Senjecas - List of Postpositions

Pronunciation table

p	b	f	v	ṁ	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	õ	o	u			ï	ë	ÿ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Non-derivative postpositions

• 1. áda denotes in association or connection with: among(st), with(in).

nos ṁa̋a̋sto leuðős áða le̋uða gűa ésa:

That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people

'koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-ṁaka̋s áða vűűa ne:

It is not within my power to free you from prison.

• 2. áfa denotes separation from support, attachment or position: off (of), from, of.

ṁúm áfa þűn

one of us

t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga da mı̋mu nem áfa e-főőla:

The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.

duspőrvu riine̋ȝu boþa̋s áfa hesáhvi dűűraþu e-ı̋la:

The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.

• 3. ána denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up (to).

šı̋naþu ii-s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom ána ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:

The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.

• 4. ápa denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively: from, away from.

laane̋m ta̋do re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem ápa e-re̋e̋sa:

The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.

• 5. ba denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.

ṁus ðurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:

We heard a loud noise outside the door.

ṁúm e-rekantűm ṁu-þőősu terős ba e-ṡűra:

Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.

• 6. do denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into.

a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋me da̋a̋em do e-a̋ta:

The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.

ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:

The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.

ba̋a̋k̬o ṡúṁvi le̋e̋tam ǧǧa̋ron do u-a̋a̋ta:

Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.

tú sa̋ram do a̋a̋tek̬e ra̋a̋dek̬e:

Go to the party and have a good time.

• 7. éha denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).

tűgu pe̋e̋l̨us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋e̋sa:

The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.

mı̋mum ṍṍnu e-mı̋mantum—iime̋rus tungős éha e-ża̋ba:

The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.

na̋a̋ðrus ðuunős éha ṡata̋’ še̋nom e-a̋a̋ṁa:

The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.

• 8. éna denotes stationary position or location within or movement into: at, in, into, on, to.

pempe̋lo ta̋inżo raȝős niterős éna ṡe̋ȝu e-tőpa:

The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.

tú ṁaspe̋go e̋rgom éna pe̋lkon ðe̋e̋o:

Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.

ṡűvlu ṡeȝős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:

The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.

• 9. épa denotes accordance with: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.

ii-mı̋mu mal̨űm épa nu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:

The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.

ṡa̋þṁus soþveelűs eevős épa e-ȝűða:

At the general's command the troops charged.

tei mol̨űs kőzu peeka̋s épa e-vűűi—te̋ido e-e̋sa:

It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.

no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős épa. dőraþo ı̋lo mee:

Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.

• 10. éva denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: on, over, to, upon.

tu eðős éna serős éva ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:

You will find the hat on the table in the hall.

ma̋l̨us że̋e̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬t̬im e-te̋e̋ra:

The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.

dőxlu maat̨őno serős éva a̋ito ṁe̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:

The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.

• 11. ha denotes causality: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.

dı̋slu ṁu-igős ha ṁenðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:

At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.

ṁus ṡarsa̋a̋ke suuṁe̋s ha a̋tu e-ma̋a̋ƣa ne:

Because of the torrential rain we could not go.

ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa nu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vűűa:

The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.

ṁus i-sepa̋m ha na̋a̋nu ke̋la:

Under these circumstances, we should turn back.

le̋uðu nakaþős ha naaa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:

At the sight the people went pale with fear.

• 12. la denotes on this side of.

vőðlus ṁeesős la ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:

The diggers found the box on this side of the house.

• 13. n̨a denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through).

me̋ṡe ha̋iṡim n̨a e-re̋na:

The monkey climbed down the tree.

mu-vı̋lu dı̋la' n̨a e-e̋sa:

He has been my friend down through the years.

d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em n̨a ṁu-la̋iṁom e-da̋ga:

The two otters followed our canoe down the river.

• 14. o denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.

re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:

These red and yellow flowers are for you.

nú' sa̋ṁno orűm o te̋ido e-vűűa:

His speech was clear to all.

• 15. ṍna denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.

te̋na meðlaata̋s ṍna e̋sa:

The time is after/past midnight.

műdu őmu kéþu ten̈e̋msom ṍna e-tőpa:

The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.

va̋rsim seea̋s tááda tena̋s ṍna e̋sa:

It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.

ṁal̨űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka mús nı̋þa þumra̋s ṍna e̋sa:

The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.

re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom ṍna sééxvi ṁe̋ƣom e-re̋iða:

The driver drove the wagon éé by/past the beseiged fortress.

soþlűs ƣőlvo kı̋o nu-boþa̋s ṍna e-e̋sa:

The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.

reṁrűs ṡı̋ṡu főő ṍna lűku e-fe̋e̋e̋e̋a ne:

The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.

• 16. sána denotes having a lack of something; without.

t̬ı̋ɫus hurő' sána tı̋r a̋a̋han ṁa̋stom tára e-ta̋ƣa:

The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.

• 17. ša denotes exception; apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.

ṁúm nuvke̋e̋sa þűn ðuső' ša dı̋zra e-e̋sa:

Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.

tu-te̋e̋a ȝoba̋' ša e̋sa:

Your statement is beside the point.

néx̨u bilűsk̬e músk̬e ša íðu vűűla:

There's no one here besides Bill and me.

őmu ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' ša ṡa̋tom hïha̋ȝo:

But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.

őru nus mú' ša tóru e-e̋sa:

They were all there except/save me.

dűƣlus ṡaþṁűs o me̋e̋e kake̋m ša tı̋r ǧőősen e-nı̋ı̋xa:

The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.

néxo dőþo s̨oxőm paadős éna pad̨őm ša mús o vűűa:

I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.

ne̋k̬o govta̋' ša nús o vűűa:

Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.

• 18. úúda denotes egress; out of, from.

bőőde ne-dűpom úúda e-főőla:

The chick fell out of its nest.

Derivative postpositions

• 19. altúȝa denotes paying no attention to: regardless of.

mu dagőm altúȝ' a̋ta:

I am going regardless of the consequences.

• 20. ṡ̨óga denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.

tu-ǧiiȝa̋s ṡ̨óga re̋e̋se:

Run for your life!

mu tu-l̨omős ṡ̨óga tús o tı̋r abe̋lon u-dőőa:

I will give you three apples for your bow.

