Revision as of 16:14, 18 February 2017

Word order

SOV
Attributes follow the words that they modify.

Phonology

Syllable structure is (C)V

Consonants

/p t k m n s l w j/

p t k m n s l w y

Clusters

Nasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
Labialized:/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ t͡ʃʷ/
Palatalized: /pʲ kʲ mʲ ɲ/

Vowels

/a i u a: i: u:/

a i u á í ú

Nouns

Classifiers

kwá- - person; human
kwí- - food
tlá- - male
tsá- - tool
wí- - abstract
yá- - inanimate; material; stuff
yí- - female

Determiners

kí- - other; different
ná- - this [by me]
ní- - that [by you]
nú- - that [over there]
nyí- - same
sá- - sort; kind of
pwí- - so-called
lá- - next
tí- - last

Number

Nouns are marked for various quantities:

ká- - plural; several
má- - many; much; a lot
mú- - group; collection; mass of
mwá- - all; every
nwá- - one; a
pá- - pair of; both
tsí- - few; little
yú- - piece of

Qualifiers

á- - venerated [honorific]
mí- - good; pleasant; "regular"
pí- - small; diminutive; dear
sú- - bad; unpleasant
tá- - big
tsú- - lacking respect; damn

Pronouns

	singular	dual	plural
1	wa-	pwa-	kwa-
2	ni-	(m)pi-	(n)ki-
3	u-	pu-	ku-

Verb arguments (i.e. subject, direct object, indirect object) are indicated with pronominal affixes which are added to verb stems. The pronominal affixes are inflected according to number (singular, dual, and plural) and person (1st, 2nd, etc.).

subject	object	verb	tense / aspect / mood
ku-	wa-	kup	-i
3pl	1sg	harm	PST
kuwakupi
They harmed me.

Verbs

Tense

Verbs are either non-past or past.

wa-kwit-a

1sg-eat-NPST

I eat. / I am eating. / I will eat.

wa-kwit-i

1sg-eat-PST

I ate.

Lexicon

Lexical entries are listed in root form.

kit - collect; gather; group
kum - tooth; bite; plough; dig
kup - harm; hurt; corrupt
kwit - eat; nourish; bread
matl - antelope; buck
may - front; face; ahead
mik - narrow; thin; squeeze
muk - spend; waste; drain
mus - reptile; sinuous; crawl
mut - clean; bathe; polish
n - see; seem; visual
nam - habit; mode; custom
nat - layer; shave; slice; film
nay - loud; noise; roar
nits - recoil; react; spring
nul - limit; wall; city
nup - absurd; trivial; vain; abstract
nyak - fire; burn; light
nyim - beauty; adorn; fair
pal - document; book; read
pit - seep; latent; numb
sak - flesh; blood
sal - form; shape; type
sim - horn; shell; crust
sun - grain; seed
tan - bell; ring; jangle
tim - hold; contain
tlas - excess; flood; too
tliy - order; arrange; series
tsin - yes; assent
tsup - profit; gain; reap
tul - advise; prompt; urge
tun - soft; pile; cushion
wak - invite; host; guest
wap - rhythm; pulse; meter
wat - plan; object; intend
wip - disgust; loathe; shame
wis - oil; grease; flatter
wiy - acid; bitter; sarcasm
y - have; belong; get
yam - delight; happy; toy; glad
yat - change; turn; or
yin - cone; horn; wedge
yip - cord; tense; thin
yis - pause; hover; hesitate
yits - notch; dent; crack

