Senjecas linguistics: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation table==
===Pronunciation table===
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!ṡ
!ᵶ
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!x
!ᵹ
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!š
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!a
!ɵ
!õ
!o
!o
!u
!u
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!ï
!ɛ
!ë
!y
!ÿ
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*cpd = a compound of two or more roots, ''e.g.'', ''' ðę́a''', in place of, + '''fę̋to''', noun = '''ðęfę̋to''', pronoun.
===Notes===
*drv = a word derived from a root, ''e.g.'', '''sa̋ɱo''', word, < '''sa̋ɱa''', ''t.v.'' speak.
#cpd = a compound of two or more roots, ''e.g.'', ''' ðééa''', in place of, + '''fe̋e̋to''', noun = '''ðeefe̋e̋to''', pronoun.
*fix = a word formed from a root and an affix, ''e.g.'', '''kı̋a''', ''t.v.'' do + '''-lu ''', ''verbal agentive suffix'' = '''kı̋lu''', subject.
#drv = a word derived from a root, ''e.g.'', '''sa̋m̃o''', word, < '''sa̋m̃a''', ''tv'' speak.
*pol = a word with a different, but related sense to an original word, ''e.g.'', '''te̋na''', tense < '''te̋na''', time.
#pol = a word with a different, but related sense to an original word, ''e.g.'', '''te̋na''', tense < '''te̋na''', time
*These words are not numbered, as only original roots are numbered.
#These words are not numbered, as only original roots are numbered
*Words in {{Color|red|red}} indicate a feature that does not occur in Senjecas.
#Words in {{Color|red|red}} indicate a feature that does not occur in Senjecas
 
 
===boþra, punctuation===
*''cpd'' '''boþne̋uo''', punctuation mark
*''cpd'' '''d̬obőto''', {{Color|red|colon}}
*''cpd'' '''fástosm̃ı̋ı̋o''', clause hyphen (—)
*''cpd'' '''k̬ilbőto''', period (:)
*''cpd'' '''meinbőto''', em dash (—)
*''cpd'' '''meþbőto''', {{Color|red|question mark}}
*''cpd'' '''m̃iibőto''', interpunct (·)
*''cpd'' '''ƣeðbőto''', figure dash (-)
*''cpd'' '''tirbőto, paragraph end (⁝)
*''cpd'' '''ża̋a̋rbőto''', {{Color|red|exclamation point}}
*''cpd'' '''żóxd̬obőto''', {{Color|red|semicolon}}
 
 
===evse̋gos, affixes===
*''cpd'' '''ense̋go''', {{Color|red|infix}}
*''cpd'' '''n̨ofse̋go''', prefix
*''cpd'' '''pos̈e̋go''', suffix
*''cpd'' '''þolse̋go''', {{Color|red|circumfix}}
*''cpd'' '''fasa̋m̃o''', clitic
 
