Béu : Chapter 1 : The Sounds

..... The sounds of béu

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The full range of sounds heard in béu are given below according to the conventions of the I.P.A. (International Phonetic Alphabet)

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	labial	labiodental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
stops	p b		t d			k g	ʔ
fricatives		f (v)	s z (ð)	ʃ ʒ		(ɣ)	h
affricates				tʃ dʒ
nasals	m		n			ŋ
liquids			r l
glides	w				y

tʃ dʒ are the initial sounds of "Charlie" and "Jimmy" respectively. From now on they will be represented by c and j.

ʔ represents a glottal stop (the sound a cockney would make when he drops the "tt" in bottle). In béu this is a normal consonant ... just as real as "b" or "g" in English.

The sounds "b" and "v" are in free variation when inside a word and between two vowels ... henceforth just referred to as b in this document.

The sounds "d" and "ð" are in free variation when inside a word and between two vowels ... henceforth just referred to as d in this document.

The sounds "g" and "ɣ" are in free variation when inside a word and between two vowels ... henceforth just referred to as g in this document.

z is an allophone of s when inside a word and between two voiced^* sounds.

ʃ is also an allophone of s when before the front vowel i or before the consonant y. ʃ is found in English and is usually represented by "sh" (as in "shell")

ʒ is an allophone of s when the above two conditions apply at the same time. ʒ turns up in English in one or two words. It is the middle consonant in the word "pleasure".

ŋ is an allophone of n when followed by k or g. ŋ is found in English and is usually represented by "ng" (as in "sing").

l is a clear lateral in all environments.

r is an approximant in all environments.

p, t and k are never aspirated. And on the other hand b, d and g are more voiced than in English (i.e. the voice onset time is a lot earlier)

^* Actually all the phonemes are voiced, apart from p, t, k, s, f, h and ʔ.

The béu phoneme inventory is shown below.

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	labial	labiodental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
stops	p b		t d			k g	ʔ
fricatives		f	s				h
affricates				tʃ dʒ
nasals	m		n
liquids			r l
glides	w				y

There are 5 basic vowels ... a, e, i, o, u plus ə. However the schwa is only used in the grammar and does not appear in any actual words. There are 6 diphthongs ... ai, au, oi, eu, ia and ua. Note that while the sounds ia and ua are possible sound combinations in English, they each are realised as two syllables. In béu the two components are more intertwined ... the flow into each other more. And they each represent only one syllable. Certain people pronounce e and o more open, when in an open syllable, but for others, e and o are the same in all environments.

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béu differentiates between words using tone. All single syllable words have either a high tone (for example pás = "I") or a low tone (for example pà = me). All multi-syllable words lack tone (or can be said to have neutral tone). If a single syllable word, receives an affix making it into a multi-syllable word, its tone will become neutralised. If a word count was done on a typical béu text, it would be found that around 17% of words have a high tone, 33% have a low tone and 50% have the neutral tone.

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All non-monosyllables have stress on the first syllable. If this initial syllable is light (i.e. no initial consonant cluster, no diphthong and no coda) then the vowel will have nearly twice its normal length. For example, take the words mulu (beatle) and huŋgu (swan) and kludau (to write). The initial u in mulu is a lot longer than the other 4 instances of u. However it doesn't receive any special marking. This extra length is totally predictable from its location.

NB ... no minimal pair can be found to differentiate uu from u.

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Don't let the tones put you off learning béu. The chances are vanishingly small that you will cause a misunderstanding by pronouncing one of the short words wrong. And even if you speak the language and put absolutely no effort into getting the tones right ... no problem, it will just mark you out as a non-native speaker, you will be understood virtually all the time.

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In the béu writing system a small dot is placed to the right of the word if it has a high tone. If single syllable words are come across that do not have a dot .... well then you know that they must be low tone.

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..... Some interjections

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All languages have a small set of interjections. Often these words fall outside the normal phonology of the language ; béu is no exception. These words are normally elucidated singly. Also they usually have a set pitch contour. The pitch contours of the interjections below are shown by the red lines.

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The bottom two words. The words for "yes" and "no" are not usually considered interjections. However I have included them here because they have distinctive tone contours (or at least they do when uttered alone). However they fit within the normal rules of béu phonology.

Below is how they are written.

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The first vowel sound in "ohoo" is usually not quite as long as a double length vowel, and the final vowel sound is usually a bit longer than a double length vowel.