• 21. ṡ̨úfa denotes in the course of; during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under

ṁus leeta̋s ṡ̨úfa še̋ma:

During the summer we go swimming.

ṁus vı̋l̨us me̋e̋a kalta̋m ṡ̨úfa e̋e̋sa:

We have been friends through many trials.

ṁe̋kos reeƣűs zila̋s ṡ̨úfa ṁéumvi vïva̋dos e-e̋sa:

Under the king's rule things were much better.

• 22. dása denotes on the authority of: by

k̨uðdı̋slu dasűs dása őnom e-e̋ma:

The coast guard seized the cargo on the authority of the governor.

• 23. déla denotes reference: with reference to, as to.

mu meta̋s déla kı̋rom sa̋a̋ra ne:

As to your question, I don’t know the answer.

• 24. déxa denotes in order to obtain or acquire: for.

tu sade̋mom do toolőm déxa a̋tu ma̋a̋ƣa-me:

Can you go to the store for some eggs?

• 25. dúna denotes at or during a time anterior to; before, by, no later than, of, to.

tú íðu duua̋s dúna vűűe:

Be here by/no later than sunset.

d̬őfoos te̋nlas pe̋n te̋na̋s dúna

twenty minutes of/to five

nu. rı̋ı̋ba i-aha̋s dúna. num ṁe̋e̋rum e-vűűu ðe̋ra:

To this very day, he insists he was right.

• 26. ðééa denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.

e̋rlus erőm ðééa fa̋lo' ne̋udu e-ke̋la:

The rowers had to use boards for oars.

ṁus ǧoṁős ðééa dorős tááda þe̋som e̋da:

Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.

vőőƣlu i-voogős éna ḳortemős ðéé’ abe̋lon e-ne̋uda:

The baker used apples rather than pears in this cake.

• 27. éba denotes eventuality: in case of, against.

ṁus suuṁős éba beƣős éna u-sa̋ra:

In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.

nus sűṁ’ aha̋s éba dőþom a̋uka:

They are saving money against a rainy day.

• 28. éȝa denotes in charge of: in charge of, with.

nu le̋e̋mon műűlu éȝa vűűa:

She is in charge of planting the vegetables.

• 29. éra denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone, for.

ṁus leudős éra íðu vűűa:

We are here on behalf of the people.

mu mu-taƣős éra bűtu ke̋la:

I must pack for my trip.

• 30. éta denotes addition: as well as, besides, in addition to, with.

šemőutom sausṁevős éta tőƣo:

Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.

da̋mu e̋fu maama̋s éta nús o mõ̋õ̋ru e̋sa:

Besides a mother, he has an invalid older sister to support.

nu xirős éta mőrem e-sa̋a:

He bought the horse with the saddle.

• 31. fára denotes in preparation for: for.

ṁús ṡ̬ena̋s fára be̋go:

Let’s brew some millet beer (in preparation) for the celebration.

• 32. fésa denotes before in time: before, previous to.

leuðṁe̋ƣo naaża̋s fésa vı̋da:

The bus leaves before noon.

• 33. f̨óþa denotes being able to see by some light: by, in

pa̋a̋vo zeere̋s f̨óþa nïna̋k̨o e-ı̋la:

By the light of the moon the road became more visible.

• 34. góþa denotes similarity or likeness: like, similar to.

tu-eðdőka mu-eðdoka̋s góþa e̋sa:

Your recipe is like/similar to mine.

tu voutős góþa nűmon e-ża̋a̋da:

You spread out the heavens like a tent.

• 35. íla denotes change from one form into another: into.

ga̋a̋lem e-le̋ża: ṁe̋nantűm íla nem e-űűra:

He gathered air. He crafted it into loving beings:

• 36. ı́za denotes descent from: down from.

korős ı́za re̋nantu da̋rlu e-főőla:

The workman fell climbing down from the roof.

• 37. ȝéta denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.

t'-űtos nús ȝéta xos vűűa:

What are your feelings toward him?

• 38. ȝóba denotes proximity: near, about, by, next to, on, close to, against.

mı̋ı̋nlu leðős éna eherős ȝóba nomős éna e-ṁe̋e̋sa:

The fisherman lived in a home by/on the lake in the valley.

be̋ƣo ṁeesős ȝóba e̋sa: tu ta̋sen ve̋nu ma̋a̋ƣa:

The barn is close to the house. You can hear the animals.

sa̋mu ṁeesős ȝóba ṁe̋ƣom e-ṡűra:

The shaman parked the wagon against the house.

• 39. ȝúa denotes interiority: inside, within.

kűno nı̋ı̋go vőṁaþo abelős ȝúa e-vűűa:

Inside each baked apple was a walnut.

mőres sa̋ko riȝős ȝúa dőraþes ı̋la ne:

Horses are not permitted within the holy city.

• 40. ȝúṡa denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among(st), (in) between, through, with.

þa̋la voourlűm ȝúṡa vűűla ne:

There is no honor among(st) thieves.

de̋e̋ȝos ṁeesősk̬e beƣősk̬e ȝúṡa vűűa:

The beehives are between the house and the barn.

i-lűvo me̋e̋o ma̋non ȝúṡa kïke̋e̋da:

This book has passed through many hands.

• 41. kéésa denotes from a past time: since.

mu hesdila̋s kéésa num żïże̋e̋na:

I have known her since last year.

• 42. kía denotes agency: by.

nu taata̋s kía ka̋a̋daþu ı̋la:

He was killed by his father.

• 43. kóma denotes physical proximity: about, beside, by, next to, on.

oṁta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:

The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.

• 44. kúȝa denotes gratitude for: thanks to.

nu-dooős kúȝa mu-e̋dom sa̋u e-ma̋a̋ƣa:

Thanks to his donation, I was able to buy my food.

• 45. láába denotes hanging down from: on.

abe̋los haiṡı̋m lááb' a̋la:

Apples grow on trees.

46. méṡa denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside of.

ve̋e̋ðlus fűrom þáfa paavős méṡa e-ne̋da:

The hunters walked along the road through the forest.

na̋ȝe mu' méṡa saxṁe̋e̋som d' őr' a̋tam e-re̋e̋sa:

The dog ran alongside me all the way to the tavern.

