Proto-Uralic/U: Difference between revisions

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(→‎PU *u_ə: rearrangin')
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! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh. *kåå/*oo, Smy. *u / _CC
! colspan="10"| Kh. *kåå/*oo, Smy. *u
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "pole"
Line 239: Line 239:
|-
|-
| "to go"
| "to go"
| *kulke- || *kolkɤ- ||style="color:green"| *koĺgə- || - || K. kɨlal- || '''halad-''' || - || *kååkəL- || '''*kəj-'''
| *kulkë- || *kolkɤ- ||style="color:green"| *koĺgə- || - || K. kɨlal- || '''halad-''' || - || *kååkəL- || '''*kəj-'''
| Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
| Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
|-
|-
| "(to) pee"
| "(to) pee"
| *kuse- || *końčɤ- || - ||style="color:green"| *kʊža- || '''*kudź-''' || huuɟ- || *kunć- || style="color:red"| '''*kos-''' || *kunsə-
| *kusë- || *końčɤ- || - ||style="color:green"| *kʊža- || '''*kudź-''' || huuɟ- || *kunć- || style="color:red"| '''*kos-''' || *kunsə-
|-
|-
| "flurry"
| "fire"
| *purku || *porkɤ || Er. porga- ~<br/>Mk. '''purga-''' || Me. purɣə- || K. pɨra || ''forr'' || ''*porkɤɤj'' || ''*porkaaj'' || *purət-
| *tuli || *tolɤ || *tol || *tʊl || *tɨl || - || - || - || *tuj
| ObU *por-ka? U. ''pur'' "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
|-
| "to spawn"
| *kutë- || *koðɤ- || - || - || K. '''kuĺmɨ-''' || || *kuĺəm || *kååj- || -
|-
|-
| "to swim"
| "to swim"
| *ui- || ''*vōjɤ-'' || '''*ujə-''' || '''*iä-''' || '''*uuj-''' || uus- || *uj- || *ooj/ć- || *uə-
| *ui- || ''*vōjɤ-'' || '''*ujə-''' || '''*iä-''' || '''*uuj-''' || uus- || *uj- || *ooj/ć- || *uə-
| Possibly originally *uj- rather tha *ujə-? S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
| Possibly originally *uj- rather tha *ujə-? S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
|-
| "skis"
| *suksi || - || *soks || - || - || - || ''*towt'' ||style="color:red"| '''*ɬok''' || *tutə
| *sukə, → *suk-sə outside Khanty?!
|-
|-
| "to kno"
| "to kno"
| *tunte- || *tomtɤ- || - || - || '''*tod-''' || tud- || - || - ||style="color:red"| *cumcə-
| *tuntë- || *tomtɤ- || - || - || '''*tod-''' || tud- || - || - ||style="color:red"| *cumcə-
| maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
| maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
|-
|-
| "to push"
| "to push"
| *puske- || *poskɤ- || - || Hi. pɤška- ~<br/>Me. '''püškä-''' || - || - || *puwt- || *pookəL- || -
| *puskë- || *poskɤ- || - || Hi. pɤška- ~<br/>Me. '''püškä-''' || - || - || *puwt- || *pookəL- || -
|-
| "ridge, cleft"
| *kuru/i- || *korɤ || - || *kʊrək || K. kɨr(j)- || hor- || - || ''*koor'' || -
| S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. ''guran'' "hole" may not belong
|-
|-
| "20"
| "20"
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| "dam, bridge"
| "dam, bridge"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || E. puwləl || *pookəL || *pulə
| - || - || - || - || - || - || E. puwləl || *pookəL || *pulə
| ~ F. '''*po/õlke-''' "to tread"?!
| ~ F. '''*po/õlkë-''' "to tread"?!