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..... Consonant clusters

Word initial

The following consonants and consonant clusters can begin a word;-

ʔ
m	my
y
j			jw
f	fy	fl
b	by	bl	bw
g		gl	gw
d			dw
l
c			cw
s/ʃ		sl	sw
k	ky	kl	kw
p	py	pl
t			tw
w
n	ny
h

Word medial

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The following consonants and consonant clusters can be found in the middle of a word ;-

lʔ

lm

ly

lj

lf

lb

lg

ld

lc

lz/lʒ

lk

lp

lt

lw

ln

lh

ʔ

m

j

f

b

g

d

l

c

z/ʒ

k

p

t

n

h

nʔ

ny

nj

nf

mb

ŋg

nd

nc

nz/nʒ

ŋk

mp

nt

mw

nh

sʔ

zm

ʒy

zb

zg

zd

zl

sk

sp

st

zw

zn

sh

Above are 58 medial consonants/consonant-clusters. Actually there is a zero option as well. For example kli.o (knife). So we can say there are 59 possibilities.

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And also there are actually 38 possible initial consonants/consonant-clusters as there are some words that start with a vowel.

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Word final

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The consonants n, s and r can occur word finally.

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..... Vowel clusters

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The vowels and diphthongs are ... ai e eu u ua a ia i oi o and au

When I write béu words using the latin alphabet, I will sometimes insert a dot "." to indicate syllable breaks. For example ...

iyo.ito (itsy-bitsy, tiny) is a 4-syllable word. If I had written it without the dot it would have been a 3-syllable word. Of course when written in the béu script there is no ambiguity.

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..... The plural and dual

Regular plurals

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Most multi-syllable nouns end in one of the vowels e u a i or o.

To show plurality, these are changed into eu ua ai ia and oi respectively. For example ...

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nambo = house, namboi = houses

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The normal way for single-syllable nouns to show plurality is to put the word nò in front of the noun.

nò means number (well it does when it is not qualifying another noun). For example ...

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húa = head, nò húa = heads

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A very small number of multi-syllable nouns end in ai or au. For plurality they add a (that is another syllable ... a ... is suffixed to the word). For example ...

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nandau = word, nandau.a = words

moltai = doctor, moltai.a = doctors

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The dual

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There are a few nouns (mostly body parts) that have a dual form as well as a plural form. All the word that can take a dual end in a. The dual form is made by changing the a to au.

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wá	eye or eyes	wáu	a pair of eyes	nò wá	eyes
elza	ear or ears	elzau	a pair of ears	elzai	ears
duva	arm/hand	duvau	a pair of arms/hands	duvai	arms/hands
poma	leg/foot	pomau	a pair of legs/feet	pomai	legs/feet
gluma	breast or breasts	glumau	a nice pair	glumai	breasts
jwuba	buttock or buttocks	jwubau	an arse	jwubai	buttocks
ploka	cheek or cheeks	plokau	cheeks	plokai	cheeks
olna	shoulder or shoulders	olnau	a pair of shoulders	olnai	sholders
kloga	shoes or shoe	klogau	a pair of shoes	klogai	shoes

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Actually the plural forms of the above are hardly ever encountered. For these words, the dual form is by far the most commonly encountered form.

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There is one word that doesn't end in a that has a dual form ...

glabu = "person" and has the regular plural form glabua, however it also has a dual form ...

glabau = "two people" or "a couple" (not necessary married but the word gives a very strong connotation that the couple are intimate/having sexual relations)

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Irregular plurals

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Three single-syllable words have irregular plurals. These are ;-

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bàu	man	bawa	men
glá	woman	gala	women
nò	number	nòi	numbers

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Also there are 7 nouns for which the basic form has a collective meaning and to refer to "one member of" the final vowel must be deleted and replaced with ai

toti	children	totai	a child
bode	small birds	bodai	a small bird
fiʒi	fish	fizai	a fish
alha	flowers	alhai	a flower
ʔupo	trees	ʔupai	a tree
yinki	crumpet	yinkai	a young unmarried woman, an attractive girl, a virgin
wazbia	distance	wazbai	3,680 m (the unit used for measuring distance)

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Note ... alhabu = a bunch of flowers, a bouquet ... fizbu = a school of fish ... bodebu = a flock of birds ... pobu = forest

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..... Thread writing

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béu has 17 consonants.