• 47. með- denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is prefixed.

ƥa̋þu terős meðéna e-ṡűrak̬' e-ɫı̋ı̋gak̬e:

The girl stood in the middle of the room and cried.

nu pósu lőuko' méðdo e-re̋e̋sa:

Then she ran to the middle of the field.

• 48. méta denotes at the same time as.

nu mús méta he̋lem e-na̋ka:

She saw the lightning at the same time as me.

• 49. méþa denotes in the center of.

ṁú' se̋rom méþa na̋nan ðe̋e̋o:

Let’s put the flowers in the center of the table.

• 50. móóda denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, by means of, through, in.

raðta̋s móóda ȝűmum nı̋ı̋xe:

Serve God with gladness.

• 51. ṁása denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.

be̋ku nu-taata̋s ṁása e-ṡűra:

The young man stood to the left of his father.

sőþlu ha̋iṡim ṁása e-re̋e̋sa:

The soldier ran to the left of the tree.

• 52. néra denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: behind, below, beneath, under(neath).

re̋e̋slu þ̨axős néra la̋kom e-ȝa̋fa:

The runner broke his leg below the knee.

fa̋ṡo sűðo ka̋l’ o-niivrős néra bűþa:

Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.

zõ̋ðlu ṁeesős n̨erős néra nu-goolƣa̋vom e-ðőőva:

The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor of his house.

• 53. nóóla denotes to the extent of: by.

n̨a̋ro pe̋n bı̋n nóóla me̋a:

The picture measures 5 by 8.

nu þűn ṡidős nóóla tït̨a̋a̋ru efű' sóma vűűa:

He is shorter than his older sister by one inch.

• 54. nóma denotes to or at the home of someone.

ṁus riineȝűs nóma tum u-pa̋na:

We will meet you at the home of the mayor.

ȝÿȝűűnus riine̋ȝum nóma e-re̋e̋sa:

The younger ones ran to the home of the mayor.

• 55. n̨áxa denotes disregard for: despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding.

be̋ku gaudős nu-egős n̨áxa e-ve̋e̋da:

The young man went hunting despite his lack of experience.

a-sőþlu sóólvi þűn be̋som űðu n̨áxa dűbu da̋a̋rlu vűűa:

That soldier is a good worker for having only one arm.

• 56. n̨ópa denotes in a position forward of: in front of, before, ahead of, against, in advance of.

va̋mlu tozdemős n̨ópa e-ṡűra:

The priest stood in front of the church.

ṡiṡűs nı̋zo num n̨ópa e-me̋ṁa da num e-tűga:

The child’s shadow advanced before/ahead of him and frightened him.

ṁus żı̋mo posnákaþős n̨óp' alkénvi na̋non e-na̋ka:

We saw the flowers easily against the dark background.

• 57. óita denotes the taking of an oath; by, in the name of

mu ȝuműs óita nom kı̋u ma̋a̋ƣa:

By God, I can do it.

• 58. péga denotes position at or movement towards the side of something or someone; at-, to-, -the side of

me̋vlus mevsárterős péga e-se̋da:

The dancers sat at the side of the ballroom.

ṡı̋ṡus leida̋ulom péga e-re̋e̋sa:

The children ran to the side of the playground.

• 59. pósa denotes posterior to in time or space; after, behind, following.

ṁúm ṁenðónu tÿtopaþűm. naaża̋s pósa e-e̋sa:

It was after noon when we finally arrived.

mu mús pósa ȝaṡős aaþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-ma̋a̋ƣa:

I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.

ǧe̋nus ṡatős pósa t̬iɫőnun e-ve̋da:

Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.

• 60. réiða denotes a means of conveyance; by.

soorta̋ƣlus reðnős réiða noiivda̋rom do e-a̋ta:

The pilgrims went by wagon to the shrine.

• 61. ríza denotes support; in-, -support-, -favor-, -of.

le̋udu reeƣűs tőlos ríza vűa:

The people are in favor of the king’s decree.

• 62. sépa denotes reference or interest; concerning, concern with, about.

pe̋rlu saarkős áfa vőőuraþo doþős sépa néxom e-sa̋a̋ra:

The ferryman knew nothing regarding/as regards/about the money stolen from the treasury.

• 63. síra denotes up to a limit; at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.

ka̋a̋ðlu peliső' síra e-ṡűra: péru e-ı̋ta:

The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.

ṁus da̋a̋em síra tum u-sűna:

We will go with you as far as the river.

tu pe̋n abelőm síra ga̋o:

You may have as many as five apples.

abe̋li bı̋n peda̋m síra e-a̋la:

The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.

ṁus needa̋' síra tum u-me̋na:

We will wait for you until/till sunup.

ṡiifne̋xlus tűűbom síra ṡı̋ı̋pom e-pe̋e̋la:

The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.

• 64. sóma denotes comparison, compared to, than.

sa hesdila̋' sóma tı̋ı̋þa le̋e̋ta e-e̋sa ne:

Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.

mőre mïme̋że ṁake̋' sóma e̋sa:

A horse is bigger than a cow.

• 65. súna denotes accompaniment in time or space; with, in company with, along with.

ṁu-sűűnu' őra sı̋xam nu-orpűm súna e-le̋ida:

Our sons played with their cousins all afternoon.

ṡ̨őƣlu tı̋r eepűm súna sade̋mom e-ka̋da:

The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.

ii-asűru ɫiirlűm súna ga̋ȝu e-tőda:

The princess began to sing along with the minstrels.

• 66. šéða denotes possessing a special characteristic; characteristic of, with.

mu-ta̋a̋ta miiṡős šéða ṁı̋ru e̋sa:

My father is the man with the moustache.

• 67. šóóða denotes from one side of an opening to another; through.

nu tűngom šóóða þűslum e-ȝe̋e̋a:

He threw the hammer through the window.

• 68. tááda denotes purpose; for, in order to.

ṁus ṁite̋ra siiga̋s tááda ka̋ltam le̋mu e-pe̋ra:

We tried to break down the problem for further study.

