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Nordaþ verbs: Difference between revisions

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{{wip}}
'''[[Nordaþ_language|Nordaþ]] verbs''' are the fusional part of the synthetic language Nordaþ. They conjugate according to the indicative, conditional, subjunctive, potential, and imperative moods. Verbs have infinitive forms, but unlike many other languages, they do not have participle or gerund forms. They are also conjugated by two declensions which match Nordaþ nouns, wherein front-vowelled and middle-vowelled words will take a front-vowel affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a middle-vowel and back-vowel affix are available, and a back-vowelled word will take a back-vowelled affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a front-vowel and middle-vowel affix are present.
'''[[Nordaþ_language|Nordaþ]] verbs''' are the fusional part of the synthetic language Nordaþ. They conjugate according to the indicative, conditional, subjunctive, potential, and imperative moods. Verbs have infinitive forms, but unlike many other languages, they do not have participle or gerund forms. They are also conjugated by two declensions which match Nordaþ nouns, wherein front-vowelled and middle-vowelled words will take a front-vowel affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a middle-vowel and back-vowel affix are available, and a back-vowelled word will take a back-vowelled affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a front-vowel and middle-vowel affix are present.


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=== Infinitive ===
=== Infinitive ===
Front-vowel: ''dekäsäm''
To help: ''dekäsän''
 
(Middle-vowelled words take front-vowel affixes over middle-vowel affixes, so they will follow the front-vowel example. Thus, a back-vowel infinitive will use the -am suffix.)
 
Ignoring momentarily the -i suffix part of progressive verbs, the following table represents the endings of verbs according to their subject.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Indicative'''||'''''iki/ä/e'''''||'''''þuïï/a/ï'''''||'''''heä, sie, heti'''''||'''''vien'''''
|-
|Subject||-e/ï||-(e/ï)st||-(e/ï)þ||-(e/ï)em
|}


Respectively, they all mean "I", "you", "he, she, it", and "we" (inclusive). Ik, þu, and het can take on plurals. Even as plurals, they all retain the same verb endings. Ik pluralised becomes "we" in the exclusive sense. Þu pluralised takes on the meaning "you all" and "het" pluralised becomes "they".
In Nordaþ, verbs do not conjugate to person or number; instead, verbs are used (when context does not provide) with pronouns. For the active, conjugated verb, the -än ending is dropped and -e is added to it. Hence, mäg dekäse, iei dekäse, and so forth.


=== Indicative ===
=== Indicative ===
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|Present|| ||dekäse||I help
|Present|| ||dekäse||I help
|-
|-
|Present Perfect||er/ïr-||erdekäse||I have helped
|Present Perfect||er-||er-dekäse||I have helped
|-
|-
|Present Progressive||ei/ïï- + -i/ï||eidekäsei||I am helping
|Present Progressive||ei- + -i||ei-dekäsei||I am helping
|-
|-
|Present Perfect Progressive||er/ïr- + -i/ï||erdekäsei||I have been helping
|Present Perfect Progressive||er- + -i||er-dekäsei||I have been helping
|-
|-
|Praeterite||de/dï-||dedekäse||I helped
|Praeterite||de-||de-dekäse||I helped
|-
|-
|Pluperfect||der/dïr-||derdekäse||I had helped
|Pluperfect||der-||der-dekäse||I had helped
|-
|-
|Praeterite Progressive||de/dï- + -i/ï||dedekäsei||I was helping
|Praeterite Progressive||de- + -i||de-dekäsei||I was helping
|-
|-
|Pluperfect Progressive||der/dïr- + -i/ï||derdekäsei||I had been helping
|Pluperfect Progressive||der- + -i||der-dekäsei||I had been helping
|-
|-
|Future||be/bï-||bedekäse||I will help
|Future||be-||be-dekäse||I will help
|-
|-
|Future Perfect||ber/bïr-||berdekäse||I will have helped
|Future Perfect||ber-||ber-dekäse||I will have helped
|-
|-
|Future Progressive||be/bï- + -i/ï||bedekäsei||I will be helping
|Future Progressive||be- + -i||be-dekäsei||I will be helping
|-
|-
|Future Perfect Progressive||ber/bïr- + -i/ï||berdekäsei||I will have been helping
|Future Perfect Progressive||ber- + -i||ber-dekäsei||I will have been helping
|-
|-
|Imperfect||ke/kï-||kedekäse||I used to help
|Imperfect||ke-||ke-dekäse||I used to help
|-
|-
|Imperfect Perfect||ker/kïr||kerdekäse||I have used to help
|Imperfect Perfect||ker-||ker-dekäse||I have used to help
|-
|-
|Imperfect Pluperfect||dek(e)/k(ï)-||dekdekäse||I had used to help
|Imperfect Pluperfect||me-||me-dekäse||I had used to help
|-
|-
|Imperfect Progressive||ke/kï- + -i/ï||kedekäsei||I used to be helping
|Imperfect Progressive||ke- + -i||ke-dekäsei||I used to be helping
|-
|-
|Imperfect Perfect Progressive||ker/kïr- + -i/ï||kerdekäsei||I have used to be helping
|Imperfect Perfect Progressive||ker- + -i||ker-dekäsei||I have used to be helping
|-
|-
|Imperfect Pluperfect Progressive||dek(e)/k(ï)-||dekdekäsei||I had used to be helping
|Imperfect Pluperfect Progressive||me- + -i||me-dekäsei||I had used to be helping
|}
|}


