Khulls nouns

Khulls nouns inflect using a fusional declension system. Though not as complicated at that of Poswa, the declensions differ more from each other because Khulls uses a "discrete" declension system instead of deriving inflections based on every phoneme in the word, as does Poswa.

Noun declension tables

Primary vowel-stem declensions

Final unstressed short vowels

Nominative	(English)	Accusative	Locative	Possessive	Dative	Circumstantial	Essive	Instrumental
òṭa	table, desk	oṭà	oṭâ	oṭas	oṭal	oṭan	oṭī	oṭō
ḳĭri	happiness, victory	ḳirì	ḳirî	ḳiris	ḳiril	ḳirin	ḳirĕ	ḳiġʷ
nìto	price, penalty	nitò	nitô	nitos	nitol	niton	nikʷ	nitū

Nouns ending with final stressed short low-tone vowels follow the same patterns as above.

Final accent, high tone

This table shows nouns that are accented on their final syllable, with a short high-tone vowel at the end of the word:

Nominative	(English)	Accusative	Locative	Possessive	Dative	Circumstantial	Essive	Instrumental
egà	daytime sky	egaḳà	egaḳâ	egaḳas	egaḳal	egaḳan	egaḳī	egaḳō
gʷì	beach	gʷiḳì	gʷiḳî	gʷiḳis	gʷiḳil	gʷiḳin	gʷiḳĕ	gʷiḳʷ
makò	seal (animal)	makoḳò	makoḳô	makoḳos	makoḳol	makoḳon	makoḳʷ	makoḳū
ʕʷè	tendril	ʕʷeḳà	ʕʷeḳâ	ʕʷeḳas	ʕʷeḳal	ʕʷeḳan	ʕʷeḳī	ʕʷeḳō

Nouns ending in -ù follow the pattern for -ò, because they arose from labialization of a vowel that otherwise became /o/.

A "double essive" case is sometimes seen in the -ò declension, where the final labialized consonant loses its labialization and adds -ī.

Nominative	(English)	Accusative	Locative	Possessive	Dative	Circumstantial	Essive	Instrumental
p	teacher	p	pʷ	pṡ	pḷ	pṅ	pī	pō Nouns with word-final falling tone, long vowels Nominative (English) Accusative Locative Possessive Dative Circumstantial Essive Instrumental pā school pâ pâ pâs pâl pân pê pô mī bottle bè bê bes bel ben bē bē kʷō bed kʷaʕʷù kʷaʕʷû kʷaʕʷus kʷaʕʷul kʷaʕʷun kʷaʕʷ kʷaʕʷū Secondary vowel-stem declensions Nominative (English) Accusative Locative Possessive Dative Circumstantial Essive Instrumental xʷèye curved claw kʷăkʷ stone tablet empĕ sword empyì empyî empyis empyil empyin empyĕ empyŭ mī ḳē wheel ḳê ḳê ḳês ḳêl ḳên ḳê ḳêʕʷ lū milk NOTE, possibly eliminate the first two rows of the secondaries, since final -e and final -u can only come from stressed positions even if in a compound where they are unstressed, except for when the /e/ follows /u/, in which case it comes from /u/ or /a/. Tertiary vowel-stem declensions Nominative (English) Accusative Locative Possessive Dative Circumstantial Essive Instrumental atá spirit atakà atakâ atakas atakal atakan atakī atakō šonorí depravity, perversion šonorikà šonorikâ šonorikas šonorikal šonorikan šonorikī šonorikō ló flower petal lokà lokâ lokas lokal lokan lokī lokō lé diaper lekà lekâ lekas lekal lekan lekī lekō Nominative (English) Accusative Locative Possessive Dative Circumstantial Essive Instrumental amâ whip amâ amâ amâs amâl amân amê amô gʷî spy, thief gʷî gʷî gʷîs gʷîl gʷîn gʷê gʷŭ dô swamp dô dô dôs dôl dôn daʕʷ dô hʷê military road hʷê hʷê hʷês hʷêl hʷên hʷê hʷê ḳʷû urine ḳʷuʕʷù ḳʷuʕʷû ḳʷuʕʷus ḳʷuʕʷul ḳʷuʕʷun ḳʷuʕʷ ḳʷuʕʷū Final -ú might not exist because of retention of the final /kp/ cluster as /p/ rather than deletion. Consonant-stem declensions Nominative (English) Accusative Locative Possessive Dative Circumstantial Essive Instrumental mī mī mī mī mī mī Notes