For some of these the form differs slightly, depending upon whether the letter is at word initial, word medial or word final.

The three forms are shown below.

béu has 5 vowels and 6 diphthongs.

The form of these doesn't change with their position.

These are shown below.

To give you better idea of what thread writing looks like, I have listed below the 12 colours of béu.

Nice, eh ... sort of organic

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..... Saying the letters

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When speaking out the letters, each letter has a word associated with it. This is a bit like when we say "sierra tango echo ..." to spell out a name over the telephone.

letter	associated name	meaning
ʔ	ʔusʔa	a giraffe
m	moŋgo	a gibbon
y	yeme	a frog/toad
j	jamba	a pelican
f	fanfa	a horse
b	biabia	a butterfly
g	gaifai	a flamenco
d	duzu	an oryx
l	lata	a cow
c	compa	a palm tree
s	sadu	an elephant
k	kiŋki	a fir tree
p	pikau	a peacock
t	tauta	a hammerhead shark
w	wenye	a scorpion
n	nùa	a mouse/rat
h	habis*	a bee

We use a different system for the vowels. We add the vowel to san to speak out the vowels. For example ...

To spell naike (sharp) we would say nùa sanai kiŋki sane dù

To spell a vowel that has left.dot (high tone) you substitute dit for san. For example ...

wías (we) would be spelt wenye ditia sadu dù

r is designated by huka (which means hook)

dù is a particle, used with numbers and when spelling, that indicates you have finished a word.

Note ... there is a word dito which means "dot" or "point". Also there is a word santai which means vowel.

táu = letter, character, "symbol used to represent a sound, syllable, word or number"

When a letter is mentioned by itself ( i.e. not as part of a string) it takes the form produced by word building with the above. For example ...

gaifətau = the symbol given to the sound "g" in béu

nuatau = the symbol given to the sound "n" in béu

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* This word has an interesting etymology. alha = flower : alhabis = attracted to flowers

So habis can be seen to be a rubbed down version of alhabis

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..... The numbers

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There is a unique word for every number from 1 to 1727₁₀ (or 1 to 1000₁₂ in base twelve)

Five random numbers are given below to demonstrate ...

ila	= 6
icaufa	= 7212
ildaimba	= 50312
ildaigaumba	= 54312
alaigau	= 64012

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And below is how these numbers are written within a body of text.

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Within a body of text ("textblock" from now on) a number written vertically and is headed up by a special three sided bracket. The only use of this bracket is to indicate a number within a textblock.

Below this bracket, the number is written with a letter representing each digit of the number

Under the bracket the number is written using a letter symbol.

letter		digit	.....	letter		digit	.....	letter		digit
J	=>	1		D	=>	5		K	=>	9
F	=>	2		L	=>	6		P	=>	10
B	=>	3		C	=>	7		T	=>	11
G	=>	4		S	=>	8

You can see that base 12 is being used. Just for explanatory purposes I will use "T" for 10 and "E" for 11.

More or less the same symbols is used for the number digit as for the letter. They take their initial, medial or final form, depending on whether the are the first, second or third number of the three digit group. The symbol for H is used for inserting zeroes. This symbol is never pronounced, it is only a place holder as number magnitude depends on position.

Although there is a unique word the first 1727 numbers, we do not have to memorize 1727 unique forms as these forms are built up from smaller elements. These elements are shown below ...

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10012 =	anjai	1012 =	anjau	one =	anja
20012 =	aufai	2012 =	aufau	two =	aufa
30012 =	aimbai	3012 =	aimbau	three =	aimba
40012 =	ugai	4012 =	ugau	four =	uga
50012 =	ildai	5012 =	ildau	five =	ilda
60012 =	alai	6012 =	ulau	six =	ila
70012 =	oicai	7012 =	oicau	seven =	oica
80012 =	ezai	8012 =	ezau	eight =	eza
90012 =	okai	9012 =	okau	nine =	oka
T0012 =	yapai	T012 =	yapau	T =	yapa
E0012 =	watai	E012 =	watau	E =	wata

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To construct a number from the above ...

1) Select which elements you need. For example, for 543₁₂, you will need the elements ildai + ugau + aimba

2) If the element is non-initial, delete the initial vowel of the element => ildai + gau + mba

3) Join the elements up => ildaigaumba

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Note ... anja, aufa and aimba, while used for building up larger numbers, are never used by themselves for "one", "two" and "three". Instead we use ...

