Khulls nouns: Difference between revisions
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Poswob Rare (talk | contribs) |
Poswob Rare (talk | contribs) |
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| nikʷ | | nikʷ | ||
| nitū | | nitū | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| makoḳʷ | | makoḳʷ | ||
| makoḳū | | makoḳū | ||
|- | |||
| ʕʷè | |||
| tendril | |||
| ʕʷeḳà | |||
| ʕʷeḳâ | |||
| ʕʷeḳas | |||
| ʕʷeḳal | |||
| ʕʷeḳan | |||
| ʕʷeḳī | |||
| ʕʷeḳō | |||
|} | |} | ||
Nouns ending in ''-ù'' follow the pattern for ''-ò''. | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
Revision as of 18:15, 30 November 2016
Khulls nouns inflect using a fusional declension system. Though not as complicated at that of Poswa, the declensions differ more from each other because Khulls uses a "discrete" declension system instead of deriving inflections based on every phoneme in the word, as does Poswa.
Noun declension tables
Primary vowel-stem declensions
| Nominative | (English) | Accusative | Locative | Possessive | Dative | Circumstantial | Essive | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| òṭa | table, desk | oṭà | oṭâ | oṭas | oṭal | oṭan | oṭī | oṭō |
| ḳĭri | happiness, victory | ḳirì | ḳirî | ḳiris | ḳiril | ḳirin | ḳirĕ | ḳiġʷ |
| nìto | price, penalty | nitò | nitô | nitos | nitol | niton | nikʷ | nitū |
| Nominative | (English) | Accusative | Locative | Possessive | Dative | Circumstantial | Essive | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| egà | daytime sky | egaḳà | egaḳâ | egaḳas | egaḳal | egaḳan | egaḳī | egaḳō |
| gʷì | beach | gʷiḳì | gʷiḳî | gʷiḳis | gʷiḳil | gʷiḳin | gʷiḳĕ | gʷiḳʷ |
| makò | seal (animal) | makoḳò | makoḳô | makoḳos | makoḳol | makoḳon | makoḳʷ | makoḳū |
| ʕʷè | tendril | ʕʷeḳà | ʕʷeḳâ | ʕʷeḳas | ʕʷeḳal | ʕʷeḳan | ʕʷeḳī | ʕʷeḳō |
Nouns ending in -ù follow the pattern for -ò.
| Nominative | (English) | Accusative | Locative | Possessive | Dative | Circumstantial | Essive | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pā | school | pâ | pâ | pâs | pâl | pân | pê | pô |
| mī | bottle | bè | bê | bes | bel | ben | bē | bē |
| kʷō | bed | kʷaʕʷù | kʷaʕʷû | kʷaʕʷus | kʷaʕʷul | kʷaʕʷun | kʷaʕʷ | kʷaʕʷū |
Secondary vowel-stem declensions
| Nominative | (English) | Accusative | Locative | Possessive | Dative | Circumstantial | Essive | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xʷèye | curved claw | |||||||
| kʷăkʷ | stone tablet | |||||||
| empĕ | sword | empyì | empyî | empyis | empyil | empyin | empyĕ | empyŭ |
| mī | ||||||||
| ḳē | wheel | ḳê | ḳê | ḳês | ḳêl | ḳên | ḳê | ḳêʕʷ |
| lū | milk |
- NOTE, possibly eliminate the first two rows of the secondaries, since final -e and final -u can only come from stressed positions even if in a compound where they are unstressed, except for when the /e/ follows /u/, in which case it comes from /u/ or /a/.
Tertiary vowel-stem declensions
| Nominative | (English) | Accusative | Locative | Possessive | Dative | Circumstantial | Essive | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| atá | spirit | atakà | atakâ | atakas | atakal | atakan | atakī[1] | atakō |
| šonorí | depravity, perversion | šonorikà | šonorikâ | šonorikas | šonorikal | šonorikan | šonorikī[1] | šonorikō |
| ló | flower petal | lokà | lokâ | lokas | lokal | lokan | lokī[1] | lokō |
| lé | diaper | lekà | lekâ | lekas | lekal | lekan | lekī [1] | lekō |
| Nominative | (English) | Accusative | Locative | Possessive | Dative | Circumstantial | Essive | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| amâ | whip | amâ | amâ | amâs | amâl | amân | amê | amô |
| gʷî | spy, thief | gʷî | gʷî | gʷîs | gʷîl | gʷîn | gʷê | gʷŭ |
| dô | swamp | dô | dô | dôs | dôl | dôn | daʕʷ | dô |
| hʷê | military road | hʷê | hʷê | hʷês | hʷêl | hʷên | hʷê[2] | hʷê |
| ḳʷû | urine | ḳʷuʕʷù | ḳʷuʕʷû | ḳʷuʕʷus | ḳʷuʕʷul | ḳʷuʕʷun | ḳʷuʕʷ | ḳʷuʕʷū |
Final -ú might not exist because of retention of the final /kp/ cluster as /p/ rather than deletion.
Consonant-stem declensions
| Nominative | (English) | Accusative | Locative | Possessive | Dative | Circumstantial | Essive | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mī | ||||||||
| mī | ||||||||
| mī | ||||||||
| mī | ||||||||
| mī | ||||||||
| mī |
