Proto-Phwaim: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Proto-Phwaim Consonantal Phonemes
|+Proto-Phwaim Consonantal Phonemes
|-
|- align=center
!rowspan=2 COLSPAN=2| 
!rowspan=2 COLSPAN=2| 
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
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!rowspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Uvular
!rowspan=2|Uvular
|-
|- align=center
!<small>Central</small>
!<small>Central</small>
!<small>Lateral</small>
!<small>Lateral</small>
|-
|- align=center
!colspan=2| Nasals
!colspan=2| Nasals
| '''m''' [m]
| '''m''' {{IPA|[m]}}
| '''n''' [n]
| '''n''' {{IPA|[n]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''ń''' [nʲ ~ ɲ]
| '''ń''' {{IPA|[nʲ ~ ɲ]}}
| '''ŋ''' [ŋ]
| '''ŋ''' {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!rowspan=3| Stops
!rowspan=3| Stops
!<small>Aspirated</small>
!<small>Aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' [pʰ]
| '''ph''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| '''th''' [tʰ]
| '''th''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''kh''' [kʰ]
| '''kh''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!<small>Voiceless</small>
!<small>Voiceless</small>
| '''p''' [p]
| '''p''' {{IPA|[p]}}
| '''t''' [t]
| '''t''' {{IPA|[t]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''k''' [k]
| '''k''' {{IPA|[k]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!<small>Voiced</small>
!<small>Voiced</small>
| '''b''' [b]
| '''b''' {{IPA|[b]}}
| '''d''' [d]
| '''d''' {{IPA|[d]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''g''' [g]
| '''g''' {{IPA|[g]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!rowspan=3|Affricates
!rowspan=3|Affricates
!<small>Aspirated</small>
!<small>Aspirated</small>
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| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''čh''' [t͡ʃʰ]
| '''čh''' {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}
| '''ćh''' [t͡sʲʰ ~ t͡ɕʰ]
| '''ćh''' {{IPA|[t͡sʲʰ ~ t͡ɕʰ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!<small>Voiceless</small>
!<small>Voiceless</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''č''' [t͡ʃ]
| '''č''' {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}
| '''ć''' [t͡sʲ ~ t͡ɕ]
| '''ć''' {{IPA|[t͡sʲ ~ t͡ɕ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!<small>Voiced</small>
!<small>Voiced</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''ǧ''' [d͡ʒ]
| '''ǧ''' {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}
| '''ǵ''' [d͡zʲ ~ d͡ʑ]
| '''ǵ''' {{IPA|[d͡zʲ ~ d͡ʑ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!rowspan=3| Fricatives
!rowspan=3| Fricatives
!<small>Voiceless</small>
!<small>Voiceless</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''s''' [s]
| '''s''' {{IPA|[s]}}
| '''ṣ''' [ɬ]
| '''ṣ''' {{IPA|[ɬ]}}
| '''š''' [ʃ]
| '''š''' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''x'''[χ]
| '''x'''{{IPA|[χ]}}
|-
|- align=center
!<small>Palatalized</small>
!<small>Palatalized</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''s'''' [sʲ]
| '''s'''' {{IPA|[sʲ]}}
| '''ṣ'''' [ɬʲ]
| '''ṣ'''' {{IPA|[ɬʲ]}}
| '''š'''' [ʃʲ]
| '''š'''' {{IPA|[ʃʲ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''x''''[χʲ]
| '''x''''{{IPA|[χʲ]}}
|-
|- align=center
!<small>Voiced</small>
!<small>Voiced</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''z''' [z]
| '''z''' {{IPA|[z]}}
| '''ẓ''' [ɮ]  
| '''ẓ''' {{IPA|[ɮ]}}
| '''ž''' [ʒ]
| '''ž''' {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''ḥ'''[ʁ]
| '''ḥ'''{{IPA|[ʁ]}}
|-
|- align=center
!colspan=2| Approximants
!colspan=2| Approximants
| '''v''' [w]
| '''v''' {{IPA|[w]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''y''' [j]
| '''y''' {{IPA|[j]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!colspan=2| Trill
!colspan=2| Trill
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''r''' [r]
| '''r''' {{IPA|[r]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''r'''' [rʲ]
| '''r'''' {{IPA|[rʲ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
!colspan=2| Lateral
!colspan=2| Lateral
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''l''' [l]
| '''l''' {{IPA|[l]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''l'''' [lʲ ~ ʎ]
| '''l'''' {{IPA|[lʲ ~ ʎ]}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|- align=center
|}
|}


Revision as of 08:33, 29 September 2016

This article is a work in progress.
The contents may be tentative, incomplete, inaccurate, in need of elaboration, subject to later revision, or just plain sketchy.

As a courtesy, if you are not the author of the article, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed.


Proto-Phwaim is a fictional language by Polka Dot. Proto-Phwaim is the reconstructed ancestor of the Phim-Hwan languages, a family spoken for the most part in the central region of Phwaim. It is estimated to have been spoken around 10.000 HW.

Phonology

Consonants

The reconstructed consonant phoneme inventory of Proto-Phwaim, with 37 consonants, is shown in the table below:

Proto-Phwaim Consonantal Phonemes
  Bilabial Dental, Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal(ized) Velar Uvular
Central Lateral
Nasals m [m] n [n]     ń [nʲ ~ ɲ] ŋ [ŋ]  
Stops Aspirated ph [pʰ] th [tʰ]       kh [kʰ]  
Voiceless p [p] t [t]       k [k]  
Voiced b [b] d [d]       g [g]  
Affricates Aspirated       čh [t͡ʃʰ] ćh [t͡sʲʰ ~ t͡ɕʰ]    
Voiceless       č [t͡ʃ] ć [t͡sʲ ~ t͡ɕ]    
Voiced       ǧ [d͡ʒ] ǵ [d͡zʲ ~ d͡ʑ]    
Fricatives Voiceless   s [s] ṣ [ɬ] š [ʃ]     x[χ]
Palatalized   s' [sʲ] ṣ' [ɬʲ] š' [ʃʲ]     x'[χʲ]
Voiced   z [z] ẓ [ɮ] ž [ʒ]     ḥ[ʁ]
Approximants v [w]       y [j]    
Trill   r [r]     r' [rʲ]    
Lateral     l [l]   l' [lʲ ~ ʎ]    

In the consonant system, palatalization, or palatal-laminal instead of apical articulation, was a phonemic feature, as it is in many modern Phwaim languages.

Vowels

The Proto-Phwaim vowel system is traditionally reconstructed to have used the following 10 vowel phonemes, contrasting two degrees of length, as shown in the table below:

  Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close Short i [i] ü [y] ï [ɯ] u [u]
Long ii [iː] üü [yː] ïï [ɯː] uu [uː]
Close-mid Short e [e] ö [ø] ë [ɤ] o [o]
Long ee [eː] öö [øː] ëë [ɤː] oo [oː]
Open Short ä [æ] a [ɑ]
Long ää [æː] aa [ɑː]

Morphology

Nouns

Proto-Phwaim had 13 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative, instrumental, comitative, terminative, Illative, allative, equative, partitive), two systems of number (singular-dual–plural and collective–singulative) and two genders (human vs nonhuman). A noun stem can take up to 2 types of suffixes:

stem + (number) + (case)

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