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| == verbs == | | == verbs == |
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| === tense ===
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| Kala has three simple tenses; past, present, and future. Present tense is unmarked. However, past and future tenses can be modified to include immediate future ("''is about to''..."), distant future ("''will...in a long while''"), recent past ("''just'' ..."), and remote past ("...''a long while ago''"). These distinctions are made with the augmentative and diminutive endings '''-ha''' and '''-hi'''.
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| === aspect ===
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| The progressive, also called the [[Wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|continuous]] ['''CONT'''], this is used to express an incomplete action or state in progress at a specific time. It is marked with '''-nko''', from '''nkoso''' - "to continue; proceed; progress". The [[Wikipedia:Perfective_aspect|perfecive]] aspect indicates that an action is completed ['''PFV''']. It is often translated by the English present perfect (''have done some-thing''). It is marked with '''-pua''', from '''opua''' - "to end; finish; complete". The [[Wikipedia:Inchoative_aspect|inchoative]] aspect refers to the beginning of a state ['''INCH''']. It is marked with '''-mu''', from '''mula''' - "to begin; start; initiate". The [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]] aspect refers to a repeated action ['''FREQ''']. It is marked with '''-nua''', from '''nua''' - "frequent; often; regular".
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
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| |+ ti'a
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| !
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| ! Kala
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| ! gloss
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| ! English
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| ! Progressive
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| | '''mita inanko''' || <small>dog eat-CONT</small> || ''The dog is eating.''
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| ! Perfective
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| | '''mita inapua''' || <small>dog eat-PFV</small> || ''The dog has eaten.''
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| ! Inchoative
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| | '''mita inamu''' || <small>dog eat-INCH</small> || ''The dog begins to eat.''
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| ! Frequentative
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| | '''mita inanua''' || <small>dog eat-FREQ</small> || ''The dog eats often.''
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| |}
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| === mood === | | === mood === |
Revision as of 10:28, 31 March 2016
allophony
stress
grammar
noun phrases
The basic noun phrase in Kala is PREPOSITION DETERMINER NOUN DESCRIPTIVE-VERB RELATIVE-CLAUSE. Depending on context, this is fairly predominant with a few exceptions.
determiners
Determiners includes various particles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. Most nouns will have exactly one of these. They usually come before their nouns. Possessives are semantically determiners, but they can't carry determiner inflections, so an appropriate particle or pronoun is brought in for them.
quantifiers
correlative pronouns
verbs
mood
The negative mood (always marked finally) is indicated by the suffix –k or –nke (when the last syllable contains /k/).
- mita inayek - dog eat-PST-NEG - The dog did not eat.
- mita mokunke - dog sleep-NEG - The dog does not sleep.
copula
adjectives
adpositions
syntax
The basic structure of a Kala sentence is:
AGENT--PATIENT--VERB (or SOV)
The agent is the person or thing doing the action described by the verb; The patient is the recipient of that action. The importance of word order can be seen by comparing the following sentences:
- mita tlaka anya - dog man see - The dog sees the man.
- tlaka mita anya - man dog see - The man sees the dog.
In both sentences, the words are identical, the only way to know who is seeing whom is by the order of the words in the sentence.
adverbial
coordinate
relative
derivation
compounding
sample texts
lexicon