• 69. táɫa denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.

ii-asűrus nu-taata̋s reegűs táɫa e-se̋da:

The princess sat to the right of her father the king.

• 70. tára denotes motion from one side to the other; across, on the other side of, over.

ii-ba̋nlus vőgom tára ṡÿṡ̬őko ðeeős éna e-ṁa̋a̋ða:

The washerwomen waded across the stream at its shallowest part.

tú terős tára se̋dom ðe̋e̋o:

Please put the chair on the other side of the room.

se̋haþu ṡa̋þmus þolős tára e-vűga:

The defeated troops fled over the bridge.

• 71. túȝa denotes with respect or regard to; in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in.

mu tu-miþős túȝa ṡúṁvi u-pute̋e̋a:

In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.

mu tu-ṁida̋s túȝa ṡa̋a̋ma:

With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.

mu—tei tu-kőzu tanɠőno dooős túȝa u-se̋bi—ne̋sa:

I am sure your wife will be pleased with this mother-of-pearl gift.

ruunȝara̋s túȝa áulmuþı̋ȝu

The Committee on Orthography

(tú) i-siṁős túȝa bÿbőőko ne̋e̋tom ne̋ude:

For this stitch, use a heavier thread.

mu-dőxlu mu-nomvagős túȝa mum e-re̋e̋ga:

My teacher helped me with my homework.

marvőőurlu þűn t̬alős túȝa re̋e̋mu e-e̋sa:

The pirate was blind in one eye.

• 72. þáfa denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively; (all) over, through(out).

me̋ża ba̋ȝa me̋xam þáfa e-vűűla:

Throughout the nation there was great joy.

ga̋a̋ȝu őro vutiȝős þáfa ve̋naþo ı̋lu e-ma̋a̋ƣa:

The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.

re̋e̋ƣu ṁűn ðűűnom þáfa ma̋lu e-te̋e̋a:

The king said we might wander through the castle.

• 73. þa̋la denotes in honor of.

nus ka̋a̋daþu asurűs þála þőlom e-fe̋e̋ta:

They named the bridge in honor of the murdered prince.

• 74. þééxa denotes foundation or dependence; based-, depending-, -on

ṁus nu-kirős þééxa da̋rom u-se̋e̋ra:

Depending on his response, we will continue the work.

• 75. þifápa denotes at a far distance; far away from.

ṁus i-ǧarős þifápa ṁe̋e̋sa:

We live far away from these mountains.

• 76. þóósa denotes in opposition to, in contact with, against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with.

vı̋smu őőðlus a̋a̋to ṡűrkom þóósa e̋ru e-ke̋la:

The desperate fugitives had to row against the swift current.

ṁus darı̋s þóósa ṡı̋lantu műdu re̋e̋slum e-na̋ka:

We saw the exhausted runner leaning against the tree.

(mu) mús vïva̋a̋da meda̋s þóósa som kı̋a:

I do this against/contrary to my better judgment.

da̋mu nu-damős þóósa nu-na̋a̋rom e-ha̋ȝa:

The patient lost his struggle against his illness.

fűðnaþu nu-laauős þóósa fesþa̋mom e-ı̋ga:

The employee asked for an advance against his salary.

dúslatőlu ṡı̋ṡ' uflős þóósa va̋a̋dom że̋e̋na néstu:

The poor child does not yet know good from bad.

mőőṁaþu da̋a̋rlu da̋rim þóósa e-re̋e̋sa:

The dazed workman ran into the tree.

ðűűnom þóósa ȝűðo ṡűṁam pe̋e̋kaþo e-ı̋la:

The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.

rı̋ı̋rus asurű' sőtu þóósa e-vűűa:

The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.

ża̋vlu a̋a̋þem ża̋bu tááda gooldarős þóósa da̋rim e-re̋na:

The onlooker climbed the tree opposite the store to look at the fire.

ǧe̋nu (nu-) potűs þóósa e-le̋ida:

The woman played opposite her husband.

pűűmus ṁe̋e̋em þóósa na̋a̋ṁom na̋a̋ṁu e-ke̋la:

The explorers had to sail the boat up wind.

(nus) (nu-)ȝorűs þóósa ṡa̋tantus a̋ha:

He spent the day fighting with his younger brother.

reeƣűs n̨a̋ros godős þóósa kőranþo vÿvűűa:

The picture of the king has been hanging on the wall.

• 77. þóla denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing; astraddle, astride, on both sides of.

hűsu turős þóla e-se̋da:

The boy perched astraddle the fence.

sa̋a̋rlu (nu-)paame̋s þóla e-se̋da:

The wizard sat astride his dragon.

ṡı̋mżo daae̋s þóla e-e̋sa:

The town was on both sides of the river.

• 78. þóna denotes assistance; with help.

mu nu-rééga meedős éna a̋a̋þem e-ǧe̋sa:

I put out the fire in the attic with his help.

• 79. úfa denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object; facing.

alta̋a̋bu ṡı̋ṡu godős úfa e-ṡűra:

The disobedient child stood facing the wall.

• 80. úpa denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively; above, over.

mı̋mlu niimős úpa (nu-)ve̋e̋mom e-ƣa̋va:

The knight held the sword above his head.

ga̋s' ehe̋rom úpa e-k̬iilpe̋ta:

The osprey hovered over the lake.

• 81. vóóa denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations.

főőd̬o ṁaat̨őno se̋dos ketős vóóa e-vűűa:

About/On all sides of/All about the living room were twelve wooden chairs.

sevta̋ƣlus fééþsada̋ro vóóa e-ma̋la.

The tourists wandered about/around the meat market.

sőtu asűru (nu-)ðuunős vóóa fa̋dom e-de̋ma:

The warlike prince built a wall around his castle.

• 82. xéma denotes instrumentality; with, by means of.

meðna̋mu siimlős xéma ðűrom lűru e-ma̋ƣa:

By means of a knife the policeman was able to open the door.

ve̋e̋mlu nu-veemős xéma n̨e̋tum e-ka̋a̋da:

The swordsman killed the enemy with his sword.