 
===sam̃fa̋a̋ȝos, parts of speech===
*''cpd'' '''ðeefe̋e̋to''', pronoun
::'''altósðeefe̋e̋to''', indefinite pronoun
::'''anánðeefe̋e̋to''', reciprocal pronoun
::'''déisðeefe̋e̋to''', demonstrative pronoun
::'''hómðeefe̋e̋to''', personal pronoun
::'''m̃álðeefe̋e̋to''', intensive pronoun
::'''náánðeefe̋e̋to''', reflexive pronoun
*''pol'' '''fe̋e̋to''', noun, substantive
::'''al̤uxfe̋e̋to''', mass noun
::'''altaƣfe̋e̋to''', abstract noun
::'''lezfe̋e̋to''', collective noun
::'''luxfe̋e̋to''', count noun
::'''m̃exfe̋e̋to''', concrete noun
::'''koinfe̋e̋to''', common noun
::'''šeeðfe̋e̋to''', proper noun
*''cpd'' '''gansa̋m̃|o''', adjective; '''-i''', ''adj.'' adjectival
::'''še̋e̋ðm̃i''', adj. attributive
::'''m̃a̋iþi''', adj. predicative
*''cpd'' '''ȝoorsa̋m̃o''', expletive
*''cpd'' '''ȝovsa̋m̃o''', adposition
::'''ensa̋m̃o''', {{Color|red|inposition}}
::'''n̨ofsa̋m̃o''', preposition
::'''pos̈a̋m̃o''', postposition
::'''þolsa̋m̃o''', {{Color|red|circumposition}}
*''drv'' '''ka̋a̋to''', verb
::'''aska̋a̋to''', transitive verb
::'''alaska̋a̋to''', intransitive verb
::'''ƣeðka̋a̋to''', copula
::'''reeƣka̋a̋to''', auxiliary verb
*''cpd''  '''fÿm̃uka̋a̋to''', {{Color|red|infinitive}}
*''cpd'' '''kaaþfe̋e̋to''', supine
*''cpd'' '''kááþgansa̋m̃o''', participle
::'''kikááþgansa̋m̃o''', active participle
::'''peekááþgansa̋m̃o''', passive participle
*''pol'' '''ðe̋ra''', mood
::'''alnesðe̋ra''', subjunctive mood
::'''eevðe̋ra''', imperative mood
::'''kisðe̋ra''', indicative mood
*''cpd'' '''kaaþga̋nlo''', adverb; '''-i''', ''adj.'' adverbial
*''cpd'' '''ƣeðsa̋m̃o''', conjunction
*''cpd'' '''rexsa̋m̃o''', determiner
*''cpd'' '''sa̋m̃ko''', particle
::'''m̃iisa̋m̃ko''', disjunctive particle
::'''ánvaasa̋m̃ko''', quotative particle
*''cpd'' '''tevsa̋m̃o''', {{Color|red|article}}
::'''tősi''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|definite}}
::'''altősi''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|indefinite}}
 
 
===ȝexre̋e̋ȝos - grammar===
*''cpd'' '''a̋ṡaþo''', object
*''cpd'' '''ðééfeetőȝanti''', ''adj.'' prodrop
*''pol'' '''de̋iṡi''', ''adj.'' demonstrative
*''pol'' '''fa̋si''', ''adj.'' subordinate, dependent
::'''fastőso''', clause
*''pol'' '''fűlo''', root
*''pol'' '''ȝővta''', apposition
::'''ȝovsa̋m̃=o''', appositive; '''=i''', ''adj.'' appositive
*''drv'' '''kı̋|lu''', subject;  '''al~''', null-subject
::'''-si''', ''adj.'' indicative
*'''le̋żo''', gender
::'''ǧe̋nm̃i''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|feminine}}
::'''m̃e̋xm̃i''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|neuter}}
::'''m̃ı̋ı̋rm̃i''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|masculine}}
*''pol'' '''lűka''', number
::'''d̬olűki''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|dual}}
::'''meelűki''', ''adj.'' plural
::'''þunlűki''', ''adj.'' singular
*''pol'' '''ne̋uda''', case
::'''ðeene̋uda''', dative case
::'''feeþne̋uda''', nominative case
::'''ham̃ne̋uda''', vocative case
::'''ȝaane̋uda''', accusative case
*''pol'' '''nőőa''', aspect
::'''álþuxnőőa''', imperfective aspect
::'''avnőőa''', prospective aspect
::'''deusnőőa''', terminative aspect
::'''f̣ųðnőőa''', causative aspect
::'''mem̃nőőa''', progressive/continuous aspect
::'''m̃esnőőa''', desiderative aspect
::'''nevnőőa''', recent perfective aspect
::'''seernőőa''', frequentative aspect
::'''šan̈őőa''', inclinational aspect
::'''šeðnőőa''', habitual aspect
::'''toðnőőa''', inceptive aspect
::'''þuxnőőa''', perfective aspect
::'''vųmnőőa''', debitive aspect
*''pol'' '''pa̋a̋sa''', voice
::'''kipa̋a̋sa''', active voice
::'''peepa̋a̋sa''', {{Color|red|passive voice}}
*''cpd'' '''parsa̋m̃o''', correlative word
*''pol'' '''te̋na''', tense
::'''imte̋na''', present imperfective tense
::'''feste̋na''', past imperfective tense
::'''poste̋na''', future imperfective tense
::'''ímþuxte̋na''', present perfect tense
::'''fésþuxte̋na''', past perfect tense
::'''pósþuxte̋na''', future perfect tense
 