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+= Word order =
+* SOV
+* Attributes follow the words that they modify.
+= Phonology =
+Syllable structure is '''(C)V'''
+== Consonants ==
+* /p t k m n s l w j/
+: '''p t k m n s l w y'''
+=== Clusters ===
+* '''Nasalized''': /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
+* '''Labialized''':/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ t͡ʃʷ/
+* '''Palatalized''': /pʲ kʲ mʲ ɲ/
+== Vowels ==
-= Word order =
+* /a i u a: i: u:/
+: '''a i u á í ú'''
 = Nouns =
+== Classifiers ==
+* '''kwá-''' - person; human
+* '''kwí-''' - food
+* '''tlá-''' - male
+* '''tsá-''' - tool
+* '''wí-''' - abstract
+* '''yá-''' - inanimate; material; stuff
+* '''yí-''' - female
+== Determiners ==
+* '''kí-''' - other; different
+* '''ná-''' - this [by me]
+* '''ní-''' - that [by you]
+* '''nú-''' - that [over there]
+* '''nyí-''' - same
+* '''sá-''' - sort; kind of
+* '''pwí-''' - so-called
+* '''lá-''' - next
+* '''tí-''' - last
 == Number ==
+Nouns are marked for various quantities:
+* '''ká-''' - plural; several
+* '''má-''' - many; much; a lot
+* '''mú-''' - group; collection; mass of
+* '''mwá-''' - all; every
+* '''nwá-''' - one; a
+* '''pá-''' - pair of; both
+* '''tsí-''' - few; little
+* '''yú-''' - piece of
+== Qualifiers ==
+* '''á-''' - venerated [honorific]
+* '''mí-''' - good; pleasant; "regular"
+* '''pí-''' - small; diminutive; dear
+* '''sú-''' - bad; unpleasant
+* '''tá-''' - big
+* '''tsú-''' - lacking respect; damn
+== Pronouns ==
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
+!
+! ''singular''
+! ''dual''
+! ''plural''
+|-align=center
+! 1
+| '''wa-'''
+| '''pwa-'''
+| '''kwa-'''
+|-align=center
+! 2
+| '''ni-'''
+| '''(m)pi-
+| '''(n)ki-'''
+|-align=center
+! 3
+| '''u-'''
+| '''pu-'''
+| '''ku-'''
+|}
+Verb arguments (i.e. subject, direct object, indirect object) are indicated with pronominal affixes which are added to verb stems. The pronominal affixes are inflected according to number (singular, dual, and plural) and person (1st, 2nd, etc.).
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
+|-
+! ''subject''
+! ''object''
+! ''verb''
+! ''tense / aspect / mood''
+|-
+| '''ku-''' || '''wa-''' || '''kup''' || '''-i'''
+|-
+| 3pl || 1sg || harm || PST
+|-
+| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''kuwakupi'''
+|-
+| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ''They harmed me.''
+|}
 = Verbs =
-=== Tense ===
+== Tense ==
+Verbs are either non-past or past.
-=== Aspect ===
+* '''wa-kwit-a'''
+: <small>1sg-eat-NPST</small>
+: ''I eat. / I am eating. / I will eat.''
-=== Mood ===
+* '''wa-kwit-i'''
+: <small>1sg-eat-PST</small>
+: ''I ate.''
-== Locative verbs ==
+= Lexicon =
-== Descriptive verbs ==
+Lexical entries are listed in root form.
-= Particles =
+* '''kit''' - collect; gather; group
+* '''kum''' - tooth; bite; plough; dig
+* '''kup''' - harm; hurt; corrupt
+* '''kwit''' - eat; nourish; bread
+* '''matl''' - antelope; buck
+* '''may''' - front; face; ahead
+* '''mik''' - narrow; thin; squeeze
+* '''muk''' - spend; waste; drain
+* '''mus''' - reptile; sinuous; crawl
+* '''mut''' - clean; bathe; polish
+* '''n''' - see; seem; visual
+* '''nam''' - habit; mode; custom
+* '''nat''' - layer; shave; slice; film
+* '''nay''' - loud; noise; roar
+* '''nits''' - recoil; react; spring
+* '''nul''' - limit; wall; city
+* '''nup''' - absurd; trivial; vain; abstract
+* '''nyak''' - fire; burn; light
+* '''nyim''' - beauty; adorn; fair
+* '''pal''' - document; book; read
+* '''pit''' - seep; latent; numb
+* '''sak''' - flesh; blood
+* '''sal''' - form; shape; type
+* '''sim''' - horn; shell; crust
+* '''sun''' - grain; seed
+* '''tan''' - bell; ring; jangle
+* '''tim''' - hold; contain
+* '''tlas''' - excess; flood; too
+* '''tliy''' - order; arrange; series
+* '''tsin''' - yes; assent
+* '''tsup''' - profit; gain; reap
+* '''tul''' - advise; prompt; urge
+* '''tun''' - soft; pile; cushion
+* '''wak''' - invite; host; guest
+* '''wap''' - rhythm; pulse; meter
+* '''wat''' - plan; object; intend
+* '''wip''' - disgust; loathe; shame
+* '''wis''' - oil; grease; flatter
+* '''wiy''' - acid; bitter; sarcasm
+* '''y''' - have; belong; get
+* '''yam''' - delight; happy; toy; glad
+* '''yat''' - change; turn; or
+* '''yin''' - cone; horn; wedge
+* '''yip''' - cord; tense; thin
+* '''yis''' - pause; hover; hesitate
+* '''yits''' - notch; dent; crack

User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:14, 18 February 2017

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