Non-derivative postpositions

• 1. áda denotes in association or connection with: among(st), with(in).

no ɱą̋sto leuðős áða le̋uða gűa ésa:

That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people

koldemős áfa tum süe̋vu mu-ɱaka̋s áða vűa ne:

It is not within my power to free you from prison.

• 2. áfa denotes separation from support, attachment or position: off (of), from, of.

ɱúm áfa se̋m

one of us

tÿe̋ᵹse mőre e-tÿe̋ga da mı̋mu nem áfa e-fǫ̋la:

The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.

duspőrvu rįne̋ȝu boþa̋s áfa hesáhvi dų̋raþu e-ı̋la:

The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.

• 3. ána denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up (to).

süı̋naþu įsÿų̋þlu ra̋ȝom ána ą́þvi e-rę̋sa:

The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.

• 4. ápa denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively: from, away from.

ląne̋m ta̋do rę̋pante bı̨̋rem ápa e-rę̋sa:

The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.

• 5. ba denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.

ɱus düurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ą̋ɱa:

We heard a loud noise outside the door.

ɱúm e-rekantűm ɱu-þǫ̋su terős ba e-cűra:

Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.

• 6. do denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into.

ą̋do ta̋do lı̨̋me dą̋em do e-a̋ta:

The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.

ȝúþneðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋inom e-ȝę̋a:

The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.

bą̋küo cúɱvi lę̋tam güa̋ron do u-ą̋ta:

Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.

tú sa̋ram do ą̋teküe rą̋deküe:

Go to the party and have a good time.

• 7. éha denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).

tűgu pę̋l̨us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋sa:

The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.

mı̋mum ɵ́nu e-mı̋mantum—įme̋rus tungős éha e-ᵶa̋ba:

The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.

ną̋ðrus ðųnős éha cata̋’ süe̋nom e-ą̋ɱa:

The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.

• 8. éna denotes stationary position or location within or movement into: at, in, into, on, to.

pempe̋lo ta̋inᵶo raȝős niterős éna ce̋ȝu e-tőpa:

The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.

tú ɱaspe̋go e̋rgom éna pe̋lkon ðę̋o:

Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.

cűvlu ceȝős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðę̋a:

The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.

• 9. épa denotes accordance with: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, un¬der, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of, un¬der, according to, in terms of.

įmı̋mu mal̨űm épa nu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:

The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.

ca̋þɱus soþvęlűs ęvős épa e-ȝűða:

At the general's command the troops charged.

tei mol̨űs kőzu pęka̋s épa e-vų̋i. dı̋lo e-e̋sa:

It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.

no. reᵹűs ȝų̋no þ̇orős épa. dőraþo ı̋lo mę:

Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.

• 10. éva denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: on, over, to, upon.

tu eðős éna serős éva ca̋bom u-dę̋sa:

You will find the hat on the table in the hall.

ma̋l̨us ᵶę̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði tę̋rtüim e-tę̋ra:

The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.

dőxlu mątÿőno serős éva a̋ito ɱe̋vom e-ðę̋a:

The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.

• 11. ha denotes causality: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.

dı̋slu ɱu-igős ha ɱenðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:

At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.

ɱus carsą̋ke sųɱe̋s ha a̋tu e-mą̋ᵹa ne:

Because of the torrential rain we could not go.

į-rę̋ᵹu mexa̋s þáfa nu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vų̋a:

The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.

ɱus i-sepa̋m ha ną̋nu ke̋la:

Under these circumstances, we should turn back.

le̋uðu nakaþős ha nąa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:

At the sight the people went pale with fear.

• 12. la denotes on this side of.

vőðlus ɱęsős la ı̋vkom e-dę̋sa:

The diggers found the box on this side of the house.

• 13. nÿa denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through).

me̋ce ha̋icim nÿa e-re̋na:

The monkey climbed down the tree.

mu-vı̋lu dı̋la' nÿa e-e̋sa:

He has been my friend down through the years.

düő űðres dą̋em nÿa ɱu-la̋iɱom e-da̋ga:

The two otters followed our canoe down the river.

• 14. o denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.

re̋uðoküe xűloküe i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:

These red and yellow flowers are for you.

nú' sa̋ɱno orűm o e-vų̋a:

His speech was clear to all.

• 15. ɵ́na denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on-, -the other side of, outside, past.

te̋na meðlata̋s ɵ́na e̋sa:

The time is after/past midnight.

műdu őmu kéþu ten̨e̋msom ɵ́na e-tőpa:

The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.

va̋rsim sęa̋s tą́da tena̋s ɵ́na e̋sa:

It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.

ɱal̨űs nę̋ra pę̋ka mús nı̋þa þumą̋s ɵ́na e̋sa:

The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.

re̋iðlu kÿősaþo ðų̋nom ɵ́na sę́xvi ɱe̋ᵹom e-re̋iða:

The driver drove the wagon slowly by/past the beseiged fortress.

soþlűs ᵹőlvo kı̋o nús boþa̋s ɵ́na e-e̋sa:

The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.

reɱrűs cı̋cu fő ɵ́na lűku e-fę̋a ne:

The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.

• 16. sána denotes having a lack of something; without.

tüı̋ɫus hurő' sána tı̋r ą̋han ɱa̋stom tára e-ta̋ᵹa:

The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.

• 17. süa denotes exception; apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.

ɱúm nuvkę̋sa se̋m ðuső' süa dı̋zra e-e̋sa:

Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.

tús tę̋a ȝoba̋' süa e̋sa:

Your statement is beside the point.

néxÿu bı̋lküe músküe süa íðu vų̋la:

There's no one here besides Bill and me.

őmu cáþmormı̋mlus ze̋go kiő' süa ca̋tom hıha̋ȝo:

But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.

őru nus mú' süa tóru e-e̋sa:

They were all there except/save me.

dűᵹlus caþɱűs o mę̋e kake̋m sűa tı̋r güǫ̋sen e-nı̨̋xa:

The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.

néxo dőþo sÿoxőm pądős éna padÿőm süa mús o vűa:

I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.

ne̋küo govta̋' süa nús o vų̋a:

Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.

• 18. ų́da denotes egress; out of, from.

bǫ̋de nés dűpom ų́da e-fǫ̋la:

The chick fell out of its nest.

