User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions
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* '''ka-''' - plural | * '''ka-''' - plural | ||
* '''kam''' - symbol; write; marking | |||
* '''ki-''' - someone; something | * '''ki-''' - someone; something | ||
* '''ku-''' - they; them [3pl] | * '''ku-''' - they; them [3pl] | ||
====kwa==== | |||
* '''kwa-''' - we; us [1pl] | * '''kwa-''' - we; us [1pl] | ||
===la=== | ===la=== | ||
* '''lak''' - go; move; walk; travel | |||
* '''lum''' - sleep; rest; relax | * '''lum''' - sleep; rest; relax | ||
===ma=== | ===ma=== | ||
* '''mal''' - speak; word; say | |||
* '''mun''' - come; arrive; return | |||
===na=== | ===na=== | ||
* '''n''' - see; know; visual | |||
* '''nal''' - burn; illuminate; bright | |||
===pa=== | ===pa=== | ||
===sa=== | ===sa=== | ||
====tsa==== | |||
* '''tsip''' - be over; above; far from | |||
===ta=== | ===ta=== | ||
* '''t''' - be; exist; yes | |||
* '''tan''' - one; head; single | |||
* '''tim''' - bleed; leak; pour | |||
===wa=== | ===wa=== | ||
===ya=== | ===ya=== | ||
* '''y''' - have; hold; keep | |||
* '''yat''' - five; hand; grasp | |||
* '''yim''' - eat; consume; drink | |||
===a=== | ===a=== | ||
* '''a''' - non-past [NPST] | |||
* '''ak''' - too much/many ~ | |||
* '''am''' - always; often; habitually | |||
* '''any''' - repetitive | |||
* '''ap''' - intend to ~ | |||
* '''atl''' - maybe; possible | |||
* '''i''' - past tense | |||
* '''u''' - nominalizer [NOM] | |||
* '''uk''' - negative mood [NEG] | |||
* '''ump''' - try to; attempt | |||
=examples= | =examples= | ||
Revision as of 06:43, 19 November 2016
sounds
consonants
| Consonants | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n~ɲ | |
| Plosive | p~ᵐp | t | k~kʷ |
| Fricative | s~t͡ʃ | ||
| Approximant | w | l~t͡ɬ | j (y) |
vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i~iː | u~uː | |
| Open | a~aː |
nouns
gender
Gender is typically not indicated. If necessary, nouns may be prefixed with mu- (male) or yi- (female).
- yimala
- FEM-speak-NPST
- She speaks.
- mulumatli
- MASC-sleep-maybe-PST
- He may have slept.
pronouns
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | wa- | kwa- |
| 2 | ni- | pi- (-mpi-) |
| 3 | - | ku- |
locative prefixes
- na- - in; at; on
- ti- - behind; after
verbs
Verbs are the workhorses of Malu. They can mark for both agent and patient as well as tense. Many simple sentences are composed of only a verb.
tense
Tense is also distinguished, but only in the indicative. There are two tenses:
- present, which is also used for future events (nonpast tense), marked with -a.
- yima
- eat-NPST
- She/he/it eats.
- general past, marked with -i.
- yimi
- eat-PST
- She/he/it ate.
lexicon
ka
- ka- - plural
- kam - symbol; write; marking
- ki- - someone; something
- ku- - they; them [3pl]
kwa
- kwa- - we; us [1pl]
la
- lak - go; move; walk; travel
- lum - sleep; rest; relax
ma
- mal - speak; word; say
- mun - come; arrive; return
na
- n - see; know; visual
- nal - burn; illuminate; bright
pa
sa
tsa
- tsip - be over; above; far from
ta
- t - be; exist; yes
- tan - one; head; single
- tim - bleed; leak; pour
wa
ya
- y - have; hold; keep
- yat - five; hand; grasp
- yim - eat; consume; drink
a
- a - non-past [NPST]
- ak - too much/many ~
- am - always; often; habitually
- any - repetitive
- ap - intend to ~
- atl - maybe; possible
- i - past tense
- u - nominalizer [NOM]
- uk - negative mood [NEG]
- ump - try to; attempt
examples
- wanimaluki
- wa-ni-mal-uk-i
- 1sg-2sg-speak-NEG-PST
- I did not speak to you
- wata
- wa-t-a
- 1sg-be-NPST
- I am
- kuwani
- ku-wa-n-i
- 3pl-1sg-see-PST
- They saw me (I was seen)
- kutuki
- ku-t-uk-i
- 3pl-be-NEG-PST
- They were not
- tatimu
- ta-tim-u
- animal-bleed-NOM
- animal blood
- yimuka
- yim-uk-a
- eat-NEG-NPST
- (She/He/It) does not eat
- kimpimalatli
- ki-mpi-mal-atl-i
- SB-2pl-speak-maybe-PST
- Someone may have spoken to you (all)
- kiluma
- ki-lum-a
- SB-sleep-NPST
- Someone is sleeping