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh. *o, Smy. *o / _C (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
! colspan="10"| Ms. *o, Kh. *o (as if *-uCCa?)
|-
|-
| "turn, to get lost"
| "flurry"
| - || *jorɤ- || - || - || U. jɨromɨ-<br/>K. jɨr "depth" || †jorgo- "pity" || *jorəɣl- || *jorəɣL-, *jooɣər- || '''jü/urə-'''
| *purku || *porkɤ || Er. porga- ~<br/>Mk. '''purga-''' || Me. purɣə- || K. pɨra || ''forr'' || *porkɤɤj'' || *porkaaj || *purət-
| *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy ''jorä'' "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. '''jaar-''' "go" may not belong
| ObU *por-ka(j)? U. ''pur'' "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
|-
| "to spawn"
| *kute- || *koðɤ- || - || - || K. '''kuĺmɨ-''' ||  || *kuĺəm || '''*kååj-''' || -
|-
|-
| "to run out"
| "to run out"
| *kulu- || *kolɤ- || style="color:green"| *koĺə- || - || K. gɨlal- || hull-<br/>"to fall" || '''*kol-''' || *koLaa- || -
| *kulu- || *kolɤ- || style="color:green"| *koĺə- || - || K. gɨlal- || hull-<br/>"to fall" || *kol- || *koLaa- || -
|-
|-
| "ridge, cleft"
| "turn, to get lost"
| *kuru/i- || *korɤ || - || *kʊrək || K. kɨr(j)- || hor- || - || ''*koor'' || -
| - || *jorɤ- || - || - || U. jɨromɨ-<br/>K. jɨr "depth" || †jorgo- "pity" || *jorəɣl- || *jorəɣL-, *jooɣər- || j''ü''/urə-
| S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. ''guran'' "hole" may not belong
| *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy ''jorä'' "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. '''jaar-''' "go" may not belong
|-
|-
| "(to) coff"
| "skis"
| - || *kosɤ(-) || *koz(ə-) || - || *kɨz(ɨ)- || - || - || ''*kooL(-)'' || *kot(-)
| *suksi || - || *soks || - || - || - || *towt ||style="color:red"| '''*ɬok''' || *tutə
| *sukə, → *suk-sə outside Khanty?!
|-
|-
| "sno"
| "to row"
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| *loŋ || *lʊm || *lɨmɨ || lom || - || - || *jom-
| ''*sowta-'' || *sūkɤ- || - || *šua- || K. sɨn- || - || *tow- || *ɬoɣəl-,<br/>VVj '''ɬaaɣəŋt-''' || *tu-
|-
| *suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
| "bone"
| *luu || - || *lov''a''ža || *lu || *lɨ || - || *luw || *loɣ || '''*lɤ'''
| Mari CV → long
|-
| "to pass by"
| - || *molɤ- ||style="color:green"| *moĺə- || - || - || muul- || Tv ''mal-'' ~<br/>CMs *mul- || - || -
|-
| "to bite"
| *pure- || *porɤ- ||style="color:green"| *poŕə- || *pʊra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || *pur- || *por- || *por-
|-
| "to blo"
| *puhu-<br/>*puhalta- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || *put- || *poLaa- || Sk. ''puttu''?
| K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
|-
|-
| "to read"
| "to read"
| *luke- || *lokɤ- || Er. lovo- ~<br/>Mk. '''luvə-''' || *lʊða- || - || olvaš- || - ||style="color:red"| ''*loŋət-'' ? || -
| *lukë- || *lokɤ- || Er. lovo- ~<br/>Mk. '''luvə-''' || *lʊða- || - || olvaš- || - ||style="color:red"| ''*loŋət-'' ? || -
| H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-.
| H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-.
|-
| "lake"
| - || - || - || - || *tɨ || √tav- || Tv. ''too'' || *toɣ || *to
| PMs *tow? SKh ''tew''
|-
| "side"
| - || - || - || - || K vɨj || - || *wujəl || - || -
| Tv ''wɤjəl''
|-
| "hut"
| - || - || - || - || U. tɨlɨs || - || *tul || - || -
| Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi  ← Baltic *tala-
|-
| "steep"
| - || - || - || - || *ńɨl- || - || *ńultəŋ || - || -
|-
|-
| "summer"
| "summer"
| *suvi || '''*sɤŋɤ-''' || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *tuj || *ɬoŋ || '''*təŋ'''
| *suvi || '''*sɤŋɤ-''' || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *tuj || *ɬoŋ || ''*təŋ''
|-
| Smy cf. *piŋə "tooth" → *pəj "flint"
| "to come"
| *tule- || *tolɤ- || - || '''*tola-''' || - || '''talaal-''' || - || - || *toj-
|-
| "fire"
| *tuli || *tolɤ || *tol || *tʊl || *tɨl || - || - || - || ''*tuj''
|-
|-
| "to learn"
| "to learn"
| - || - || *tona- || *tʊne- || '''*tuun--''' || '''*tanul-''' || - || - || *təntå-
| - || - || *ton''a-'' || *tʊne- || '''*tuun--''' || '''*tanul-''' || - || - || *tən-tå-
| *-a or *-ə?