Derivative postpositions

• 19. altúȝa denotes paying no attention to: regardless of.

mu dagőm altúȝ' a̋ta:

I am going regardless of the consequences.

• 20. cÿóga denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.

tu-güįȝa̋s cÿóga re̋se:

Run for your life!

mu tu-ḷomős cÿóga tús o tı̋r abe̋lon u-dǫ̋a:

I will give you three apples for your bow.

• 21. cÿúfa denotes in the course of; during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, un¬der

ɱus lęta̋s cÿúfa süe̋ma:

During the summer we go swimming.

ɱus vı̋l̨us mę̋a kalta̋m cÿúfa ę̋sa:

We have been friends through many trials.

ɱe̋kos ręᵹűs zila̋s cÿúfa ɱéumvi vıva̋dos e-e̋sa:

Under the king's rule things were much better.

• 22. dása denotes on the authority of: by

kÿuðdı̋slu dasűs dása őnom e-e̋ma:

The coast guard seized the cargo on the au¬thority of the governor.

• 23. déla denotes reference: with reference to, as to.

mu meta̋s déla kı̋rom są̋ra ne:

As to your question, I don’t know the answer.

• 24. déxa denotes in order to obtain or acquire: for.

tu sade̋mom do tǫlőm déxa a̋tu mą̋ᵹa-me:

Can you go to the store for some eggs?

• 25. dúna denotes at or during a time anterior to; before, by, no later than, of, to.

tú íðu dųa̋s dúna vűe:

Be here by/no later than sunset.

xÿűr te̋nlas pe̋n te̋na dúna

twenty minutes of/to five

nu. rı̨̋ba i-aha̋s dúna. num ɱę̋rum e-vų̋u ðe̋ra:

To this very day, he insists he was right.

• 26. ðę́a denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.

e̋rlus erőm ðę́a fa̋lo' ne̋udu e-ke̋la:

The rowers had to use boards for oars.

ɱus güoɱős ðę́a dorős tą́da þe̋som e̋da:

Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.

vǫ̋ᵹlu i-vǫgős éna ḳortemős ðę́’ abe̋lon e-ne̋uda:

The baker used apples rather than pears in this cake.

• 27. éba denotes eventuality: in case of, against.

ɱus sųɱős éba beᵹős éna u-sa̋ra:

In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.

nus sűɱ’ aha̋s éba dőþom a̋uka:

They are saving money against a rainy day.

• 28. éȝa denotes in charge of: in the charge-, keeping-, -of, with.

nu lę̋mon mų̋lu éȝa vűa:

She is in charge of planting the vegetables.

• 29. éra denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone, for.

ɱus leudős éra íðu vų̋a:

We are here on behalf of the people.

mu mu-taᵹős éra bűtu ke̋la:

I must pack for my trip.

• 30. éta denotes addition: as well as, besides, in addition to, with.

süemőutom sausɱevős éta tőᵹo:

Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.

da̋mu e̋fu mąma̋s éta nús o mɵ̋ru e̋sa:

Besides a mother, he has an invalid older sister to support.

nu xirős éta mőrem e-sa̋a:

He bought the horse with the saddle.

• 31. fára denotes in preparation for: for.

ɱús cüena̋s fára be̋go:

Let’s brew some millet beer (in preparation) for the celebration.

• 32. fésa denotes before in time: before, previous to.

leuðɱe̋ᵹo nąᵶa̋s fésa vı̋da:

The bus leaves before noon.

• 33. fÿóþa denotees being able to see by some light: by, in

pą̋vo zęre̋s fÿóþa nına̋kÿo e-ı̋la:

By the light of the moon the road became more visible.

• 34. góþa denotes similarity or likeness: like, similar to.

tu-eðdőka mu-eðdoka̋s góþa e̋sa:

Your recipe is like/similar to mine.

tu voutős góþa nűmon e-ᵶą̋da:

You spread out the heavens like a tent.

• 35. íla denotes change from one form into another: into.

gą̋lem e-le̋ᵶa: ɱe̋nantun íla num e-ų̋ra:

He gathered air. He crafted it into loving beings:

• 36. ı́za denotes descent from: down from.

korős ı́za re̋nantu da̋rlu e-fǫ̋la:"""

The workman fell climbing down from the roof.

• 37. ȝéta denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.

t'-űtos nús ȝéta xos vų̋a:

What are your feelings toward him?

• 38. ȝóba denotes proximity: near, about, by, next to, on, close to, against.

mı̨̋nlu leðős éna eherős ȝóba nomős éna e-ɱę̋sa:

The fisherman lived in a home by/on the lake in the valley.

be̋ᵹo ɱęsős ȝóba e̋sa: tu ta̋sen ve̋nu mą̋ᵹa:

The barn is close to the house. You can hear the animals.

sa̋mu ɱęsős ȝóba ɱe̋ᵹom e-cűra:

The shaman parked the wagon against the house.

• 39. ȝúa denotes interiority: inside, within.

kűno nı̨̋go vőɱaþo abelős ȝúa e-vų̋a:

Inside each baked apple was a walnut.

mőres sa̋ko riȝős ȝúa dőraþes ı̋la ne:

Horses are not permitted within the holy city.

• 40. ȝúca denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among(st), (in) between, through, with.

þa̋la vǫurlűm ȝúca vų̋la ne:

There is no honor among(st) thieves.

dę̋ȝos ɱęsősk̬e beᵹősk̬e ȝúca vų̋a:

The beehives are between the house and the barn.

i-lűvo mę̋o ma̋non ȝúca kıkę̋da:

This book has passed through many hands.

• 41. kę́sa denotes from a past time: since.

mu hesdila̋s kę́sa num ᵶıᵶę̋na:

I have known her since last year.

• 42. kía denotes agency: by.

nu tąta̋s kía ką̋daþu ı̋la:

He was killed by his father.

• 43. kóma denotes physical proximity: about, beside, by, next to, on.

oɱta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþą̋gum e-me̋na:

The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.

• 44. kúȝa denotes gratitude for: thanks to.

nu-dǫős kúȝa mu-e̋dom sa̋u e-mą̋ᵹa:

Thanks to his donation, I was able to buy my food.

