu-l̨omős ṡ̨óga tús o tı̋r abe̋lon u-dőőa:

I will give you three apples for your bow.

• 71. tááda denotes purpose; for, in order to. [< ta̋a̋da, t.v. do on purpose]

m̃us m̃ite̋ra siiga̋s tááda ka̋ltam le̋mu e-pe̋ra:

We tried to break down the problem for further study.

• 72. táɫa denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of. [< ta̋ɫi, adj. right(-hand)]

ii-asűru nu-taata̋s reegűs táɫa e-se̋da:

The princess sat to the right of her father the king.

• 73. tára denotes motion from one side to the other; across, on the other side of, over. [< ta̋ra, t.v. cross]

ii-ba̋nlus vőgom tára ṡŭṡ̬őko ðeeős éna e-m̃a̋a̋ða:

The washerwomen waded across the stream at its shallowest part.

tú terős tára se̋dom ðeee̋ȝa:

Please put the chair on the other side of the room.

se̋haþu ṡa̋þmus þőlom tára e-vűga:

The defeated troops fled over the bridge.

• 74. túȝa denotes with respect or regard to; in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in. [< tűȝa, t.v. consider]

mu tu-miþős túȝa ṡúm̃vi u-pute̋e̋a:

In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.

mu tu-m̃ida̋s túȝa ṡa̋a̋ma:

With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.

mu—ȝa tu-kőzu tanɠőno dooős túȝa u-se̋ba—ne̋sa:

I am sure your wife will be pleased with this mother-of-pearl gift.

ruunȝara̋s túȝa áulmuþı̋ȝu

The Committee on Orthography

(tú) i-sim̃ős túȝa bŭbőőko ne̋e̋tom ne̋ude:

For this stitch, use a heavier thread.

mu-dőxlu mu-nomvagős túȝa mum e-re̋e̋ga:

My teacher helped me with my homework.

marvőőurlu þűn t̬alős túȝa re̋e̋mu e-e̋sa:

The pirate was blind in one eye.

• 75. þála denotes in honor of. [< þa̋la, t.v. honor, award]

nus ka̋a̋daþu asurűs þála þőlom e-fe̋e̋ta:

They named the bridge in honor of the murdered prince.

• 76. þééxa denotes foundation or dependence; based-, depending-, -on. [< þe̋e̋xa, t.v. rest-, be based-, -on]

m̃us nu-kirős þééxa da̋rom u-se̋e̋ra:

Depending on his response, we will continue the work.

• 77. þifápa denotes at a far distance; far away from. [< þı̋fa, t.v. distance; a̋pi, adj. away]

m̃us i-ǧarős þifápa m̃e̋e̋sa:

We live far away from these mountains.

• 78. þóósa denotes in opposition to, in contact with, against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with. [< þőősa, t.v. oppose, face]

vı̋smu őőðlus a̋a̋to ṡűrkom þóósa e̋ru e-ke̋la:

The desperate fugitives had to row against the swift current.

m̃us darı̋s þóósa ṡı̋lantu műdu re̋e̋slum e-na̋ka:

We saw the exhausted runner leaning against the tree.

vĭva̋a̋da mu-meda̋s þóósa som kı̋a:

I do this against/contrary to my better judgment.

da̋mu nu-damős þóósa nu-na̋a̋rom e-ha̋ȝa:

The patient lost his struggle against his illness.

fűðnaþu nu-laauős þóósa fesþa̋mom e-ı̋ga:

The employee asked for an advance against his salary.

dúslatőlu ṡı̋ṡ' uflős þóósa va̋a̋dom że̋e̋na néstu:

The poor child does not yet know good from bad.

mőőm̃aþu da̋a̋rlu da̋rim þóósa e-re̋e̋sa:

The dazed workman ran into the tree.

ðűűnom þóósa ȝűðo ṡűm̃am pe̋e̋kaþo e-ı̋la:

The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.

rı̋ı̋rus asurű' sőtu þóósa e-vűűa:

The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.

ża̋vlu a̋a̋þem ża̋bu tááda gooldarős þóósa da̋rim e-re̋na:

The onlooker climbed the tree opposite the store to look at the fire.

ǧe̋nu (nu-) potűs þóósa e-le̋ida:

The woman played opposite her husband.

pűűmus m̃e̋e̋em þóósa na̋a̋m̃om na̋a̋m̃u e-ke̋la:

The explorers had to sail the boat up wind.

nu-ȝorűs þóósa ṡa̋tantu a̋ha:

He spent the day fighting with his younger brother.

reeƣűs n̨a̋ro godős þóósa kőranþo vŭvűűa:

The picture of the king has been hanging on the wall.

• 79. þóla denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing; astraddle, astride, on both sides of. [< þőla, t.v. bridge, span]

hűsu turős þóla e-se̋da:

The boy perched astraddle the fence.

sa̋a̋rlu nu-paame̋s þóla e-se̋da:

The wizard sat astride his dragon.

ṡı̋mżo daae̋s þóla e-e̋sa:

The town was on both sides of the river.

• 80. þóna denotes assistance; with help. [< þőna, t.v. help, aid]

mu nu-re̋e̋ga þóna meedős éna a̋a̋þem e-ǧe̋sa:

I put out the fire in the attic with his help.

• 81. úfa denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object; facing. [< űfa, t.v. face, look out on]

alta̋a̋bu ṡı̋ṡu godős úfa e-ṡűra:

The disobedient child stood facing the wall.

• 82. úpa denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively; above, over. [< űpi, adj. upper, higher]

mı̋mlu niimős úpa (nu-)ve̋e̋mom e-ƣa̋va:

The knight held the sword above his head.

ga̋s' ehe̋rom úpa e-k̬iilpe̋ta:

The osprey hovered over the lake.

• 83. vóóa denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations. [< vőői, adj. both, ambi-]

főőd̬o m̃aat̨őno se̋dos ketős vóóa e-vűűa:

About/On all sides of/All about the living room were twelve wooden chairs.

sevta̋ƣlus íþsada̋rom vóóa e-ma̋la.

The tourists wandered about/around the meat market.

sőtu asűru (nu-)ðuunős vóóa fa̋dom e-de̋ma:

The warlike prince built a wall around his castle.