Proto-Uralic/Ä: Difference between revisions
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m (→Std. PU *ä_ə) |
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Line 255: | Line 255: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "moment" | | "moment" | ||
| | | Fi. '''hetki''' ~ Ka. hätki || - || style="color:red"| '''ška''' || - || *čož || - || - || - || - | ||
| WTF? | | WTF? | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 287: | Line 287: | ||
| "part" | | "part" | ||
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || - | | - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || - | ||
| cf. | | cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "back" | | "back" | ||
| | | Fi. '''perä'''<br/>~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || - | ||
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ | | ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 369: | Line 369: | ||
| "paw" | | "paw" | ||
| *käppä || - || käpä || - || - || - || - || - || - | | *käppä || - || käpä || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| Cf. prev, also | | Cf. prev, also Fi. käpälä | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "this" | | "this" | ||
Line 406: | Line 406: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "bone" | | "bone" | ||
| | | Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || - | ||
| F. "leftovers" | | F. "leftovers" | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 421: | Line 421: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "power" | | "power" | ||
| '''*tarmo''', | | '''*tarmo''', Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || '''*tiiriŋ''' || '''*täärəm''' || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "star" | | "star" | ||
Line 430: | Line 430: | ||
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || - | | *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| With Khanty *ää (most spotty) | ! colspan="10"| With Khanty *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə) | ||
|- | |||
| "to cut" | |||
| ''*vejci''<br/>Võ. väitś || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || vees- || - || *wäänć- || - | |||
| #wänśə. F. "knife" | |||
|- | |||
| "girl" | |||
| ''*nejt--''<br/>Võ. näio || *nējtɤ || E. ''ńi'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nääj<br/>"lady" || *nääj<br/>"lady" || *nä | |||
| *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "roach; ruffe" | | "roach; ruffe" | ||
| | | *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || - | ||
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (*särkä) | | Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (← *särkä?) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "soft" | | "soft" | ||
Line 455: | Line 463: | ||
| - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || ''maɣ-'' || *määɣ || | | - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || ''maɣ-'' || *määɣ || | ||
| Newer II loans? | | Newer II loans? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "tail" | | "tail" | ||
Line 536: | Line 540: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "weak" | | "weak" | ||
| - || - || - || | | - || - || - || *länćəra || K. ĺić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "backside" | | "backside" | ||
Line 559: | Line 563: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "bay, lake" | | "bay, lake" | ||
| - || - || - || - || U kal- ~ K. kel- || || ''* | | - || - || - || - || U kal- ~ K. kel- || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || Sk. ''kweĺ ~ köl'' | ||
| P. *aa / _l ? | | P. *aa / _l ? | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 652: | Line 656: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "rare; open" | | "rare; open" | ||
| - || - || - || - || U. šer || - || *täärəɣ || * | | - || - || - || - || U. šer || - || *täärəɣ || *Lii₂r(tV) || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "otter" | | "otter" |
Revision as of 09:47, 19 October 2013
→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ä, Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ *öö next to a velar), Smy. *ä
Std. PU *ä_ə
→ S. *ē_ɤ (ā_ō)
Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!) | ||||||||||
"to fill" | *täwci | - | - | *tić | *dol- | tel- | *tääɣəl | *teeL | *tärə | S. *teavtɤ ← F. |
"rope" | *kewci | *kēvðɤ | - | - | *kol | - | *kʷääləɣ | *kööLəɣ | *kürə | Smy *äw → *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ käütämä "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari *kəl ← P. |