===šenmőőda, manner of articulation===
*''cpd'' '''d̬ípemše̋no''', bilabial
*''cpd'' '''pemše̋n|o''', {{Color|red|labial}}
::'''émšenkı̋ra''', labialization
*''cpd'' '''ȝovše̋no''', {{Color|red|approximant}}
*''cpd'' '''keðše̋no''', {{Color|red|guttural}}
*''pol'' '''mőőv|a''', ''t.v.'' lenite '''-ra''', lenition
*''cpd'' '''muiþše̋no''', alveolar
*''cpd'' '''nasše̋no''', nasal
*''cpd'' '''paxše̋no''', stop, plosive, occlusive
*''cpd'' '''páxtirše̋no''', affricate
*''cpd'' '''piilše̋no''', tap, flap
*''cpd'' '''riisše̋no''', dental
*''cpd'' '''serše̋no''', sonorant
*''cpd'' '''ṡisše̋no''', sibilant
*''cpd'' '''ṡusše̋no''', {{Color|red|trill}}
*''cpd'' '''tiirše̋no''', fricative, spirant
*''cpd'' '''vainše̋n|o''', palatal
::'''váinšenkı̋ra''', palatalization


== Punctuation  - '''bőta'''==
*''cpd'' '''boþᵶę̋no''', punctuation mark.
*''cpd'' '''düobőto''', {{Color|red|colon}}.
*''cpd'' '''fástosɱı̨̋o''', clause hyphen (—).
*''cpd'' '''küilbőto''', period (:).
*''cpd'' '''meþbőto''', {{Color|red|question mark}}.
*''cpd'' '''ɱįbőto''', interpunct (·).
*''cpd'' '''pulbőto''', hyphen (–).
*''cpd'' '''tirbőto''', paragraph end (⋮).
*''cpd'' '''ᵶąrbőto''', {{Color|red|exclamation point}}.
*''cpd'' '''ᵶóxdüobőto''', {{Color|red|semicolon}}.


==Affixes  - '''evse̋gos'''==
===m̃aiþrëb̨őra, syntax===
*''cpd'' '''ense̋go''', {{Color|red|infix}}.
*'''m̃a̋iþro''', sentence
*''cpd'' '''nÿofse̋go''', prefix.
::'''meþm̃a̋iþro''', interrogative sentence
*''cpd'' '''pose̋go''', suffix.
*''pol'' '''m̃a̋iþi''', ''adj.'' predicate, predicative
*''cpd'' '''þolse̋go''', {{Color|red|circumfix}}.
*''cpd'' '''m̃ı̋ı̋o ȝe̋xo''', absolute construction
*''cpd'' '''fasa̋ɱo''', clitic.