| *-a or *-ə?
|-
| "new"
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od ||style="color:brown"| *u || *vɨĺ || uuj || - || - || -
| Mari CV → long. F. length from *wu-?
|-
| "cover"
| - || NS '''goaran''' || - || - || - || - || N. xuri || *kor || -
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
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|-
|-
| "mouth"
| "mouth"
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || šu || - || '''saaj''' || *suup, *saw? || *sooɣaa || *so
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || šu || - || '''saaj''' || *suup, *saw? || *so₂ɣaa || *so
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| in FP only
! colspan="10"| in FP only
|-
|-
| "to cram"
| "to cram"
| *cuŋke- || *coŋkɤ- ||style="color:red"| *toŋgə- || '''*čʏŋɣər''' || K. čɨgəm ||style="color:red"| - || - || - || -
| *cuŋkë- || *coŋkɤ- ||style="color:red"| *toŋgə- || '''*čʏŋɣər''' || K. čɨgəm ||style="color:red"| - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. ''dug'' "to squeeze" (& Ms ''*tokr-''?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
| FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. ''dug'' "to squeeze" (& Ms ''*tokr-''?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
|-
|-
Line 392: Line 352:
|-
|-
| "to depart"
| "to depart"
| *urke- || - || orgo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *urkë- || - || orgo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to enquire"
| "to enquire"
| *utele- || *ocɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *utëlë- || *ocɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Long (?)
! colspan="10"| Long (?)
|-
|-
| "to hear"
| "to hear"
| *kuule- || *kūlɤ- ||style="color:green"| *kuĺə- || '''*kola-''' || *kɨl- || ''hall-'' ||style="color:green"| '''*kʷaal-''' || '''*kåål-''' || -
| *kuulë- || *kūlɤ- ||style="color:green"| *kuĺə- || '''*kola-''' || *kɨl- || ''hall-'' ||style="color:green"| '''*kʷaal-''' || '''*kåål-''' || -
| Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
| Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
|-
|-
Line 406: Line 366:
| *tuuli || - || - || Me. tul || ''*tɤl'' || - || - || - || -
| *tuuli || - || - || Me. tul || ''*tɤl'' || - || - || - || -
| or something like *ëw?
| or something like *ëw?
|-
| "to ro"
| ''*sowta-'' || *sūkɤ- || - || *šua- || K. sɨn- || - || *tow- || *ɬoɣəl-,<br/>VVj '''ɬaaɣəŋt-''' || *tu-
| *suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
|-
|-
| "sheep"
| "sheep"
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|-
|-
| "to kill; death"
| "to kill; death"
| *sure- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *suur- || -
| *surë- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *suur- || -
|-
|-
| "eyebrows; temple"
| "eyebrows; temple"
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| *hupa || Er. čova ~<br/> Mk. ''šuva'' || - || - || - || šovaań || - || - || -
| *hupa || Er. čova ~<br/> Mk. ''šuva'' || - || - || - || šovaań || - || - || -
| *č-
| *č-
|-
| "to feel"
| *muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə- || - || muje- || *mooa- ||style="color:red"| ''*mååď-'' || - || ''mu(u)t-'' || *muuj- || -
| Rather *o
|-
|-
| "door"
| "door"
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|-
|-
| "moss"
| "moss"
| - || - || - || - || K ńɨč(k) || - || - || - || *ńåTA-
| - || - || - || - || K. ńɨč(k) || - || - || - || *ńåč(ɜ)
|-
|-
| "to flay"
| "to flay"
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|-
|-
| "fir"
| "fir"
| - || - || - || *nʊlɣə || *ńɨl ||  || ''*ńulV'' || *ńalkə || #ńulkV
| - || - || - || *nʊlɣə || *ńɨl ||  || ''*ńulɤɤ'' || *ńalkɯɯ || *ńulkå
| *ńulə-ka?
|-
|-
| "to rest"
| "to rest"

Revision as of 16:11, 21 October 2013

PU *u_a

F. *u_a, S. *o_ē, Mo. *o_a, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *o/a, H. o/uu, Smy. *ə

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Kh. *oo / _C
"to plait" *puno- *ponē- *pona- *pʊne- *pɨn- fon- *pon- *poonəɬ- *pən-
"facing down" *kumo/a- *komō- *koma- *kʊmə- *kɨm- hom- *kom- *koom-,
W. *kom-		 *kəmə-
"egg" *muna *monē *mona *mʊnə - moń *man *mooɳ *mənå
"to squeeze" *puserta- *počē- - *pʊnćə- *pɨdźɨrt- fačar- *pos- *poosər- - H. a / _[-voice]?
