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Kala Verbs: Difference between revisions

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== negation ==
== negation ==
* '''-k''' from [[Kala_lexicon#nka|nke]] is used to signify negation.
-
* '''na yalak'''
: 1{{sc|sg}} go.{{sc|neg}}
: ''I am not going''. / ''I do not go''.
== initiate ==
* '''-mu''' from [[Kala_lexicon#ma|mula]] is used to signify beginning an action.
-
* '''na yalamu'''
: 1{{sc|sg}} go-begin
: ''I begin to go''.
== permissive ==
* '''-myo''' from [[Kala_lexicon#ma|myonta]] is used to signify permission or allowance.
-
* '''na yalamyo'''
: 1{{sc|sg}} go-{{sc|perm}}
: ''I am allowed to go''.
== suggestive ==
* '''-ne''' from [[Kala_lexicon#ne|neya]] is used to signify something that should or ought to be done.
-
* '''ta yalamyo'''
: 2{{sc|sg}} go-{{sc|sug}}
: ''You should go''.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:600px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:600px;"
! usage || suffix || from || example
! usage || suffix || from || example
|-
| negation || '''-k''' || '''nke'''<br>no, not; negative || '''na yalak'''<br>I am not going.
|-
| beginning, initiate || '''-mu''' || '''mula'''<br>start; begin || '''na yalamu'''<br>I begin to go. / I'm starting to leave.
|-
| permission; allow || '''-myo''' || '''myonta'''<br>to allow; permit || '''na yalamyo'''<br>I am allowed to go.
|-
| should, ought to || '''-ne''' || '''neya'''<br>should, to ought to || '''na yalane'''<br>I should go.
|-
|-
| need, necessity || '''-he''' || '''heya'''<br>to need; require || '''na yalahe'''<br>I need to go.
| need, necessity || '''-he''' || '''heya'''<br>to need; require || '''na yalahe'''<br>I need to go.

Revision as of 15:54, 14 September 2013


  • A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). Most verbs can be reused without change as a noun.

tense

tense suffix gloss example
remote past -yai REM nam inayai
We ate a long while ago.
recent past -yao REC nam inayao
We just ate.
past -ye PST nam inaye
We ate.
present not marked nam ina
We eat. / We are eating. / We do eat.
future -tli FUT nam inatli
We will eat.
immediate future -tlao IMM nam inatlao
We will eat soon/now.
distant future -tlai DIS nam inatlai
We will eat a long while from now.
  • The remote and recent pasts, as well as the immediate and distant futures are negated by the preceding negative nke rather than the negative suffix -k.
  • Kala does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. "I ate", "I used to eat", "I have eaten", "I had eaten").
  • If a temporal adverb is used, the tense suffix may be omitted.
Example: We ate yesterday.
yomaye nam ina
day-pst 1pl eat

modifiers

ability

  • -pa from pala is used to signify ability or possibility. This does not indicate the permissive.

-

  • na yalapa
1sg go-able
I am able to go. / I can go.

attempt

  • -pya from upya is used to signify an attempt.

-

  • na inapya
1sg eat-attempt
I am trying to eat.

negation

  • -k from nke is used to signify negation.

-

  • na yalak
1sg go.neg
I am not going. / I do not go.

initiate

  • -mu from mula is used to signify beginning an action.

-

  • na yalamu
1sg go-begin
I begin to go.

permissive

  • -myo from myonta is used to signify permission or allowance.

-

  • na yalamyo
1sg go-perm
I am allowed to go.

suggestive

  • -ne from neya is used to signify something that should or ought to be done.

-

  • ta yalamyo
2sg go-sug
You should go.
usage suffix from example
need, necessity -he heya
to need; require
na yalahe
I need to go.
deintensify -hi ahi
small; little
na inahi
I am snacking.
appear, seem -tse tse'e
to seem; appearance
ha yalatse
He seems to be going.
want, desire -ue ueha
to want; desire
na yalaue
I want to go.
intention, volition -ue ueyo
to intend to
na yalaue
I intend to go.

conditional

  • They would be happy if the sun were shining.
sama a yatli kam noya
sun be if-X-then-Y 3pl happy
  • We doubted he would go.
na'am iya ha yala ketsaye
1pl.excl cond 3sg go doubt-pst
  • she would have been a good musician


Index

grammar outline | sentences | questions | lexicon | thematic lexicon | writing