==Parts of speech - '''saɱfą̋ȝos'''==
*''cpd'' '''ðęfę̋to''', pronoun.
*''pol'' '''fę̋to''', noun, substantive. '''al̨ux~''', mass noun. '''altaᵹ~''', abstract noun. '''lez~''', collective noun. '''lux~''', count noun. '''ɱex~''', concrete noun. '''koin~''', common noun. '''süęð~''', proper noun.
*''cpd'' '''fęþga̋nlo''', adjective.
::'''süę̋ðɱo''', ''adj.'' attributive.
::'''ɱa̋iþo''', ''adj.'' predicative.
*''cpd'' '''ȝǫrsa̋ɱo''', expletive.
*''cpd'' '''ȝovsa̋ɱo''', adposition.
::'''ensa̋ɱo''', {{Color|red|inposition}}.
::'''nÿofsa̋ɱo''', preposition.
::'''posa̋ɱo''', postposition.
::'''þolsa̋ɱo''', {{Color|red|circumposition}}.
*001 '''ką̋to''', verb. '''as~''', transitive verb. '''alas~''', intransitive verb. '''ᵹeð~''', copula. '''ręᵹ~''', auxiliary verb.
*''cpd'' '''kąþfę̋to''', supine.
*''cpd'' '''ką́þgansa̋ɱo''', participle. '''ki~ ''', active participle. '''pę~''', passive participle.
*''cpd'' '''kąþga̋nlo''', adverb.
*''cpd'' '''ɱįsa̋ɱko''', disjunctive particle.
*''cpd'' '''ᵹeðsa̋ɱo''', conjunction.
*''cpd'' '''sa̋ɱko''', particle.
*''cpd'' '''tevsa̋ɱo''', {{Color|red|article}}.
::'''tősi''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|definite}}.
::'''altősi''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|indefinite}}.
*''cpd'' '''rexsa̋ɱo''', determiner.


==Grammar - '''ȝexrę̋ȝos'''==
===goine̋uo, diacritics===
*''cpd'' '''a̋caþo''', object.
*''cpd'' '''ȝemne̋uo,''' diaeresis
*''cpd'' '''alkı̋lu''', ''adj.'' null-subject.
*''cpd'' '''pemne̋uo''', caron
*''pol'' '''de̋ici''', ''adj.'' demonstrative.
*''cpd'' '''pőɫko''', {{Color|red|ogonek}}
*''cpd'' '''ðę́fętőȝanti''', ''adj.''  prodrop.
*''cpd'' '''piðne̋uo''', {{Color|red|macron}}
*''pol'' '''fa̋si''', ''adj.'' subordinate, dependent. '''~tőso''', clause.
*''cpd'' '''simne̋uo''', tilde
*''pol'' '''fűlo''', root.
*''cpd'' '''šen̈e̋uo''', accent mark
*''fix'' '''güe̋nɱi''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|feminine}}.
::'''d̬ók̨orne̋uo''', secondary accent mark (double acute)
*''pol'' '''ȝőv|ta''', apposition. '''-sa̋ɱo''', appositive. '''-sa̋ɱi''', ''adj.'' appositive.
::'''þűnk̨orne̋uo''', primary accent mark (acute)
*''fix'' '''kı̋|lu''', subject. '''-si''', ''adj.'' indicative.
*''cpd'' '''ufbőto''', dot above
*''pol'' '''lűka''', number. '''sem~''', ''adj.'' singular. '''mę~''', ''adj.'' plural.
*''cpd'' '''vainne̋uo''', retroflex hook
*''fix'' '''ɱe̋xɱi''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|neuter}}.
*''fix'' '''ɱı̨̋rɱi''', ''adj.'' {{Color|red|masculine}}.
*''pol'' '''ðe̋ra''', mood. '''ęv~''', imperative mood. '''fęþ~''', {{Color|red|infinitive}}. '''ȝeþ''', relative mood. '''kis~''', indicative mood. '''alne̋s~''', subjunctive mood.
*''pol'' '''ne̋uda''', case. '''ðę~''', dative case. '''fęþ~''', nominative case. '''haɱ~''', vocative case. '''ȝą~''', accusative case.
*''pol'' '''nǫ̋a''', aspect. '''álþux~''', imperfective aspect. '''av~''', prospective aspect. '''en̨ǫ̋a''', inclinational aspect. '''f̣ųð~''', causative aspect. '''~nǫ̋a''', progressive/continuous aspect. '''ɱes~''', desiderative aspect. '''nev~''', recent perfective aspect. '''sęr~''', frequentative aspect. '''süeð~''', habitual aspect. '''toð~''', inceptive aspect. '''þux~''', perfective aspect. '''vųm~''', debitive aspect.
*''pol'' '''pą̋sa''', voice. '''ki~''', active voice. '''pę~''', passive voice.
*''pol'' '''te̋na''', tense. '''im~''', present imperfective tense. '''fes~''', past imperfective tense. '''pos~''', future imperfective tense. '''ímþux~''', present perfect tense. '''fésþux~''', past perfect tense. '''pósþux~''', future perfect tense.