"sister-in-law" | *kälü | *kālōj | kel | - | U. kaĺi ~ K. kel | - | - | *kööLə | *kälü | Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëĺ → el? |
"to freeze" | (*jääty-) | - | - | - | K. 'jed- | - | *jäänt- | *jentəɭ- | *jäŋ-ta. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden" | |
"joint" | *jäsen | - | jäźńä | Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. jɤžəŋ | *joz | iiz | - | - | - | Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə → je ?? |
"to order" | *käske- | - | - | *küštə- | *kos | |||||
"thigh" | *sääri | - | śäjäŕ | - | K. ćɤr | - | - | - | - | *śäxərə better than *śäjərə |
Permic *i (with a lost medial?) | ||||||||||
"" | ||||||||||
"osprey; gull" | *sääksi | *čēkčɤ | - | - | K. ćikći | - | *siɣs | *sii₁ɣəs | - | some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots? |
"hand" | *käti | *kētɤ | käď | *kit | *ki | keez | *käät | *kööt | - | |
"power" | *väki | *vēkɤ | vij | *vij | *vi | vele- ? | *wääɣ | *wööɣ | - | Ma. *ej → *ij |
Permic *ɨ (_R?), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i | ||||||||||
"tongue" | *keeli | *kēlɤ | *käĺ | - | *kɨl | - | *kääl | *kööL | *käə- | Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P. |
"broth" | *leemi | *lēmɤ | *ĺäm | *lem | U. lɨm | lee | *lääm | - | *jäm- | K. ĺem "jelly" rather ← *ðʲümä |
"pole" | *peeli | - | Mk. päĺ | - | - | feel- | - | - | - | |
"mind" | *meeli | *mēlɤ | *mäĺ | - | *mɨl | - | - | - | - | |
"side" | *veeri | *vērɤ | *väŕə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
"to swallo" | *neele- | *ńēlɤ- | *ńiĺə- | *nela- | *ńɨl(ɨ)- | ńel- | *ńääl- | *ńeeL- | *nɤl- | Mo. *ää → *ee in open syllables? |
"to drink" | *seeme- | - | *śimə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. *ää → *ee in open syllables? |
"lung" | *tävü | - | ťevlav | - | *tɨ | tüdöö | - | - | *täjwä ? | Cf. "to fill" |
"air" | *sää | - | - | - | K. sɨnɤd | eeg | - | - | - | *säŋi |
"to enter" | - | - | - | *pʊre- | *pɨr- | feer- | - | - | - | Or *pura- with H irregular |
"woodpecker" | *kärki | - | *käŕgä | *kerɣə | *kɨr | - | - | - | - | |
"to press" | - | - | *ńäŕgə- | - | *nɨr- | - | - | *nööɣər- | - | (AA, p.c.) |
"nose" | - | *nērɤ | *ńäŕ | *ner | *nɨr | - | - | *niir | *ńärə | |
"breast" | - | *mēlkɤ | *mäĺkɜ | *mel | U. mɨl | mell | *määɣəl | *mööɣəL | - | F. *mälvi "bird breast? |
"mare" | Liv. keev | *kēvɤ | - | |||||||
Remainder | ||||||||||
"mound" | *mättäs | *mēktɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *mäktə | |
"to hide" | *kätke- | - | *käkšə- | |||||||
"cradle" | *kätküt | *kētkɤ- | - | - | U. kɤkɨ | - | - | - | *kätə- | Cf. prev. |
"string" | *jänti | - | - | - | - | ideg | *jääntəɣ | *jöntəɣ | *jänti | |
"a bird" | E. ähk | - | *šäkšəj | *ćećkem | K. čakčej | - | - | - | - | |
"ice" | *jää | *jēŋɤ | *jäŋ | *ij | *jɤɤ | jeeg | *jääŋk | *jööŋk | *jaŋ- | *jäŋi. Ma. *ej → *ij |
"to become cold" | *jäähty- | *jēŋsō- | jäkše- | *jükše- | - | - | - | *jöɣLi- | - | *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ?? |
"head" | *pää | *pēŋɤ | pe | - | *pooŋ | fej | *pääŋk | - | - | NMs puŋk? |
"louse" | *täi | - | - | *tij | U. tej ~ K. toj | tetüü | *tääkmə | *tööɣtəm | - | S. *tíkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *ej → *ij |
"to wrap" | *keer-tä-, *kääri- | *kērɤ- | *käärɤk | *keerää | *kär- | Cf. "to bind", *kêrə | ||||
"to see" | *näke- | *nēkɤ- | näj- | - | U. naal- ? | neez- | *näɣəl-, *niiɣəl- | *nii- | - | |
"bit, to cut" | *säŋki | *čēŋkɤ- | śive- | - | *ćeeg- | seg- | *sääŋk- | *sööŋk- | - | |
"near" | *lähe- | - | - | *lišnə | - | - | - | - | *jät- | Cf. *läkte- |
"to suffer" | *kärsi- | *kērtɤ- | *kiŕďə- | *kerð/ta- | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc. *hardja- |
"warm" | *lämpe- | - | *ĺämbɜ | *leewə | - | - | - | *jämpə- | Smy. "clothes" | |
"trace" | *jälki | - | - | - | - | jel | - | *jääɣəɭ | *jä | Smy. "foot" |
"lichen on trees" | - | *jēvjɤmē | - | - | - | - | - | *jeej | *jüjə | Pre-Smy *äw → *ü ? |
"heavy" | *läülV | *lēvlɤ | - | *lelə | - | - | - | - | - | Ms. *ĺuuĺ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong |
"to trust" | - | - | - | - | - | mer- | *määr- | - | - | |
"to dive" | - | - | - | - | - | meriit- | *määrəkt- | *merət- | - | |
"net" | - | - | - | - | - | meet | *määkt | *mööɣət | - | |
"warm" | - | - | - | - | - | meleg | *määli | *meeLək | - | |
"to bind" | - | - | - | - | - | ńeek | *niiɣ- | *neeɣəj- | - | |
"saddle" | - | - | - | - | - | ńerëg | *ńäɣər | *nööɣər | - | or rather *i? |
"" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
*ä_a, etc.