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ʔà	one
hói	two
léu	three

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ʔà along with its plural form ʔài are also used to code indefiniteness.

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Numbers are never written out in full. Always the method given above is used. It is as if in a body of English text you never came across the "seven" but only "7".

XXXXXXX

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OK ... the above was how you write and pronounce 1 -> 1727 within a text block (called the block.form). There is also a way to write numbers when they are not inside a text block. That would happen on a page (or part of a page) given over to mathematical formula. In this environment the numbers are written horizontally ... from left to right. This form of the numbers is called free.form. The digits are always exactly the same. They are shown below ...

Below is how the five numbers given previously appear in free.form ...

free.form digits are also bunched into groups of three.

So far we have shown how to write 1 -> 1727 in both block.form and free.form. To extend this rather limited range we must introduce at least one "magnitude" word. The magnitude words and symbols are given below.

In the above you see "pronounciation of magnitude word" followed by "symbol" followed by "etymology" followed by the "magnitude". Yes all the magnitude words double up as animal names. But actually this never causes any problem. If you hear huŋgu huŋgu you know it means 5,159,780,352* swans ... there is no ambiguity.

.*1,000,000,000₁₂ = 5,159,780,352₁₀

To demonstrate the use of the magnitude words, lets take a long number. In base twelve it is ...

1,206,8E3,051.58T,630,559 ... where T represents ten and E represents eleven

You can see that the digits are still grouped into bunches of three. The magnitude word is placed over the middle digit of the group. If you do not have a group of three (i.e. at the extremities of the number) the magnitude word is not used.

It would be pronounced ... anja huŋgu aufaila nàin ezaitaumba wúa ildaunja sanja ildaizaupa yanfa alaimbau mulu ildaildauka ʔiwetu alaifau dù

Note ... all the magnitude words are spoken out.

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In block.form the magnitude words are used as well. They are in line with the numbers tho'. Within text blocks you usually do not have numbers with huge dynamic ranges though. Usually only one magnitude word is included in a text.block number ... if that. Two example below ...

Pronounced aimba wúa ildaunja and ildaunja sanja ildaizau respectively.

However the above is not quite correct. All block.form numbers must finish in one of three symbols. These are shown below ...

The one on the left has another Z after the number. It is pronounced aimba wúa ildaunja dù. This means "exactly". That is 3051 is a whole number.

The symbol after the middle number means "approximately". This would be pronounced ildaunja sanja ildaizau daula

The symbol after the RHS number means that it has been truncated. So the actual number is between 51.58 and 51.59. This is also pronounced ildaunja sanja ildaizau daula ... one of the lovable little quirks of béu.

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dù and daula as well as giving some information about how exact the number is ... well the hearer finds it useful for telling when the speaker has stopped speaking.

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Below are some more symbols used in mathematics. Obviously these symbols would be used in a free.form area (i.e. in a free.form page or part of a page)

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And below is a few examples of equations written in this notation.

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The 3 symbols that I tag as "signs" are placed at the LHS of a number. If a number has more than one sign. They come in the order above (i.e. Minus sign at extreme LHS, followed by th sign for "i", followed by the inverse sign, followed by the actual number.

Note ... If you had a leading zero you would use the word jù. 007 would be jù jù oica (three words). To deal with a telephone number, you would lump the numbers in threes (any leading zero or zeroes by themselves though) and outspeak the numbers. If you were left with a single digit (say 4) it would be pronounced ugai. If you were to pronounce it uga, it would of course mean 004. Also you would probably add the particle dù at the end.

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... Index

1. Introduction to Béu
2. Béu : Chapter 1 : The Sounds
3. Béu : Chapter 2 : The Noun
4. Béu : Chapter 3 : The Verb
5. Béu : Chapter 4 : Adjective
6. Béu : Chapter 5 : Questions
7. Béu : Chapter 6 : Derivations
8. Béu : Chapter 7 : Way of Life 1
9. Béu : Chapter 8 : Way of life 2
10. Béu : Chapter 9 : Word Building
11. Béu : Chapter 10 : Gerund Phrase
12. Béu : Discarded Stuff
13. A statistical explanation for the counter-factual/past-tense conflation in conditional sentences