==Manner of articulation - '''süenmǫ̋da'''==
*''cpd'' '''cisüe̋no''', sibilant.
*''cpd'' '''cusüe̋no''', {{Color|red|trill}}.
*''cpd'' '''d̬ífemsüe̋no''', bilabial.
*''cpd'' '''femsüe̋n|o''', {{Color|red|labial}}. '''-kı̋ra''', labialization.
*''cpd'' '''ȝovsüe̋no''', {{Color|red|approximant}}.
*''cpd'' '''keðsüe̋no''', {{Color|red|guttural}}.
*''pol'' '''mǫ̋v|a''', ''t.v.'' lenite. '''-ra''', lenition.
*''cpd'' '''nas̨üe̋no''', nasal.
*''cpd'' '''muiþsüe̋no''', alveolar.
*''cpd'' '''paxsüe̋no''', stop, plosive, occlusive.
*''cpd'' '''páxtirsüe̋no''', affricate.
*''cpd'' '''pįlsüe̋no''', tap, flap.
*''cpd'' '''rįsüe̋no''', dental.
*''cpd'' '''sersüe̋no''', sonorant.
*''cpd'' '''tįrsüe̋no''', fricative, spirant.
*''cpd'' '''vainsüe̋n|o''', palatal. '''-kı̋ra''', palatalization.


==Syntax - '''tosbÿőra'''==
===sám̃šensa̋a̋ra, phonology===
*002 '''tőso''', sentence. '''meþ~''', interrogative sentence.
*''cpd'' '''šenha̋ȝa''', syncope
*''pol'' '''ɱa̋iþi''', ''adj.'' predicate, predicative.
*''cpd'' '''šenm̃ǫ̋ga''', epenthesis
*''cpd'' '''ɱı̨̋o ȝe̋xo''', absolute construction.
*''cpd'' '''šenőőnta''', accent
*''cpd'' '''šenőȝa''', elision


==Accent - '''süenǫ̋nta'''==
*''cpd'' '''süenᵶę̋no''', accent mark. '''dáᵹ~''', secondary accent mark [double acute]. '''rę́ð~''', primary accent mark [acute].
*''fix'' '''ke̋ᵹko''', ogonek.
*''cpd'' '''ręzne̋uo''', {{Color|red|macron}}.


==Phonology - '''süensą̋ra'''==
===kaþı̋ȝa, miscellany===
*'''süen|ha̋ȝa''', syncope. '''-ɱǫ̋ga''', epenthesis. '''-őȝa''', elision.
*''cpd'' '''boðše̋no''', consonant
*''cpd'' '''ṡ̨uuše̋no''',  vowel
*''cpd'' '''d̬iše̋no''', {{Color|red|diphthong}}
*''drv'' '''lőȝo''', diminutive
*''cpd'' '''ruunpa̋fa''', alphabet
*''drv'' '''sa̋m̃|o''', word
::'''sam̃dı̋la''', semantics
::'''sam̃ı̋da''', word order
::'''sam̃me̋lo''', syllable
::'''sam̃pűl|o''', syllable; '''-om kı̋a''', syllabify; '''-ős kı̋ra''', syllabification.
::'''sám̃pulpı̋ðo''', mora
::'''sám̃šensa̋a̋ra''', phonetics
::'''sám̃zinsa̋a̋ra''', morphology
*001 '''sűű|a''', '''1''' ''t.v.'' decline, inflect, conjugate '''2''' ''i.v.'' inflect, conjugate; '''-ra''', declension, inflection, conjugation
*''pol'' '''sűűþra''', deixis
*''cpd'' '''šenle̋e̋pa''', intonation
::'''šénmesa̋a̋ra''', prosody
::'''šenþűno''', phoneme
*''pol'' '''ta̋a̋ȝa''', ''t.v.'' parse
*''cpd'' '''t̨oolta̋ra''', calque.