"stream" *voo *uvē ~ *ɤvē - - - - *ow- E. *ooɣ-,
W. aw		 -
"to hang" - *ko/ɤcō- - *kečə- *kɨš- - *kaš- *kooč- -
"cloudberry" *muura- - - *mor-aak *moor-ək *mərå-ŋkå Check AASmy
"mud" *kura - - - - - *kor- *koor -
"ice crust" - *čoðē - - - - *šaĺ *sooj -
"path" - - - - - - *jaš *jooč - Fi. juntu may be unrelated
Kh. *o / _CC
"feather" *sulka *tolkē *tolga - *tɨlɨ toll *towəl *tokəɬ *tuə Cf. #tuxlə
"stern" *tuhto *totkō - Hi. tɤktɤ K. tɨk tat *tokət *tokət *tətə F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn. H. a / _[-voice]?
"to extinguish" *kus-tu- (…?) *kopsē- - - *kusɨ- - - *kopəɬ- *kəptå-
"bubble" *kupla *koplē - *kʊwəl - hoĺag *kɯwl *komḷəŋ - *-ml-?
"marten" Es. nugis - - - *n/ńiź ńust *ńoks *ńokəs TN noxo Fi. nois
"lip" *turpa
"muzzle"		 - *tərva *tʏrwə *tɨrpɨ - - N. *torəp - or Kh ← K.
"death" *surma - - - - - N. sorəm *sorəm - *śurə-ma, cf. "to kill". Ms. ← Kh?
"wide" - *komtē - *kʊmda - - - *komət -
"net" - - - - K. tɨl - *toləɣ W. *toxəɬ - *tulka or *tula-ka?
"to come" - - - - - jut- *jokt- *jokət- - Cf. *ju/ota-?
"to become wet" - - - - U. pɨč- - *poš- *poč- #pət¹å- *pučča-!
Kh. *o, no clear cluster
"to melt, molten" *sula(-) - *sola(-) *šʊle- *sɨl(-) ol(vad) *talaa- *ɬoɬaa- -
"(to) bore" *pura *porē
"edge"		 - - *pɨr fuur Tv. porɤɤ *por *pəråjŋ Cf. IE
"crook'd" *kura, *kurja? - - - *kɨr- - - *kor *kərå -r- or -rj-?
"to blink" - - *końa-/ə- *kʊme- *kuń- huń- *koń- *koń- *kəńə- F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear".
"morning" - - - - - hol- *kol *kol- *kərə
indistinct
"to hit" *putot- *poðō- - pʊðə- U. pɨĺ- ~ K. peĺ - *poĺ- - *pəjä- Check Ma. Smy *-ä after *ðʲ. H. faaj- "hurt" may not belong
"land" *muta *moðē moda - - - - - *məjå
"to become happy" *muja- (…?)
"to smile"		 *mojē- - - - - - - *məjə-
"back" *muka- - - - - *məkå
"to tell" *jutte- - jofta- - - *jaats-
"to play"		 - - *jəptə- H. a / _[-voice]?
"block of wood" *luta *lotē - - - - - - *jəčə *-t- or *-č-?
"10" - *lokē - *lu *lɨd - *low - - Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"
"cloud(y)" Fi. kumuri - Er. kovol - K. kɨmɤr homaaĺ N. xom- - -
"narrowing" - *čorō - - *śuur sor- *sarɯɯ *sart -
"male" *uros *orēs - - - uur - - -
"to push" *surva/u- - - *šʊre- - suur- - - -
"to strangle" Es. poo- *pūvē- *pova- - *pɤd(ɨ)- fuul- - - - check other SF? Kh. *pɯɯk- "to go sour" may not belong
"to fish w/net" - *koltē- - - - - *kult- *kåålt- Sk. qoldɛi- *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
"to cross water" - *mokcē- - - - - - - *məčå-
"dew" *lɤpsē ĺe/akš *lʊpš K. lɨs - - - *jəptå- S. *o → ɤ / _p
"(to) crumble" *mure- *moarrɤ- - - - morža *mur- *moorəj- *mərə- S. *morē and F. in part ← Gmc? H. also mar- "to bite".