• 45. lą́ba denotes hanging down from: on.

abe̋los haicı̋m lą́b' a̋la:

Apples grow on trees.

46. méca denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside of.

vę̋ðlus fűrom þáfa pąvős méca e-ne̋da:

The hunters walked along the road through the forest.

na̋ȝe mu' méca saxɱę̋som do őro a̋tam e-rę̋sa:

The dog ran alongside me all the way to the tavern.

• 47. með- denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is prefixed.

pÿa̋þu terős meðéna e-cűrakü' e-ɫı̨̋gaküe:

The girl stood in the middle of the room and cried.

nu pósu lőuko' méðdo e-rę̋sa:

Then she ran to the middle of the field.

• 48. méta denotes at the same time as.

nu mús méta he̋lem e-na̋ka:

She saw the lightning at the same time as me.

• 49. méþa denotes in the center of.

ɱú' se̋rom méþa na̋nan ðe̋o:

Let’s put the flowers in the center of the table.

• 50. mǫ́da denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, by means of, through, in.

raðta̋s mǫ́da ȝűmum nı̨̋xe:

Serve God with gladness.

• 51. ɱása denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.

be̋ku nu-tąta̋s ɱása e-cűra:

The young man stood to the left of his father.

sőþlu ha̋icim ɱása e-rę̋sa:

The soldier ran to the left of the tree.

• 52. néra denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: behind, below, beneath, under(neath).

rę̋slu þÿaxős néra la̋kom e-ȝa̋fa:

The runner broke his leg below the knee.

fa̋co sűðo ka̋l’ o-nįvrős néra bűþa:

Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.

zɵ̋ðlu ɱęsős nÿerős néra nu-gǫlᵹa̋vom e-ðǫ̋va:

The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor of his house.

• 53. nǫ́la denotes to the extent of: by.

nÿa̋ro pen bun nǫ́la me̋a:

The picture measures 5 by 8.

nu se̋m cidős nǫ́la tıtÿą̋ru efű' sóma vűa:

He is shorter than his older sister by one inch.

• 54. nóma denotes to or at the home of someone.

ɱus rįneȝűs nóma tum u-pa̋na:

We will meet you at the home of the mayor.

ȝyȝų̋nus rįne̋ȝum nóma e-rę̋sa:

The younger ones ran to the home of the mayor.

• 55. nÿáxa denotes disregard for: despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding.

be̋ku gaudős nu-egős nÿáxa e-vę̋da:

The young man went hunting despite his lack of experience.

a-soþlu sǫ́lvi se̋m be̋som űðu nÿáxa dűbu dą̋rlu vų̋a:

That soldier is a good worker for having only one arm.

• 56. nÿópa denotes in a position forward of: in front of, before, ahead of, against, in advance of.

va̋mlu tozdemős nÿópa e-cűra:

The priest stood in front of the church.

cicűs nı̋zo num nÿópa e-me̋ɱa da num e-tűga:

The child’s shadow advanced before/ahead of him and frightened him.

ɱus ᵶı̋mo posnakaþős nÿóp' alkénvi na̋non e-na̋ka:

We saw the flowers easily against the dark background.

• 57. óita denotes the taking of an oath; by, in the name of

mu ȝuműs óita nom kı̋u mą̋ᵹa:

By God, I can do it.

• 58. péga denotes position at or movement towards the side of something or someone; at-, to-, -the side of

me̋vlus mevsárterős péga e-se̋da:

The dancers sat at the side of the ballroom.

cı̋cus leida̋ulom péga e-rę̋sa:

The children ran to the side of the playground.

• 59. pósa denotes posterior to in time or space; after, behind, following.

ɱúm ɱenðónu tytopaþűm. nąᵶa̋s pósa e-e̋sa:

It was after noon when we finally arrived.

mu mús pósa ȝacős ąþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-mą̋ᵹa:

I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.

güe̋nus catős pósa tüiɫőnun e-ve̋da:

Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.

• 60. réiða denotes a means of conveyance; by.

sǫrta̋ᵹlus reðnős réiða noįvda̋rom do e-a̋ta:

The pilgrims went by wagon to the shrine.

• 61. ríza denotes support; in-, -support-, -favor-, -of.

le̋udu ręᵹűs tőlos ríza vűa:

The people are in favor of the king’s decree.

• 62. sépa denotes reference or interest; concerning, concern with, about.

pe̋rlu saąukős áfa vǫ̋uraþo doþős sépa néxom e-są̋ra:

The ferryman knew nothing regarding/as regards/about the money stolen from the treasury.

• 63. sį́ra denotes up to a limit; at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.

ką̋ðlu peliső' sį́ra e-cűra: péru e-ı̋ta:

The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.

ɱus dą̋em sį́ra tum u-sűna:

We will go with you as far as the river.

tu pe̋n abelőm sį́ra ga̋o:

You may have as many as five apples.

abe̋li bı̋n peda̋m sį́ra e-a̋la:

The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.

ɱus nęda̋' sį́ra tum u-me̋na:

We will wait for you until/till sunup.

cį́fne̋xlus tų̋bom sį́ra cı̨̋pom e-pę̋la:

The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.

• 64. sóma denotes comparison, compared to, than.

sa lę̋ta hesdila̋' sóma tį̃þa e-e̋sa ne:

Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.

mőre mıme̋ᵶe ɱake̋' sóma e̋sa:

A horse is bigger than a cow.

• 65. súna denotes accompaniment in time or space; with, in company with, along with.

ɱúm sų̋nu' sóla posną̋ᵶam núm orpűm súna e-le̋ida:

Our sons played with their cousins all afternoon.

cÿoᵹlu tı̋r ępűm súna sade̋mom e-ka̋da:

The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.

į-asűru ɫįrlűm súna ga̋ȝu e-tőda:

The princess began to sing along with the minstrels.

• 66. süéða denotes possessing a special characteristic; characteristic of, with.

mús tą̋ta mįcős süéða ɱı̋ru e̋sa:

My father is the man with the moustache.

• 67. süǫ́ða denotes from one side of an opening to another; through.

nu tűngom süǫ́ða þűslum e-ȝę̋a:

He threw the hammer through the window.

• 68. tą́da denotes purpose; for, in order to.