==Miscellany - '''kaþı̋ȝa'''==
*''cpd'' '''boðsüe̋no''', consonant.
*''cpd'' '''cÿųsüe̋no''',  vowel.
*''cpd'' '''düisüe̋no''', {{Color|red|diphthong}}.
*''cpd'' '''rųnı̋da''', alphabet.
*''drv'' '''sa̋ɱ|o''', word. '''-dı̋la''', semantics. '''-ı̋da''', word order. '''-me̋lo''', syllable. '''-süensa̋ra''', phonetics. '''-zinsą̋ra''', morphology.
*003 '''sų̋|a''', '''1.''' ''t.v.'' decline, inflect, conjugate. '''2.''' ''i.v.'' inflect, conjugate. '''-ra''', declension, inflection, conjugation.
*''pol'' '''sų̋þra''', deixis.
*''cpd'' '''süen|lę̋pa''', intonation. '''-mesą̋ra''', prosody. '''se̋mo''', phoneme.
*''pol'' '''tą̋ȝa''' ''t.v.'', parse.


==Sound chart - '''süenrı̨̋nmo'''==
===šenrı̋ı̋nmo - sound chart===
*''cpd'' '''feműko''', first row of graphemes (labials).
*''cpd'' '''peműko''', first row of graphemes (labials)
*''cpd'' '''rįsűko''', second row of graphemes (dentals).
*''cpd'' '''riis̈űko''', second row of graphemes (dentals)
*''cpd'' '''muiþűko''', third row of graphemes (alveolars).
*''cpd'' '''muitűko''', third row of graphemes (alveolars)
*''cpd'' '''vainűko''', fourth row of graphemes (palatals).
*''cpd'' '''vainűko''', fourth row of graphemes (palatals)
*''cpd'' '''cÿųsüe̋nűko''', fifth row of graphemes (vowels).
*''cpd'' '''ṡ̨úúšenűko''', fifth row of graphemes (vowels)

Revision as of 18:42, 22 March 2017

Pronunciation table

p b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a õ o u ï ë ÿ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Notes

  1. cpd = a compound of two or more roots, e.g., ðééa, in place of, + fe̋e̋to, noun = ðeefe̋e̋to, pronoun.
  2. drv = a word derived from a root, e.g., sa̋m̃o, word, < sa̋m̃a, tv speak.
  3. pol = a word with a different, but related sense to an original word, e.g., te̋na, tense < te̋na, time
  4. These words are not numbered, as only original roots are numbered
  5. Words in red indicate a feature that does not occur in Senjecas


boþra, punctuation

  • cpd boþne̋uo, punctuation mark
  • cpd d̬obőto, colon
  • cpd fástosm̃ı̋ı̋o, clause hyphen (—)
  • cpd k̬ilbőto, period (:)
  • cpd meinbőto, em dash (—)
  • cpd meþbőto, question mark
  • cpd m̃iibőto, interpunct (·)
  • cpd ƣeðbőto, figure dash (-)
  • cpd tirbőto, paragraph end (⁝)
  • cpd ża̋a̋rbőto, exclamation point
  • cpd żóxd̬obőto, semicolon