"finger" - *sūvðē - - - ujj *tuĺaa' *ɬååj *təjå
"major river" *juka *jokɤ - - - - - - *jəkå + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki?
"axe; knife" - *čorkkō - - - - N. śoxri *ćo(o)kər - OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
in FP only
"to weave" *kuto- *koðē- *koda- *koe- *kɨ(j)- - - - -
"hill" *kumpa/u *kompō komba - *gɨb - - - - ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
"outside" *ulko- *olkō- - - K. ɨlɤ- - - - -
"lazy" *tuhma *tosmē - - K. dɨš - - - - ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
"hair, bundle" *tukka/u - - #čuka *čɨk- - - - - also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
"destruction; fight" Fi. tuho - - - *tɨšk - - - -
"to rummage" *purka- *porkē- Er. purga- *pʊrɣə- - - - - - F. "dismantle"
"to bewitch" *lumot- *lomō- - *lʊmə- - - - - -
"god" *jumala - *jon-dol
"lightning"		 *jʊmə - - - - - + Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ?
"bowl" *kuppV *skoppē kopo - - - - - - ← IE in some way?
"to yelp, sob" - *noskē- Er. noska- - - - - - - F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
""

PU *u_ə

→ F. *u_i, S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o(CCə), Ma. *ʊC/*u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *u

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Kh. *kåå/*oo, Smy. *u
"pole" - *olkɤ Mk. olga - K. ɨl - *ula N. *ooɭ *uj F. ulku ← S. OU better here than ~ F vuoli. OU aawla/oxəL something else?
"to go" *kulkë- *kolkɤ- *koĺgə- - K. kɨlal- halad- - *kååkəL- *kəj- Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
"(to) pee" *kusë- *końčɤ- - *kʊža- *kudź- huuɟ- *kunć- *kos- *kunsə-
"fire" *tuli *tolɤ *tol *tʊl *tɨl - - - *tuj
"to spawn" *kutë- *koðɤ- - - K. kuĺmɨ- *kuĺəm *kååj- -
"to swim" *ui- *vōjɤ- *ujə- *iä- *uuj- uus- *uj- *ooj/ć- *uə- Possibly originally *uj- rather tha *ujə-? S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
"to kno" *tuntë- *tomtɤ- - - *tod- tud- - - *cumcə- maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
"to push" *puskë- *poskɤ- - Hi. pɤška- ~
Me. püškä-		 - - *puwt- *pookəL- -
"ridge, cleft" *kuru/i- *korɤ - *kʊrək K. kɨr(j)- hor- - *koor - S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong
"20" - - komś - *kɨź huus *kus *kåås - *ms → *ws → *s in Ug.?
"tube" *pucki *pockɤ *počkə *pʊč *pučk - - - *pučə P. "inside"
"ant" *kutki *kotkɤ Er. kotkodav *kʊtkə *koot - - - TN xudumka
"crane" *kurki *kōrkɤ *kargə - - - - - *kəro
"dam, bridge" - - - - - - E. puwləl *pookəL *pulə ~ F. *po/õlkë- "to tread"?!
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Ms. *o, Kh. *o (as if *-uCCa?)
"flurry" *purku *porkɤ Er. porga- ~
Mk. purga-		 Me. purɣə- K. pɨra forr *porkɤɤj *porkaaj *purət- ObU *por-ka(j)? U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
"to run out" *kulu- *kolɤ- *koĺə- - K. gɨlal- hull-
"to fall"		 *kol- *koLaa- -
"turn, to get lost" - *jorɤ- - - U. jɨromɨ-
K. jɨr "depth"		 †jorgo- "pity" *jorəɣl- *jorəɣL-, *jooɣər- jü/urə- *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy jorä "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. jaar- "go" may not belong
"skis" *suksi - *soks - - - *towt *ɬok *tutə *sukə, → *suk-sə outside Khanty?!
"to row" *sowta- *sūkɤ- - *šua- K. sɨn- - *tow- *ɬoɣəl-,
VVj ɬaaɣəŋt-		 *tu- *suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
"to read" *lukë- *lokɤ- Er. lovo- ~
Mk. luvə-		 *lʊða- - olvaš- - *loŋət- ? - H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-.
