Uralo-Siberian languages: Difference between revisions
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==History== | ==History== | ||
Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskimo-Aleut languages | Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskimo-Aleut languages were observed early. In 1746, the Danish theologian Marcus Wöldike compared Greenlandic to Hungarian. In 1818, Rasmus Rask considered Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages, and presented a list of lexical correspondences. (Rask also considered Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other.) In 1959, Knut Bergsland published the paper ''The Eskimo-Uralic Hypothesis'', in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences. In 1962, Morris Swadesh proposed a relationship between the Eskimo-Aleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families. In 1998, Michael Fortescue put all the strings together in his book, ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''. | ||
were observed early. In 1746, the Danish theologian Marcus Wöldike | |||
compared Greenlandic to Hungarian. In 1818, Rasmus Rask considered | |||
Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages, and presented | |||
a list of lexical correspondences. (Rask also considered | |||
Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other.) In 1959, | |||
Knut Bergsland published the paper ''The Eskimo-Uralic Hypothesis'', | |||
in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of | |||
grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences. | |||
In 1962, Morris Swadesh proposed a relationship between the | |||
Eskimo-Aleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families. | |||
In 1998, Michael Fortescue put all the strings together in his | |||
book, ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''. | |||
==Evidence== | ==Evidence== | ||
===Phonology=== | ===Phonology=== | ||
The consonant inventories of the reconstructed protolanguages of the four Uralo-Siberian families are very similar to each other. A common feature is that there are only voiceless and no voiced stops, while there is a set of voiced (but no voiceless) non-sibilant fricatives with the same places of articulation (labial, dental, palatal and velar; in Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut, also uvular). There are also nasals in the same places of articulation. In addition, there are three sibilants, and liquids and semivowels. | |||
The consonant inventories of the reconstructed protolanguages of the | |||
four Uralo-Siberian families are very similar to each other. A common | |||
feature is that there are only voiceless and no voiced stops, while | |||
there is a set of voiced (but no voiceless) non-sibilant fricatives | |||
with the same places of articulation (labial, dental, palatal and | |||
velar; in Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut, also uvular). | |||
There are also nasals in the same places of articulation. In addition, | |||
there are three sibilants, and liquids and semivowels. | |||
===Morphology=== | ===Morphology=== | ||
| Line 59: | Line 39: | ||
===Lexicon=== | ===Lexicon=== | ||
Fortescue (1998) lists 95 lexical correspondence sets | Fortescue (1998) lists 95 lexical correspondence sets with reflexes in at least three of the four language families, and even more shared by two of the languages. Examples are '''*ap(p)a''' 'grandfather', '''*kað'a''' 'mountain' and many others. | ||
with reflexes in at least three of the four language families, | |||
and even more shared by two of the languages. Examples are | |||
'''*ap(p)a''' 'grandfather', '''*kað'a''' 'mountain' and | |||
many others. | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
| Line 70: | Line 46: | ||
*Michael Fortescue (1998) ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''. ISBN 0-304-70330-3. | *Michael Fortescue (1998) ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''. ISBN 0-304-70330-3. | ||
''This article is | ''This article is derived from the [[Wikipedia:Uralo-Siberian languages|Wikipedia]] article.'' | ||
[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]] | [[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]] | ||
Revision as of 10:10, 11 December 2015
Uralo-Siberian is a hypothetical language family consisting of the following language families:
- Uralic
- Yukaghir
- Chukotko-Kamchatkan
- Eskimo-Aleut
History
Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskimo-Aleut languages were observed early. In 1746, the Danish theologian Marcus Wöldike compared Greenlandic to Hungarian. In 1818, Rasmus Rask considered Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages, and presented a list of lexical correspondences. (Rask also considered Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other.) In 1959, Knut Bergsland published the paper The Eskimo-Uralic Hypothesis, in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences. In 1962, Morris Swadesh proposed a relationship between the Eskimo-Aleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families. In 1998, Michael Fortescue put all the strings together in his book, Language Relations across Bering Strait.
Evidence
Phonology
The consonant inventories of the reconstructed protolanguages of the four Uralo-Siberian families are very similar to each other. A common feature is that there are only voiceless and no voiced stops, while there is a set of voiced (but no voiceless) non-sibilant fricatives with the same places of articulation (labial, dental, palatal and velar; in Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut, also uvular). There are also nasals in the same places of articulation. In addition, there are three sibilants, and liquids and semivowels.
Morphology
Apparently shared elements of Uralo-Siberian morphology include the following:
| *-t | plural |
| *-k | dual |
| *m- | 1st person |
| *t- | 2nd person |
| *ka | interrogative pronoun |
| *-n | genitive case |
Uwe Seefloth reconstructed a verbal paradigm for Uralo-Siberian on Samoyedic and Eskimo-Aleut data.
Lexicon
Fortescue (1998) lists 95 lexical correspondence sets with reflexes in at least three of the four language families, and even more shared by two of the languages. Examples are *ap(p)a 'grandfather', *kað'a 'mountain' and many others.
Sources
- Knut Bergsland (1959) The Eskimo-Uralic hypothesis. Journal de la Societé Finno-Ougrienne, 61, 1-29.
- Michael Fortescue (1998) Language Relations across Bering Strait. ISBN 0-304-70330-3.
This article is derived from the Wikipedia article.