evse̋gos, affixes

  • cpd ense̋go, infix
  • cpd n̨ofse̋go, prefix
  • cpd pos̈e̋go, suffix
  • cpd þolse̋go, circumfix
  • cpd fasa̋m̃o, clitic


sam̃fa̋a̋ȝos, parts of speech

  • cpd ðeefe̋e̋to, pronoun
altósðeefe̋e̋to, indefinite pronoun
anánðeefe̋e̋to, reciprocal pronoun
déisðeefe̋e̋to, demonstrative pronoun
hómðeefe̋e̋to, personal pronoun
m̃álðeefe̋e̋to, intensive pronoun
náánðeefe̋e̋to, reflexive pronoun
  • pol fe̋e̋to, noun, substantive
al̤uxfe̋e̋to, mass noun
altaƣfe̋e̋to, abstract noun
lezfe̋e̋to, collective noun
luxfe̋e̋to, count noun
m̃exfe̋e̋to, concrete noun
koinfe̋e̋to, common noun
šeeðfe̋e̋to, proper noun
  • cpd gansa̋m̃|o, adjective; -i, adj. adjectival
še̋e̋ðm̃i, adj. attributive
m̃a̋iþi, adj. predicative
  • cpd ȝoorsa̋m̃o, expletive
  • cpd ȝovsa̋m̃o, adposition
ensa̋m̃o, inposition
n̨ofsa̋m̃o, preposition
pos̈a̋m̃o, postposition
þolsa̋m̃o, circumposition
  • drv ka̋a̋to, verb
aska̋a̋to, transitive verb
alaska̋a̋to, intransitive verb
ƣeðka̋a̋to, copula
reeƣka̋a̋to, auxiliary verb
  • cpd fÿm̃uka̋a̋to, infinitive
  • cpd kaaþfe̋e̋to, supine
  • cpd kááþgansa̋m̃o, participle
kikááþgansa̋m̃o, active participle
peekááþgansa̋m̃o, passive participle
  • pol ðe̋ra, mood
alnesðe̋ra, subjunctive mood
eevðe̋ra, imperative mood
kisðe̋ra, indicative mood
  • cpd kaaþga̋nlo, adverb; -i, adj. adverbial
  • cpd ƣeðsa̋m̃o, conjunction
  • cpd rexsa̋m̃o, determiner
  • cpd sa̋m̃ko, particle
m̃iisa̋m̃ko, disjunctive particle
ánvaasa̋m̃ko, quotative particle
  • cpd tevsa̋m̃o, article
tősi, adj. definite
altősi, adj. indefinite


ȝexre̋e̋ȝos - grammar

  • cpd a̋ṡaþo, object
  • cpd ðééfeetőȝanti, adj. prodrop
  • pol de̋iṡi, adj. demonstrative
  • pol fa̋si, adj. subordinate, dependent
fastőso, clause
  • pol fűlo, root
  • pol ȝővta, apposition
ȝovsa̋m̃=o, appositive; =i, adj. appositive
  • drv kı̋|lu, subject; al~, null-subject
-si, adj. indicative
  • le̋żo, gender
ǧe̋nm̃i, adj. feminine
m̃e̋xm̃i, adj. neuter
m̃ı̋ı̋rm̃i, adj. masculine
  • pol lűka, number
d̬olűki, adj. dual
meelűki, adj. plural
þunlűki, adj. singular
  • pol ne̋uda, case
ðeene̋uda, dative case
feeþne̋uda, nominative case
ham̃ne̋uda, vocative case
ȝaane̋uda, accusative case
  • pol nőőa, aspect
álþuxnőőa, imperfective aspect
avnőőa, prospective aspect
deusnőőa, terminative aspect
f̣ųðnőőa, causative aspect
mem̃nőőa, progressive/continuous aspect
m̃esnőőa, desiderative aspect
nevnőőa, recent perfective aspect
seernőőa, frequentative aspect
šan̈őőa, inclinational aspect
šeðnőőa, habitual aspect
toðnőőa, inceptive aspect
þuxnőőa, perfective aspect
vųmnőőa, debitive aspect
  • pol pa̋a̋sa, voice
kipa̋a̋sa, active voice
peepa̋a̋sa, passive voice
  • cpd parsa̋m̃o, correlative word
  • pol te̋na, tense
imte̋na, present imperfective tense
feste̋na, past imperfective tense
poste̋na, future imperfective tense
ímþuxte̋na, present perfect tense
fésþuxte̋na, past perfect tense
pósþuxte̋na, future perfect tense