"summer" *suvi *sɤŋɤ- - - - - *tuj *ɬoŋ *təŋ Smy cf. *piŋə "tooth" → *pəj "flint"
"to learn" - - *tona- *tʊne- *tuun-- *tanul- - - *tən-tå- *-a or *-ə?
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"moon" *kuu - *koŋ - - hoov - *kow *kïj LuS kuojijti- ← *kaja
"mouth" *suu *čovɤ, *čontɤk - šu - saaj *suup, *saw? *so₂ɣaa *so
in FP only
"to cram" *cuŋkë- *coŋkɤ- *toŋgə- *čʏŋɣər K. čɨgəm - - - - FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. dug "to squeeze" (& Ms *tokr-?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
"tip, sharp thing" *hui *sōjɤ - - *šɨ ~ *ši - - - - S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
"to press" - *norɤ- - - *nɨr- - - - -
"to sharpen" - *čokɤ- Er. śuvo- *šua- - - - - - Check Ma.
"sleep" *uni - on - - - - - - ← IE?
"to depart" *urkë- - orgo- - - - - - -
"to enquire" *utëlë- *ocɤ- - - - - - - -
Long (?)
"to hear" *kuulë- *kūlɤ- *kuĺə- *kola- *kɨl- hall- *kʷaal- *kåål- - Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
"wind" *tuuli - - Me. tul *tɤl - - - - or something like *ëw?
"sheep" *uuhi ~ *utti - uča *ʊžɣa *ɨž - *aaš *aač - ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu
"6" *kuuci *kūtɤ *kotə *kut *kwať hat *kaat *kuut -
"trough, scoop" F kuiri/u - - - *gɨr - *kʷaaro *kuurə #kuj
"to call" *kuccu- *koččō- - - - - - *kuuć- -
"herd of reindeer" - *čorɤk - - - - *šaar- *suur -
"to kill; death" *surë- - - - - - - *suur- -
"eyebrows; temple" *kulma - - - - - - *kuuĺəm - S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
"lip; mouth" *huuli ? - - - - - *ɬuuL - What does does S. *sūlɤ "approx." have to do with this?
"birch" - - - - *kɨdź - *koš- *kuuńć - If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es-
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F u ~ M u/∅ (probably adstratal)
"stem" *runko *roŋkē Er. rungo
~ Mk ronga		 - - - - - - ← Gmc *skrunkaz
"bump" *muhka *mokšē Er. muška - - - - - - ~ Ru. myška "mousie"?
"wood" *huhta - *šuftə - - - - - - ← Ir. #čukta- "lit (on fire)"
"broken" *luhVj - *luža- - - - - - -
"to wash" *huhto- - *kšta- - - - - - - *šukšta-
"lichen" *luppV *lɤppō - nupəń
To sort
"grass" *nurmi *ńormɤ - - - - *ńuurəm *ńåårəm -
"sack" - *pūðā - - - - - - *påtə #powtɜ??
"top" F. sukka *čokkɤ - - *ćuuk - *ćak- *ćäk *sok
"body" - *korōntē - - - - *kur- *kor #kər Check Smy.
"tin, lead" - - - *wulnə - oon *olən *oolnə
"curve" *mutka - - - - - - - *måcə
"frost" *kuura *korā - - *gɤɤr har - - -
"pole" - *sosō *šočko - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"him/her" *hän *son son - U. so ~ K. sɨ öö *täw *ɬöɣ - *u ~ *ü
"prod" *tutka- *tūðkē Er. totka (!!) - U. tuĺɨm tööɟ *täĺək *töj *təjkå *u ~ *ü
"(to) shit" *paska *pɤškɤ *pəśkiźe- *pʊškəða- - foš *poć *poć - S. *o → *ɤ / p_?
"clump" *puŋka *pūŋkē pokoĺ - U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ - *paak #pooŋkəḷ - H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle"
"reindeer knee" - *pūnčēs - - U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs - - - *punsV K. M > F /_Ć ?