ɱus ɱite̋ra sįga̋s tą́da ka̋ltam le̋mu e-pe̋ra:

We tried to break down the problem for further study.

• 69. táɫa denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.

į-asűrus (nús) tąta̋s ręgűs táɫa e-se̋da:

The princess sat to the right of her father the king.

• 70. tára denotes motion from one side to the other; across, on the other side of, over.

į-ba̋nlus vőgom tára cycüőko ðęős éna e-ɱą̋ða:

The washerwomen waded across the stream at its shallowest part.

tú terős tára se̋dom ðę̋o:

Please put the chair on the other side of the room.

se̋haþu ca̋þmus þolős tára e-vűga:

The defeated troops fled over the bridge.

• 71. túȝa denotes with respect or regard to; in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in.

mu tús miþős túȝa cúɱvi u-putę̋a:

In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.

mu tús ɱida̋s túȝa cą̋ma:

With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.

mu—tei tús kőzu tangÿőno dǫős túȝa u-se̋bi—ne̋sa:

I am sure your wife will be pleased with this mother-of-pearl gift.

rųnȝara̋s túȝa áulmuþı̋ȝu

The Committee on Orthography

(tú) i-siɱős túȝa bybǫ̋ko nę̋tom ne̋ude:

For this stitch, use a heavier thread.

mús dőxlu mús nomvagős túȝa mum e-rę̋ga:

My teacher helped me with my homework.

marvǫ̋urlu se̋m tüalős túȝa rę̋mu e-ẽsa:

The pirate was blind in one eye.

• 72. þáfa denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively; (all) over, through(out).

me̋ᵶa ba̋ȝa me̋xam þáfa e-vų̋la:

Throughout the nation there was great joy.

gą̋ȝu őro vutiȝős þáfa ą̋ɱaþo ı̋lu e-mą̋ᵹa:

The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.

rę̋ᵹlu ɱűn ðų̋nom þáfa ma̋lu e-tę̋a:

The king said we might wander through the castle.

• 73. þa̋la denotes in honor of.

nus ką̋daþu asurűs þála þőlom e-fę̋ta:

They named the bridge in honor of the murdered prince.

• 74. þę́xa denotes foundation or dependence; based-, depending-, -on

ɱus nús kirős þę́xa da̋rom u-sę̋ra:

Depending on his response, we will continue the work.

• 75. þifápa denotes at a far distance; far away from.

ɱus i-güarős þifápa ɱe̋sa:

We live far away from these mountains.

• 76. þǫ́sa denotes in opposition to, in contact with, against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with.

vı̋smu ǫ̋ðlus ą̋to cűrkom þǫ́sa e̋ru e-ke̋la:

The desperate fugitives had to row against the swift current.

ɱus darı̋s þǫ́sa cı̋lantu műdu rę̋slum e-na̋ka:

We saw the exhausted runner leaning against the tree.

(mu) mús vıvą̋da meda̋s þǫ́sa som kı̋a:

I do this against/contrary to my better judgment.

da̋mu (nús) damős þǫ́sa (nús) ną̋rom e-ha̋ȝa:

The patient lost his struggle against his illness.

fűðnaþu nús ląuős þǫ́sa fesþa̋mom e-ı̋ga:

The employee asked for an advance against his salary.

dúslatőlu cı̋c' uflős þǫ́sa vą̋dom ᵶę̋na néstu:

The poor child does not yet know good from bad.

mǫ̋ɱaþu dą̋rlu da̋rim þǫ́sa e-rę̋sa:

The dazed workman ran into the tree.

ðų̋nom þǫ́sa ȝűðo cűɱam pę̋kaþo e-ĩla:

The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.

rı̨̋rus asurű' sőtu þǫ́sa e-vų̋a:

The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.

ᵶa̋vlu ą̋þem ᵶa̋bu tą́da gǫldarős þǫ́sa da̋rim e-re̋na:

The onlooker climbed the tree opposite the store to look at the fire.

güe̋nu (nús) potűs þǫ́sa e-le̋ida:

The woman played opposite her husband.

pų̋mus ɱę̋em þǫ́sa ną̋ɱom ną̋ɱu e-ke̋la:

The explorers had to sail the boat up wind.

(nus) (nús) ȝorűs þǫ́sa ca̋tantus a̋ha:

He spent the day fighting with his younger brother.

ręᵹlűs nÿa̋ros godős þǫ́sa kőranþo vyvų̋a:

The picture of the king has been hanging on the wall.

• 77. þóla denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing; astraddle, astride, on both sides of.

hűsu turős þóla e-se̋da:

The boy perched astraddle the fence.

są̋rlu (nús) pąme̋s þóla e-se̋da:

The wizard sat astride his dragon.

cı̋mᵶo dąe̋s þóla e-e̋sa:

The town was on both sides of the river.

• 78. þóna denotes assistance; with help.

mu nús rę́ga mędős éna ą̋þem e-güe̋sa:

I put out the fire in the attic with his help.

• 79. úfa denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object; facing.

altą̋bu cı̋cu godős úfa e-cűra:

The disobedient child stood facing the wall.

• 80. úpa denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively; above, over.

mı̋mlu nįmős úpa (nús) vę̋mom e-ᵹa̋va:

The knight held the sword above his head.

ga̋s' ehe̋rom úpa e-küįlpe̋ta:

The osprey hovered over the lake.

• 81. vǫ́a denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations.

za̋l ɱątÿőno se̋dos ketős vǫ́a e-vų̋a:

About/On all sides of/All about the living room were twelve wooden chairs.

sevta̋ᵹlus fę́þsada̋ro vǫ́a e-ma̋la.

The tourists wandered about/around the meat market.

sőtu asűru (nűs) ðųnős vǫ́a fa̋dom e-de̋ma:

The warlike prince built a wall around his castle.

• 82. xéma denotes instrumentality; with, by means of.

meðna̋mu sįmlős xéma dų̋rom t̬ı̨̋vu e-ma̋ᵹa:

By means of a knife the policeman was able to open the door.

vę̋mlu (nús) vęmős xéma nÿe̋tum e-ką̋da:

The swordsman killed the enemy with his sword.