→ F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē
Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Permic *o | ||||||||||
"winter" | *talvi | *tālvē | Er. ťeĺe, Mk. ƭaĺa | *tel(ə) | *tol | teel | *tääl | *teləɣ | - | |
"to load" | *sälyttä- | - | - | - | K. sɤl- | ell- | *tääl- | *ɬeeL- | *tij- | or -ə?? |
"to cut" | *sälä | *čālē- | - | *šela- | *ćol- | sel- | *sil- | *süüL- | *sälä- | |
"side" | *peeli | *pealē | *päĺ, *päĺɜ | *pel | *pol | feel | *pääl | *peeLək | *pälä | BF length by analogy of *veeri, *pooli? |
"to wade" | *koole- | *kālē- | *käĺə- | *kela-, *kelðə- | *köl-, *kolt- | kel- | *kʷääl- | *küüL- | - | F. *kaalat- ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net" |
"an animal" | Es. veis | *vāðōk | vedraš | *wʏĺə | *vol | - | - | *welə | - | FSM "cow", Ma&P "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Looks like several roots (cf. Gmc *weθruz, L. vitulus etc.) |
"smoke hole" | *räppänä | *reapēnē | - | - | *ropɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
"to turn" | *kääntä- | - | - | - | *kož- | - | - | - | - | |
"scab" | *loomi | - | E. ĺeme | Hi. lim ~ Me. lümö | *lom | - | - | - | - | |
"to ruminate" | *mär-ehti- | *smērēcē- | - | - | *roməćtɨ- | - | - | - | Looks substratal, P. metathesis? | |
"kidney" | - | - | - | *werɣə | K. vɤrk | - | - | - | - | |
"iron" | - | - | kšńi | *kʏrtńe | *kort | - | - | - | - | ← Ir. *kaart- |
"moment" | Fi. hetki ~ Ka. hätki | - | ška | - | *čož | - | - | - | - | WTF? |
"ring" | - | - | - | *jər | *jor | - | - | - | Ne. jorka ? | |
Permic *i (medial loss?) | ||||||||||
"sun" | *päjvä | *peajvē | - | - | K. bi | - | - | - | *päjwä | |
"larch" | - | - | - | - | K. ńia | - | CMs *ńik | *nääŋk | - | Medials messy. PMs *ä possible |
With Mo. *i, Permic ɨ~o | ||||||||||
"beaver" | *majaka | *mājēkē | mijav | - | U. mɨj ~ K. moj | - | - | - | - | |
"to depart" | *läkte- | *lēktɤ- | *ĺixte- | *lääkta- | U. lɨkt- ~ K. lokt- | - | *ɬii₁ɣət- | - | well obviously *läktə- | |
Udm e ~ Komi ɤ (largely irregular) | ||||||||||
"root, vein" | Liv. sūoŕ | *sārē | - | *šer | U. ser | eer | *täär | *ɬeer | - | F. *soori ← *sarə |
"part" | - | - | - | "рызе" | *re/ɤć | rees | -rFś | - | - | cf. Fi. räsä "broken", unless a variant of risa; Ms. dmnt. |
"back" | Fi. perä ~ E. pära |
- | *pŕa | - | be/ɤr | - | *pärəɣ | *pertaɣ | - | ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ |
"gall" | *sappi? | *sāppē | *säpɜ | - | se/ɤp | epe | *tääp | - | - | also F. cf. Gmc. *sap- |
"moth" | *koi | ES *koajɤ | Er. ki | Me. kije | ke/ɤj | - | Tv kij, käj | *keej | - | F. from *kooji ← *kajə; S ← F? |
"to bind" | - | - | kärks | *kera- | ge/ɤrd, ke/ɤrt- | kür-, küür- | *kiir- | *kiir- | Cf. "to wrap" | |
"to find place" | - | - | - | - | *te/ɤrɨ- | teer- | - | - | - | |
"to prepare" | - | *lāčē- | - | *lɪšte- | le/ɤśal- | |||||
"hemp" | - | - | - | *kəńe | ke/ɤn | - | - | - | - | Wanderwort. |
"to freeze" | - | - | - | Hi. kiže- | ke/ɤdź- | - | - | - | *kə̈nsä- | or *kinśä with K. irregular? |