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Si + se + praeterite, se + present tense (Nordaþ)
Si + se + praeterite, se + present tense (Nordaþ)


:''Si se desene þua, se puhuaï siäte.''
:''Si se desene su, se puhuai lä-äti.''
:If I were you, I would talk to her.
:If I were you, I would talk to her.


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Si + se + present progressive, se + present tense (Nordaþ)
Si + se + present progressive, se + present tense (Nordaþ)


:''Si se ïïmatjaï, se istyäe.''
:''Si se eiätei, se istyäe.''
:Were I eating, I should sit.
:Were I eating, I should sit.


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that + se + present tense (Nordaþ)
that + se + present tense (Nordaþ)


:''Vaatjaï, þäs Napolïona se selenþ.''
:''Vaatjae, þäs Napoleon se selenþe.''
:I demand that Napoleon surrender.
:I demand that Napoleon surrender.


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se + present tense (Nordaþ)
se + present tense (Nordaþ)


:''Se senþ loïï esgeki se senþ.''
:''Se lene e e-geki se lene.''
:Be that as it may (be).
:Be that as it may (be).


:''Kibene yt se kibenst.''
:''Keve yt se su keve.''
:I give so that you may give.
:I give so that you may give.


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se + praeterite tense (Nordaþ)
se + praeterite tense (Nordaþ)


:''Se desenþ esgeki''
:''Se de-lene e-geki''
:As it were
:As it were


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Si + se + pluperfect, se + praeterite (Nordaþ)
Si + se + pluperfect, se + praeterite (Nordaþ)


:''Si se derlieme ereenmïþii Elisebeþise, se dïhoita alasïï pleiisen Šëkspirisä.''
:''Si se der-lieme erei-mïþi Elisebeþ-isi, se de-hoite alas plei-isi Šëkspir-isi.''
:If I had lived during the Elizabethan era, I would have attended all of Shakespeare's plays.
:If I had lived during the Elizabethan era, I would have attended all of Shakespeare's plays.


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The imperative mood states a command. It only exists in present form.
The imperative mood states a command. It only exists in present form.


The imperative is formed by a prefix attaching to other prefixes in the indicative. The imperative can attach to the present, the future, and the future progressive. The prefix is re/rï-
The imperative is formed by a prefix attaching to other prefixes in the indicative. The imperative can attach to the present, the future, and the future progressive. The prefix is re-


{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Imperative'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Imperative'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
|-
|-
|Present||re/rï-||redekäsest||You help
|Present||re-||re-dekäse su||You help
|-
|-
|Future||re/rï-||rebedekäsest||You will help
|Future||re-||rebe-dekäse su||You will help
|-
|-
|Future Progressive||re/rï-||rebedekäsesti||You will be helping
|Future Progressive||re-||rebe-dekäsei su||You will be helping
|}
|}


:''Rebedekäsesti. Nuvlïïs.''
:''Rebe-dekäsei su. Nuv-ääti.''
:You will be helping. Now.
:You will be helping. Now.


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The passive is formed by a prefix attaching to the other prefixes in the indicative. The passive attaches to all but the imperfect progressives. The prefix is "fe/fï".
The passive is formed by a prefix attaching to the other prefixes in the indicative. The passive attaches to all but the imperfect progressives. The prefix is "fe/fï".


:''Heeitä fededekäseþ Toda.''
:''Lä-eiti fede-dekäse Tod.''
:He was helped by Tod.
:He was helped by Tod.


=== Negation ===
=== Negation ===
To express negativity, the nän/nan prefix is used regardless of mood or aspect/tense. If the verb is imperative, the negating prefix attaches before it. If the verb isn't, the negative prefix attaches directly to the inflected verb.
To express negativity, nan is used regardless of mood or aspect/tense.


:''Nänredekäsest!''
:''Nan re-dekäse!''
:Don't help!
:Don't help!


