User:Masako/sandbox: Difference between revisions

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= verbs =
= verbs =
 
{{col-begin}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 800px;"
{{col-break}}
|-
* [[wp:first person|1]] - '''first person'''
! Mode
* [[wp:second person|2]] - '''second person'''
! colspan="4"| Affirmative
* [[wp:third person|3]] - '''third person'''
! colspan="4"| Negative
* [[wp:fourth person|4]] - '''fourth person'''
|-
* [[wp:agentive|ag]] - '''agentive'''
! Conjugation || Weak || Strong
* [[wp:attemptive|att]] - '''attemptive'''
! colspan="2"| Irregular || Weak || Strong
* [[wp:augmentative|aug]] - '''augmentative'''
! colspan="2"| Irregular
* [[wp:benefactive|ben]] - '''benefactive'''
|-
* [[wp:causative|caus]] - '''causative'''
! Non-past
* [[wp:Singulative_number|col]] - '''collective'''
|''mi.ru''||''kar.u''||''ku.ru''||''su.ru'' ||''mi.na.i''||''kar.ana.i''||''ko.na.i''||''si.na.i''
* [[wp:comparative|comp]] - '''comparative'''
|-
* [[wp:diminutive|dim]] - '''diminutive'''
! Past
* [[wp:Deixis|dist]] - '''distal'''
|''mi.ta''||''kat.ta''||''ki.ta''||''si.ta'' ||''mi.na.kat.ta''||''kar.ana.kat.ta''||''ko.na.kat.ta''||''si.na.kat.ta''
{{col-break}}
|}
* [[wp:dubitative|dub]] - '''dubitative'''
* [[wp:Clusivity|excl]] - '''exclusive'''
* [[wp:Elative_(gradation)|ext]] - '''extreme'''
* [[wp:Grammatical_gender|fem]] - '''feminine'''
* [[wp:future_tense|fut]] - '''future'''
* [[wp:genitive|gen]] - '''genitive'''
* [[wp:hortative|hort]] - '''hortative'''
* [[wp:Imperative_mood|imp]] - '''imperative'''
* [[wp:inchoative|inch]] - '''inchoative'''
* [[wp:instrumental_case|instr]] - '''instrumental'''
* [[wp:intensive|int]] - '''intensive'''
{{col-break}}
* [[wp:interjection|interj]] - '''interjection'''
* [[wp:locative|loc]] - '''locative'''
* [[wp:Grammatical_gender|masc]] - '''masculine'''
* [[wp:Deixis|med]] - '''medial'''
* [[wp:necessitative|nec]] - '''necessitative'''
* [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative|neg]] - '''negative'''
* [[wp:Object_(grammar)|o]] - '''object'''
* [[wp:Patient_(grammar)|p]] - '''patient'''
* [[wp:permissive_mood|perm]] - '''permissive'''
* [[wp:perfective|pfv]] - '''perfective'''
* [[wp:plural|pl]] - '''plural'''
* [[wp:possessive|poss]] - '''possessive'''
{{col-break}}
* [[wp:Irrealis_mood#Precative|prec]] - '''precative'''
* [[wp:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|prog]] - '''progressive'''
* [[wp:Deixis|prox]] - '''proximal'''
* [[wp:past_tense|pst]] - '''past'''
* [[wp:Reciprocal_(grammar)|recp]] - '''reciprocal'''
* [[wp:Reflexive_pronoun|refl]] - '''reflexive'''
* sb - '''somebody'''
* [[wp:Grammatical_number|sg]] - '''singular'''
* sth - '''something'''
* sug - '''suggestive'''
* [[wp:vocative|voc]] - '''vocative'''
* [[wp:Volitive_modality|vol]] - '''volitive'''
{{col-end}}

Revision as of 04:21, 3 October 2016

noun phrases

The basic noun phrase in Kala is PREPOSITION DETERMINER NOUN DESCRIPTIVE-VERB RELATIVE-CLAUSE. Depending on context, this is fairly predominant with a few exceptions

ukum

Kala number English ordinal multiple fractional
na'o 1 one kina'o
first		 tina'o
once		 -
ueta'o 12 twelve kiueta'o
twelfth		 tiueta'o
twelve times		 iueta'o
a twelfth
yauema'o
yama'o		 54 fifty four kiyama'o
fifty fourth		 tiyama'o
54 times		 iyama'o
a fifty fourth
nyetsa'o 106 one hundred (and) six kinyetsa'o
106th		 tinyetsa'o
106 times		 inyetsa'o
a 106th
katle'o 7000 seven thousand kikatle'o
seven thousandth		 tikatle'o
7000 times		 ikatle'o
1/7000
Ilya number English Ilya number English Ilya number English
nul 0 zero sha 6 six kishada 500 five hundred
wa 1 one seb 7 seven hesha 103 (one) thousand
ni 2 two oka 8 eight dahesh 104 ten thousand
ush 3 three nen 9 nine sadahesh 105 (one) hundred thousand
ha 4 four da 10 ten
kish 5 five sada 100 (one) hundred

floating

penku
Kala meaning example
ma and; also mita ina ma moku
dog eat and sleep
The dog eats and sleeps.
ua or mita ina ua moku
dog eat or sleep
The dog eats or sleeps.
ehe
me		 but; yet mita ina ma mokunke
dog eat but sleep-NEG
The dog eats but does not sleep.
yema both X and Y


correlative

  • yema - both X and Y
mita ina yema empa - dog eat both.X.and.Y run - The dog eats and runs.
  • ue - either X or Y
mita ina ue empa - dog eat either.X.or.Y run - The dog is either eating or running.
  • uenke (uek) - neither X nor Y
mita ina uenke empa - dog eat neither.X.nor.Y run - The dog is neither eating nor running.

case

case

nominative

The basic form of each noun, and the one cited in dictionaries, is the nominative singular. All the other forms can be derived from it.

  • adab - house
adabim houses

oblique

  • adabo - house
adabim houses

genitive

locative

instrumental

nkalu

nkalo
Agent Patient Reflexive Possessive Reciprocal
1sg na
I		 ena
me		 na'i
myself		 nayo
my; mine
2sg ta
you (thou)		 eta
you		 ta'i
yourself		 tayo
your(s)
3sg ha
he/she		 eha
him/her		 ha'i
himself/herself		 hayo
his/her(s)
4sg tla
it/one		 etla
it		 tla'i
itself/oneself		 tlayo
its/one's
1pl
1pl EXCL 		nam
we
na'am
we (not you)		 enam
ena'am		 nami
na'ami		 namyo
na'amyo		 nanku
na'anku
2pl tam etam tami tamyo tanku
3pl kam ekam kami kamyo kanku
4pl tlam etlam tlami tlamyo tlanku

verbs

  • 1 - first person
  • 2 - second person
  • 3 - third person
  • 4 - fourth person
  • ag - agentive
  • att - attemptive
  • aug - augmentative
  • ben - benefactive
  • caus - causative
  • col - collective
  • comp - comparative
  • dim - diminutive
  • dist - distal
  • interj - interjection
  • loc - locative
  • masc - masculine
  • med - medial
  • nec - necessitative
  • neg - negative
  • o - object
  • p - patient
  • perm - permissive
  • pfv - perfective
  • pl - plural
  • poss - possessive
  • prec - precative
  • prog - progressive
  • prox - proximal
  • pst - past
  • recp - reciprocal
  • refl - reflexive
  • sb - somebody
  • sg - singular
  • sth - something
  • sug - suggestive
  • voc - vocative
  • vol - volitive
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