Proto-Phwaim: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==


The reconstructed consonant phoneme inventory of Proto-Phwaim is shown in the table below:  
The reconstructed consonant phoneme inventory of Proto-Phwaim, with 37 consonants, is shown in the table below:  


===Consonants===
===Consonants===

Revision as of 08:06, 29 September 2016


Proto-Phwaim is a fictional language by Polka Dot. Proto-Phwaim is the reconstructed ancestor of the Phim-Hwan languages, a family spoken for the most part in the central region of Phwaim. It is estimated to have been spoken around 10.000 HW.

Phonology

The reconstructed consonant phoneme inventory of Proto-Phwaim, with 37 consonants, is shown in the table below:

Consonants

Proto-Phwaim Consonantal Phonemes
  Bilabial Dental, Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal(ized) Velar Uvular
Central Lateral
Nasals m [m] n [n]     ń [ɲ] ŋ [ŋ]  
Stops Aspirated ph [pʰ] th [tʰ]       kh [kʰ]  
Voiceless p [p] t [t]       k [k]  
Voiced b [b] d [d]       g [g]  
Affricates Aspirated       čh [t͡ʃʰ] ćh [t͡ɕʰ]    
Voiceless       č [t͡ʃ] ć [t͡ɕ]    
Voiced       ǧ [d͡ʒ] ǵ [d͡ʑ]    
Fricatives Voiceless   s [s] [ɬ] š [ʃ]     x[χ]
Palatalized   s' [sʲ] ṣ' [ɬʲ] š' [ʃʲ]     x'[χʲ]
Voiced   z [z] [ɮ] ž [ʒ]     [ʁ]
Approximants v [w]       y [j]    
Liquids   r [r] l [l]   r' [rʲ] l' [ʎ]    

The phonemes *ń, *ćh, *ć, *ǵ, *l' were either palatalized [nʲ, t͡sʲʰ, t͡sʲ, d͡zʲ, lʲ] or true palatal [ɲ, t͡ɕʰ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, ʎ].

The pronunciation of *r' is not precisely known, but it was approximately a palatalized trill [rʲ].

Vowels

The Proto-Phwaim vowel system is traditionally reconstructed to have used the following 10 vowel phonemes, contrasting two degrees of length, as shown in the table below:

Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i [i] ü [y] ï [ɯ] u [u]
Close-mid e [e] ö [ø] ë [ɤ] o [o]
Open ä [æ] a [ɑ]

Morphology

Nouns

Proto-Phwaim had 13 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative, instrumental, comitative, terminative, Illative, allative, equative, partitive), two systems of number (singular-dual–plural and collective–singulative) and two genders (human vs nonhuman). A noun stem can take up to 2 types of suffixes:

stem + (number) + (case)