šenmőőda, manner of articulation

  • cpd d̬ípemše̋no, bilabial
  • cpd pemše̋n|o, labial
émšenkı̋ra, labialization
  • cpd ȝovše̋no, approximant
  • cpd keðše̋no, guttural
  • pol mőőv|a, t.v. lenite -ra, lenition
  • cpd muiþše̋no, alveolar
  • cpd nasše̋no, nasal
  • cpd paxše̋no, stop, plosive, occlusive
  • cpd páxtirše̋no, affricate
  • cpd piilše̋no, tap, flap
  • cpd riisše̋no, dental
  • cpd serše̋no, sonorant
  • cpd ṡisše̋no, sibilant
  • cpd ṡusše̋no, trill
  • cpd tiirše̋no, fricative, spirant
  • cpd vainše̋n|o, palatal
váinšenkı̋ra, palatalization


m̃aiþrëb̨őra, syntax

  • m̃a̋iþro, sentence
meþm̃a̋iþro, interrogative sentence
  • pol m̃a̋iþi, adj. predicate, predicative
  • cpd m̃ı̋ı̋o ȝe̋xo, absolute construction


goine̋uo, diacritics

  • cpd ȝemne̋uo, diaeresis
  • cpd pemne̋uo, caron
  • cpd pőɫko, ogonek
  • cpd piðne̋uo, macron
  • cpd simne̋uo, tilde
  • cpd šen̈e̋uo, accent mark
d̬ók̨orne̋uo, secondary accent mark (double acute)
þűnk̨orne̋uo, primary accent mark (acute)
  • cpd ufbőto, dot above
  • cpd vainne̋uo, retroflex hook


sám̃šensa̋a̋ra, phonology

  • cpd šenha̋ȝa, syncope
  • cpd šenm̃ǫ̋ga, epenthesis
  • cpd šenőőnta, accent
  • cpd šenőȝa, elision


kaþı̋ȝa, miscellany

  • cpd boðše̋no, consonant
  • cpd ṡ̨uuše̋no, vowel
  • cpd d̬iše̋no, diphthong
  • drv lőȝo, diminutive
  • cpd ruunpa̋fa, alphabet
  • drv sa̋m̃|o, word
sam̃dı̋la, semantics
sam̃ı̋da, word order
sam̃me̋lo, syllable
sam̃pűl|o, syllable; -om kı̋a, syllabify; -ős kı̋ra, syllabification.
sám̃pulpı̋ðo, mora
sám̃šensa̋a̋ra, phonetics
sám̃zinsa̋a̋ra, morphology
  • 001 sűű|a, 1 t.v. decline, inflect, conjugate 2 i.v. inflect, conjugate; -ra, declension, inflection, conjugation
  • pol sűűþra, deixis
  • cpd šenle̋e̋pa, intonation
šénmesa̋a̋ra, prosody
šenþűno, phoneme
  • pol ta̋a̋ȝa, t.v. parse
  • cpd t̨oolta̋ra, calque.


šenrı̋ı̋nmo - sound chart

  • cpd peműko, first row of graphemes (labials)
  • cpd riis̈űko, second row of graphemes (dentals)
  • cpd muitűko, third row of graphemes (alveolars)
  • cpd vainűko, fourth row of graphemes (palatals)
  • cpd ṡ̨úúšenűko, fifth row of graphemes (vowels)
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