With Komi /e/ | ||||||||||
"needle" | *äjmä | *ājmē | - | *imə | K. jem | - | - | - | *äjmä | Ma. *ej → *i. Also cf. U. veń |
"bog" | - | *jeaŋkē | - | - | K. jeg | - | *jääŋk | *jööŋk | - | Fi. jänkä prob. ← S. |
"lasso" | *lämsä | *lāmčē | - | - | K. leć | - | *liis | *liis | - | |
"worm" | - | - | - | - | K. perk | feerëg | *päärk | - | - | *a-stem per no rk-metathesis |
"flap" | *läppä | *lēpɤ | - | *leweða | U. ĺip ~ K. lep | lep | *liip | - | - | Mari cf. F. *lewedä "wide" |
"to reach" | - | - | - | - | K. šergɤd- | eer- | *täärt- | *ɬeerəmt- | - | |
"to fly" | - | - | - | - | *löb- | lebëg-, libëg- | - | - | - | Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ?? |
"board" | *parti | - | - | *börd | - | *päärt | *peert | - | cf. Gmc *burd; F. *parti possibly via another route | |
remainder | ||||||||||
"twig" | - | *sāŋkē | - | *šeŋge | - | eek | - | *ɬöŋk | - | |
"to breathe" | *läkähtä- | - | läka- | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB no palz. in Mo? |
"friend" | - | *lāvē | - | - | - | - | N. leekʷ | *ɬöɣ | - | Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU? |
"paw" | *käpsä | - | - | *küpš | U. kus- ~ K. kɨs, kɤs | - | *kʷät | *kööpəL | - | |
"paw" | *käppä | - | käpä | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev, also Fi. käpälä |
"this" | *tä-mä | *tā | tä | Hi. ti ~ Me. tɤ | *ta | te- | *ti | *te ? | *tê- | East *tê, if not rel. to "that" |
"these" | *nä-mä | *nā | nä | Hi. ni ~ Me. tɤ | K. na | -ni, -ne | *-nää | *-nä | *nä | Ugr. lativ |
"ass" | - | - | - | *šeŋgə | - | šegg | *sääŋkʷ | - | *čɤŋkå | *č not palatalized in Smy? |
"tongue" | - | *ńālmē | - | *ńəlmə | - | ńelv, ńeev | *ńiiləm | *ńääLəm | *nåjmå | *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma |
"spleen" | - | *ðāpðē | - | *lepə | *loop | leep | - | *leepət | Ne. rapśaa | S. *l-ð → *ð-ð? |
"woman; weasel" | - | *kāðvē | - | - | - | hölɟ | *kääĺ | *kööjəɣ | *käjwä | Ms. *ĺɣ > ĺ |
"to annoy" | - | *ārē- | - | - | - | - | *äärt- | *eerət- | ||
"water" | - | *čācē | - | - | - | - | - | *seeč- | Ne. sada | |
"big, mother" | *emä | *eamē | - | - | - | eme | - | - | *ämä | F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä |
"bone" | Fi. tähde | *tāktē | - | - | - | tetem | - | - | - | F. "leftovers" |
"lichen" | *jäkälä | *jeakēl | - | - | K. jal | - | - | - | - | |
"old man" | *äjjä | *ājjē | - | - | *aj | - | - | - | *äjsä | Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? |
"elm" | - | - | śäĺi | *šol | - | sil | - | - | - | F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc. |
"power" | *tarmo, Fi. tärmä | *tārmō | - | - | - | - | *tiiriŋ | *täärəm | - | |
"star" | *tähti | *tāstē | *ťäšťɜ | *tištə | - | - | - | - | - | Or -i? |
"spot" | *täplä | *tāplē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
With Khanty *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə) | ||||||||||
"to cut" | *vejci Võ. väitś |
- | - | - | K. vɤź- | vees- | - | *wäänć- | - | #wänśə. F. "knife" |
"girl" | *nejt-- Võ. näio |
