User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions
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== pronouns == | == pronouns == | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | ||
! | ! | ||
! | ! ''singular'' | ||
! | ! ''dual'' | ||
! ''plural'' | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! | ! 1 | ||
| '''wa'''- | | '''wa'''- | ||
| ''' | | '''pwa'''- | ||
| '''kwa'''- | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! | ! 2 | ||
| '''ni'''- | | '''ni'''- | ||
| ''' | | '''pi'''- / '''mpi'''- | ||
| '''ki'''- / '''nki'''- | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! | ! 3 | ||
| '''-''' | | '''-''' | ||
| '''pu'''- | | '''pu'''- | ||
| '''ku'''- | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 118: | Line 110: | ||
:: '''kunyákálá''' - <tt>ku-nyá-kál-á</tt> - <small>3PL-REFL-speak-NPST</small> - ''They speak to each other.'' | :: '''kunyákálá''' - <tt>ku-nyá-kál-á</tt> - <small>3PL-REFL-speak-NPST</small> - ''They speak to each other.'' | ||
:: '''nyánayankí''' - <tt>nyá-nay-ank-í</tt> - <small>REFL-see-NEG-PST</small> - ''She did not see herself.'' | :: '''nyánayankí''' - <tt>nyá-nay-ank-í</tt> - <small>REFL-see-NEG-PST</small> - ''She did not see herself.'' | ||
* The accusative/passive is marked by '''yã-'''. | |||
:: '''yãwanayá''' - <tt>yã-wa-nay-á</tt> - <small>ACC-1SG-see-NPST</small> - ''I am seen.'' | |||
:: '''yãpikálankí''' - <tt>yã-pi-kál-ank-í</tt> - <small>PASS-2DU-speak-NEG-PST</small> - ''You (two) were not spoken to.'' | |||
= verbs = | = verbs = | ||
Revision as of 08:31, 10 October 2016
sounds
consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | (ʔ) | |
| Affricate | ts~tʃ | ||||
| Fricative | s~ʃ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Approximant | l (t͡ɬ) | j | w |
vowels
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | i | u | iː | uː |
| Open | ɑ ~ ə | aː | ||
- á í ú ã ĩ ũ a i u
nouns
Nouns can be marked for gender, number, size, and in several other ways.
- ka- - plural; several [PL]
- kayul - ka-yul - PL-dog - dogs
pronouns
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | wa- | pwa- | kwa- |
| 2 | ni- | pi- / mpi- | ki- / nki- |
| 3 | - | pu- | ku- |
- The reflexive is marked by -nyá-.
- kunyákálá - ku-nyá-kál-á - 3PL-REFL-speak-NPST - They speak to each other.
- nyánayankí - nyá-nay-ank-í - REFL-see-NEG-PST - She did not see herself.
- The accusative/passive is marked by yã-.
- yãwanayá - yã-wa-nay-á - ACC-1SG-see-NPST - I am seen.
- yãpikálankí - yã-pi-kál-ank-í - PASS-2DU-speak-NEG-PST - You (two) were not spoken to.
verbs
- Pronominal prefix - VERB STEM - tense/aspect-modal
tenses
There are three tenses...nonpast, past, and distant past.
- -á - non-past [NPST]
- wayimá - wa-yim-á - 1S-eat-NPST - I eat.
- -í - past [PST]
- niyimí - ni-yim-í - 2S-eat-PST - You ate.
- -íyí - distant past [DSPT]
- kwayimíyí - kwa-yim-íyí - 1PL-eat-DPST - We ate long ago.
other modifiers
Various moods (or modals), aspects, and syntactic markers are used to add nuance and subtlety.
- -ak- - obligation [OBG]
- wasapaká - wa-sap-ak-á - 1SG-go-OBG-NPST - I should go.
- ninapakí - ni-nap-ak-í - 2SG-listen-OBG-PST - You should have listened.
- -ank- - negative [NEG]
- pumatankí - pu-mat-ank-í - 3PL.OBJ-kill-NEG-PST - They were not killed.
- nwanapanká - nwa-nap-ank-á - 1SG.OBJ-hear-NEG-NPST - I am not heard. | She/he doesn't hear/listen to me.
- -ás- - ability [ABIL]
- yimásá - yim-ás-á - eat-ABIL-NPST - She/he is able to eat.
lexicon
These are listed by stem, and do not distinguish nominal and verbal meanings or usages.
- kál - say; tongue; voice; language; talk
- mat - cut; kill; knife
- yim - eat; nourish; bread
examples
speak
- kál - speak
- wakálá - wa-kál-á - 1SG-speak-NPST - I speak.
- nikálí - ni-kál-í - 2SG-speak-PST - You spoke.
- kunyákálá - ku-nyá-kál-á - 3PL-REFL-speak-NPST - They speak to each other.
break
- tak - break