"narrow, top" *suppa *čūppɤ, NS čoppe - - *śoop-,
K. ćup		 sup-,
čuup		 - - - F. suippu from × huippu
"(to) dry" *kujva(-) Lu. kuife - - - - - *kojəm- -
"thin" *hupa Er. čova ~
Mk. šuva		 - - - šovaań - - - *č-
"door" *uksi *ūksɤ - - *ɤs - - - - Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
"groove, path" *ura - ur- - - - *uuraj #wuuri - Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove"
"udder" *utar - odar *wadar - - - - - ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade
"ash; lye" - *kūnɤ - *kon K. kun - - - - at least S ← IE; maybe Ma/K *kanə
"to lose; to spoil; to hide" *hukkat- - - *čɨk- - čuk- - - #təkå- Or F. ← Gmc *sukka
"pole" - L. sosso *čočkə - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"collar" - - - - - - *rɤɤkʷ *rook - Rather *o? Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
"to chew, gnaw" - - - - - raag- "L. rågn-" - *luŋkəj-
"lily, onion" - - - - - - T taŋkəl VV *ɬooɣəɭ #tokul *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh?
"to divide" - - - - *šɨr- irt-, †ort- - *ɬort- *tarV-
"mortar" *huhmar ~ Ka huumar - *šovar *šuar - - - - -
"gruel" F huttu
"down; beard" F untuva - - - - - - - #muntV- Bad. Slk *untə
"be forgotten" *unV-hta- - - - *vun(et)- - - - - F better from "sleep"
"up" - - - - - - *num *nuum, *nååmən #num, Sk *nom
"up" - - - - - - - *nuuk #ńAŋtV Cf. prev.
"to scrape" Fi. nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha- - *nozərda- *nuže- - - - *noL- *nət- *nuSja-?
"moss" - - - - K. ńɨč(k) - - - *ńåč(ɜ)
"to flay" - - - - U ńi/ɨj- ńuuz- Tv nooj-, *ńuj- - - "see *ńowə-"
"fir" - - - *nʊlɣə *ńɨl *ńulɤɤ *ńalkɯɯ *ńulkå *ńulə-ka?
"to rest" - - Er. nuvśe-,
Mo. nuva-		 - - ńug(os)- *ńuunt- *ńooɣəL- *ńuŋ(əś)-
"midge" - - - *lʊməj U nɨmɨ ~ K nom - - - -
"midge" - - - (*lʊmə) U ĺum - *ĺVməj - -
"club" *nuhja ~ *nujja - - nöšle- U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k) - - - -
"marten" - - - *lʊj - - "loisa" - Sk lokka, Ma lui
"downstream" - *lū- - - - - *luuj- *laŋa
"wet" Es lopp(a) - *lop(a)- *lʊp- K lap- - - - -
"weak" - - - *lʊš(kə)- K. lɨškɨd - - - -
"horse" - - - - - √lov- *luw *laaw-, V looɣ- - also F. lupo "stallion"?
"middle" - - - - - - - *jäčə *jončV
"to bind" - - - - *jɨt- - - - FN jūťe-
"pine" - - - - - - *ji(i)w *juuɣ *jɤ best *jëxə?
"fierce; strong" F julma - - - *joonm- - - - -
"inside" - - - - - joh, juh *juw, *jun *jo(o)ɣ -
"hump" *mukula - - *mʊɣəĺ *mɨĺ(i) - - - - -ĺ-??
"back" - - - *tup U. tɨbɨr top - - -
"neck" *turja
"nape"		 - - - - torok *tur *tuu₁r - *turə-ja? + H. tarja "crest etc."
"to break" - - - *tuɣe- U. tijal- - - - -
"kernel" *tuuma, F tuma - *toŋ Hi. toŋ ~ Me. tomə - - - - - #towŋɜ??
"to fill" F. tuppat- - *topaftə-,
*topəďə-		 - - - - - -
"stiff" *turta - - *turta- K. tural- - - - -
"to observe" - - - *tʊšle- U. dɨšɨ- - - - - medial??
"sorcery" - - - - - taaltoš *tooLt - Maybe *o. NMs tuultən "light, easy" semantically bad
"knife" *kuraks *korɤ - - - - - - *kəru *-a/-ə?
"many; very" - *olō - - - - - - Ne. ŋuuĺii
"to be still" - *orō- - - - - - - Ne. ŋoraa-
"hollow" Fi. uuma - - - - - *wum *oompə Ne. *ŋaamaat
"birch bark vessel; bark" - - - - - - *kus *koćək *kaså F. kosio ← S. *kōššē ← IE *kʷasjo-.
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