[[Category:Nordaþ]]
[[Category:Nordaþ]]

Revision as of 19:49, 9 May 2010

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Nordaþ verbs are the fusional part of the synthetic language Nordaþ. They conjugate according to the indicative, conditional, subjunctive, potential, and imperative moods. Verbs have infinitive forms, but unlike many other languages, they do not have participle or gerund forms. They are also conjugated by two declensions which match Nordaþ nouns, wherein front-vowelled and middle-vowelled words will take a front-vowel affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a middle-vowel and back-vowel affix are available, and a back-vowelled word will take a back-vowelled affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a front-vowel and middle-vowel affix are present.

Mood, tense, and aspect - forms of the verb

Nordaþ language

Pronunciation
Writing system
Grammar

To illustrate the behaviour of verb conjugations in Nordaþ, let us use dekäsäm "to help". First, here is the non-finite conjugation of the verb:

Infinitive

To help: dekäsän

In Nordaþ, verbs do not conjugate to person or number; instead, verbs are used (when context does not provide) with pronouns. For the active, conjugated verb, the -än ending is dropped and -e is added to it. Hence, mäg dekäse, iei dekäse, and so forth.

Indicative

Next, there is the indicative mood with its eleven tenses. The indicative mood is used to describe factual events.

Indicative Affixes Example English usage
Present   dekäse I help
Present Perfect er- er-dekäse I have helped
Present Progressive ei- + -i ei-dekäsei I am helping
Present Perfect Progressive er- + -i er-dekäsei I have been helping
Praeterite de- de-dekäse I helped
Pluperfect der- der-dekäse I had helped
Praeterite Progressive de- + -i de-dekäsei I was helping
Pluperfect Progressive der- + -i der-dekäsei I had been helping
Future be- be-dekäse I will help
Future Perfect ber- ber-dekäse I will have helped
Future Progressive be- + -i be-dekäsei I will be helping
Future Perfect Progressive ber- + -i ber-dekäsei I will have been helping
Imperfect ke- ke-dekäse I used to help
Imperfect Perfect ker- ker-dekäse I have used to help
Imperfect Pluperfect me- me-dekäse I had used to help
Imperfect Progressive ke- + -i ke-dekäsei I used to be helping
Imperfect Perfect Progressive ker- + -i ker-dekäsei I have used to be helping
Imperfect Pluperfect Progressive me- + -i me-dekäsei I had used to be helping

Subjunctive

The subjunctive mood is a complex one and is classified into six patterns. All use the particle "se" to indicate the subjunctive.

Hypothetical

Also referred to by the term "second conditional", the hypothetical has two forms. They are structured in much the same way as English, with the main difference being that whilst one can invert word order and omit "if" in English, in Nordaþ this is required to prevent ambiguosity.

Present

If + subjunctive, would + verb (English)
Si + se + praeterite, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Si se desene su, se puhuai lä-äti.
If I were you, I would talk to her.

Present II

If + were + present participle, would + verb (English)
Si + se + present progressive, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Si se eiätei, se istyäe.
Were I eating, I should sit.


Jussive

The jussive carries three forms. These forms all use "se", but "si" cannot be used in conjunction with these forms of the subjunctive.

I. Subordinate

that + subjunctive (English)
that + se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Vaatjae, þäs Napoleon se selenþe.
I demand that Napoleon surrender.

II. Present

se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Se lene e e-geki se lene.
Be that as it may (be).
Keve yt se su keve.
I give so that you may give.

III. Praeterite

se + praeterite tense (Nordaþ)

Se de-lene e-geki
As it were

Third Conditional

If + past perfect, would have + past participle (English)
Si + se + pluperfect, se + praeterite (Nordaþ)

Si se der-lieme erei-mïþi Elisebeþ-isi, se de-hoite alas plei-isi Šëkspir-isi.
If I had lived during the Elizabethan era, I would have attended all of Shakespeare's plays.


Imperative

The imperative mood states a command. It only exists in present form.

The imperative is formed by a prefix attaching to other prefixes in the indicative. The imperative can attach to the present, the future, and the future progressive. The prefix is re-

Imperative Affixes Example English usage
Present re- re-dekäse su You help
Future re- rebe-dekäse su You will help
Future Progressive re- rebe-dekäsei su You will be helping
Rebe-dekäsei su. Nuv-ääti.
You will be helping. Now.

Passive

The passive is formed by a prefix attaching to the other prefixes in the indicative. The passive attaches to all but the imperfect progressives. The prefix is "fe/fï".

Lä-eiti fede-dekäse Tod.
He was helped by Tod.

Negation

To express negativity, nan is used regardless of mood or aspect/tense.

Nan re-dekäse!
Don't help!
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