*nējtɤ | E. ńi | - | *nɨl | - | *nääj "lady" |
*nääj "lady" |
*nä | *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman" |
"roach; ruffe" | *särki | - | *säŕgɜ | *šereŋɣə | - | - | *täärəɣ | *ɬäärəɣ | - | Liv. särg w/o umlaut (← *särkä?) |
"soft" | - | SS nemok | - | - | - | - | *ńäämkəm | *ńäämək | ||
"lap" | - | - | äĺ | Hi. el- ~ Me. öl- | *åål | - | *ääl | *ääL | - | |
"(to) bend" | - | - | *mäńə- | - | - | meen | *määnəj-, *mii₂n |
#mËnə- | ||
"to choke" | - | - | - | - | *čök-, U. džok- ~ K. džag- |
- | *šük- | *čääkən- | - | |
"to feel" | - | - | - | - | K. mal- | - | *määl- | *määL- | - | F. *mä(h)le- "to remember" probably doesn't belong |
"honey" | - | - | - | *mü(j) | - | - | maɣ- | *määɣ | Newer II loans? | |
"tail" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *määnśək | *määsəɣ | Sk. mäča | |
"to ambush" | - | - | - | - | - | leš- | *lääć- | *lääći- | - | |
"horse; herd" | - | - | - | - | - | meen | - | *määnəŋ | - | *E possible |
"to scoop" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ɬäät- | #tädä- | |
Rather loans in part | ||||||||||
"crust" | *kärnä | *kearnē | kšńat | - | - | - | *käärńə- | F & S. ← Gmc. *herna | ||
"to go" | *käve- | - | - | Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan |
bad stuff | ||||||||||
"birch bark vessel" | - | - | - | *leŋəš | *ĺaŋes | - | - | *jeŋəL | - | |
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"sickness" | *närä- | - | - | - | K. ńora | - | - | - | - | Weak |
"porridge" | *rokka | - | - | - | *rook | - | *räk- | *rääk | ||
"cambium" | - | *ālē | - | - | - | - | *iiĺ ? | *öL | *ilə | East *i |
"to chop" | - | *āktē- | - | - | U. oktɨ- ~ K. oktɨ- | üt- | *jäkt- | *ööɣət- | - | |
"hook" | - | U. ŋieocie | - | - | - | - | *ńäš | '*ńäs ~ ńiisi | - | |
"trap" | - | - | - | - | *naĺk | - | *ńääĺ | - | - | Cf. F. nalkki ?? |
"rotten" | *mätä | *mēckɤ | - | *määkš | - | - | - | - | - | Medials incoherent |
"house" | - | - | - | *mət | *matɤ | - | - | - | *mat | |
"hill" | *mäki | - | - | - | - | - | - | *mii₁ɣ | - | |
"to choke" | - | *lɤppɤsē- | ĺäpija- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
"valley" | - | *leakē | ĺäj | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. *lakc'i |
"berry stew" | - | - | - | - | K. ĺaz | - | - | *lös | - | |
"weak" | - | - | - | *länćəra | K. ĺić | - | - | *ɭääsək | - | |
"backside" | - | NW *káocat ?? | - | - | K. kadž | - | - | - | - | |
"net" | - | - | - | - | *ka(d)ź | - | - | Kam. koťəp | - | |
"a fish" | - | - | - | - | U. karei | - | *käärɣəj | *köörə | Ne. xirii | |
"hill" | *kääp(p)ä | - | - | - | - | - | *käp | - | - | F. may be ← B. |
"palm" | F. kämmen, E. kämmal | - | - | - | - | - | - | *köömən | - | S. *keamë- ← F. |
"hard" | *kämä | - | kemä | - | - | kemeeń | - | - | *kom? | |
"bay, lake" | - | - | - | - | U kal- ~ K. kel- | *keeləɣ | *kœœɭəɣ | Sk. kweĺ ~ köl | P. *aa / _l ? | |
"small bird" | - | - | - | *kaj (?!) | - | - | So. koj | Kaz. kuj | Mt, Tv kai "goose" | |
"to go" | - | - | - | - | - | üldöz- | *jäl- | VVj jel- | - | Better *e |
"lake" | *järvi | *jāvrē | järkä | *jer | - | - | - | - | - | +Merya #jäkrä. Cf. IE |
"cambium; milk" | Fi. jälsi | - | - | - | *jɤl | - | - | - | - | Bad semantics |
"spear, spit" | - | *sńipčō | - | *jɤpš | *jooć/ś | - | - | *jii₂pəs | *japsə | Ma (++?) cf. Trk? |
"belt" | *jee | *jiəj ? | Cf. "vyö" | |||||||
"to help" | - | - | E. čaŋgoďe- | - | - | segiit- | - | - | - | |
"juniper" | *kataka | *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē "needle" | - | "MRS" kož | K. kač | - | *kääš- | - | - | F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.? |
"blood" | - | *kēlō- | - | - | - | - | *kiil(ə)p | *käLə- ? | Ne. śelw- | NS also kīlu- |
"squirrel" | - | - | - | - | - | evet | N. tapriś | - | Sk. #täpäk | |
"sulfur; moss" | - | - | - | - | K. teg | - | *tüŋk | *töŋk | - | Better *tüŋä? |
"tip of nose" | - | *tīŋɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | TN tina | Bad |
"lath" | *tarja | - | - | *teer | - | - | N tarəs | *täärəs | - | Fi. tärjä |
"aunt; mother" | *tätVj | - | "ťäďä" | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
"hill" | - | *tēvā | - | - | K. di | - | - | - | - | S. uninheritable |
"to look" | - | - | - | - | - | tekint- | - | E. tääɣən- | - | |
"rapids" | - | - | - | - | šellöö | *särlii | - | - | - | *č- or *ś-? |
"a bird" | Es. ähk | - | *šäkša-- | *ćećkem | K. čakčej | - | - | - | - | |
"to help" | - | - | Er. čaŋgoďe- | - | - | šegiit- | - | - | - | *š-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels? |
"tail; back" | *häntä | *cɤ/īckɤ | - | - | - | - | *šiš | *čönč | - | best *ê |
"sour" | - | - | - | - | U šɤm ~ K šom |
- | - | *čii₂m | Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ- | |
"fine; short" | *hɤɤno | - | - | - | K. dženɨt | - | - | - | - | Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-? |
"whetstone" | *hɤɤra | - | - | - | U. šer | - | - | - | - | |
"cereal" | - | - | - | *šeðäŋə | K. *šoogdi | e(e)d | - | *ɬäänt | - | maybe *E, preH → Ma |
"rare; open" | - | - | - | - | U. šer | - | *täärəɣ | *Lii₂r(tV) | - | |
"otter" | NF? *hähkä | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Sk. töötə | Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk. |
"woodpecker" | *hähnä | *čāšnē | - | *šištə | *śiź | - | - | - | - | |
"weasel" | - | - | - | - | U. jurmek | - | - | - | Sk. ńärmäk | Bad (initial mismatch) |
"string" | Fi. jänni | - | - | - | - | - | - | Vj jönää ~ W *jen |
- | Bad (prob variants of *jäntə) |
"tree stump" | - | *jɤlŋēs | - | - | U. jal | - | - | *jöŋkəL | *jä | Check Smy. |
"wagtail" | #västɜräkkɜ | - | *uśkəŕəj | - | - | - | *wärćək | *werćək | - | S. #peštōr ← Kar. päistärikko |
"animal hair" | - | - | - | *wäja | - | - | - | - | Ne. #ẃeići | |
"even" | - | - | - | - | U. voĺɨt ~ K. voĺk(ɨd) |
- | - | E weeĺəɣ ~ W *weĹək |
- | |
"to see" | - | - | - | - | K. vidlɨ- | veed- | - | N. waant- | - | Cf. IE |
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- väsi- "tired" in F. & S. ← Gmc.
- väšä- "small" in FSM. ← Gmc.