Kana Phonetic Alphabet: Difference between revisions
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Nasal || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ン゜ || ン || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ん゜ || ん | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Nasal || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ン゜ || ン || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ん゜ || ん | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|m̥}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|ɱ̊}} || {{IPA|ɱ}} || {{IPA|n̪̊}} || {{IPA|n̪}} || {{IPA|n̥}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|n̠̊}} || {{IPA|n̠}} || {{IPA|ɳ̊}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|n̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|n̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɲ̊}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ̊}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ɴ̥}} || {{IPA|ɴ}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Plosive || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || colspan=2 | <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ッ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>・</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Plosive || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || colspan=2 | <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ッ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>・</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|p̪}} || {{IPA|b̪}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|t̠}} || {{IPA|d̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|t̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|d̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|ɢ}} || {{IPA|q̠}} || {{IPA|ɢ̠}} || colspan=2 | {{IPA|ʡ}} || {{IPA|ʔ}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|p͡ɸ}} || {{IPA|b͡β}} || p̪͡f || b̪͡v || {{IPA|t͡s̪}} || {{IPA|d͡z̪}} || {{IPA|t͡s}} || {{IPA|d͡z}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}} || {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}} || {{IPA|t͡ɕ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʑ}} || {{IPA|c͡ç}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʝ}} || {{IPA|k͡x}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡ɣ}} || {{IPA|q͡χ}} || {{IPA|ɢ͡ʁ}} || {{IPA|q̠͡ħ}} || {{IPA|ɢ̠͡ʕ}} || {{IPA|ʡ͡ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʡ͡ʢ}} || {{IPA|ʔ͡h}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Affr. || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Affr. || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || || || {{IPA|t̪͡ɬ̪}} || {{IPA|d̪͡ɮ̪}} || {{IPA|t͡ɬ}} || {{IPA|d͡ɮ}} || {{IPA|t̠͡ɬ̠}} || {{IPA|d̠͡ɮ̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ͡ɭ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɖ͡ɭ̝}} || {{IPA|t͡ɬ̝ʲ}} || {{IPA|d͡ɮ̝ʲ}} || {{IPA|c͡ʎ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʎ̝}} || {{IPA|k͡ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡ʟ̝}} || {{IPA|q͡ʟ̠̊˔}} || {{IPA|ɢ͡ʟ̠˔}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Sibilant Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>シ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ジ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Sibilant Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>シ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ジ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || || || {{IPA|s̪}} || {{IPA|z̪}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}} || {{IPA|ʑ}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Non-Sibilant Fric. || <ruby><rb>ふ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ぶ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ヴ || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt> | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Non-Sibilant Fric. || <ruby><rb>ふ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ぶ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ヴ || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>自手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|β}} || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|θ̠}} || {{IPA|ð̠}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || || || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|ʝ}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|χ}} || {{IPA|ʁ̝}} || {{IPA|ħ}} || {{IPA|ʕ̝}} || {{IPA|ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʢ̝}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɦ}} | | {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|β}} || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|θ̠}} || {{IPA|ð̠}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || || || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|ʝ}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|χ}} || {{IPA|ʁ̝}} || {{IPA|ħ}} || {{IPA|ʕ̝}} || {{IPA|ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʢ̝}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɦ}} | ||
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || || || {{IPA|ɬ̪}} || {{IPA|ɮ̪}} || {{IPA|ɬ}} || {{IPA|ɮ}} || {{IPA|ɬ̠}} || {{IPA|ɮ̠}} || {{IPA|ɭ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɭ̝}} || {{IPA|ɬ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɮ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ʎ̝}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̊˔}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠˔}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Approximant || || | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Approximant || <ruby><rb>ふ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ぶ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>Ⓧ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>Ⓧ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>自☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|ɸ̞}} || {{IPA|β̞}} || {{IPA|ʋ̥}} || {{IPA|ʋ}} || {{IPA|θ̞}} || {{IPA|ð̞}} || {{IPA|ɹ̥}} || {{IPA|ɹ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠}} || {{IPA|ɻ̊}} || {{IPA|ɻ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|j̊}} || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɰ̊}} || {{IPA|ɰ}} || {{IPA|ɰ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ʁ̞}} || {{IPA|ʕ̞̊}} || {{IPA|ʕ̞}} || {{IPA|ʢ̞̊}} || {{IPA|ʢ̞}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɦ}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Appr. || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Appr. || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || || || {{IPA|l̪̊}} || {{IPA|l̪}} || {{IPA|l̥}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|l̠̊}} || {{IPA|l̠}} || {{IPA|ɭ̊}} || {{IPA|ɭ}} || {{IPA|l̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|l̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̥}} || {{IPA|ʎ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̥}} || {{IPA|ʟ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Flap or Tap || | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Flap or Tap || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|ⱱ̟̊}} || {{IPA|ⱱ̟}} || {{IPA|ⱱ̥}} || {{IPA|ⱱ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ɾ̪}} || {{IPA|ɾ̥}} || {{IPA|ɾ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠}} || {{IPA|ɽ̊}} || {{IPA|ɽ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠ʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|q̆}} || {{IPA|ɢ̆}} || || || {{IPA|ʡ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʡ̆}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Flap or Tap || | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Flap or Tap || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || || || {{IPA|ɺ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̪}} || {{IPA|ɺ̥}} || {{IPA|ɺ}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠}} || {{IPA|}} || || {{IPA|ɺ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʎ̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̆}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|ʙ̥}} || {{IPA|ʙ}} || {{IPA|ʙ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ʙ̪}} || {{IPA|r̪̊}} || {{IPA|r̪}} || {{IPA|r̥}} || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|r̠̊}} || {{IPA|r̠}} || {{IPA|ɽ̊͡r̥}} || {{IPA|ɽ͡r}} || {{IPA|r̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|r̠ʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|ʀ̥}} || {{IPA|ʀ}} || || || {{IPA|}} || | |||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> |
Revision as of 03:46, 14 September 2013
The Kana Phonetic Alphabet (KPA) is a phonetic transcription method using primarily katakana. Hiragana, kanji or kanji radicals, and other symbols are also used.
Structure
In KPA, consonant characters, with the exception of coronal and dorsal nasals, come with a following vowel. For example ト stands for [to̝]. To write a consonant without a following vowel, a batsu (cross) (☓) is written atop the consonant letter to suppress the following vowel. So
Brackets
For phonemic transcription, sumitsukikakko (lenticular brackets) 【】 are used; and for phonetic transcription sumitsukikakko shiro (white lenticular brackets) 〖〗. Kakukakko (square brackets) [] are used for showing that two or more characters make an affricate or a co-articulated consonant. The kakukakko are thus used similarly to the tiebar ◌͡◌ in IPA. Orthography may be inclosed in kagikakko (corner brackets) 「」. But this is only useful for orthographies that use kana.
Consonants
The following charts show how to write single consonants. To write [m] for example,
Pulmonic Consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alv. | Retroflex | Alv.-Pal. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | ||||||||||||||
Nasal | ン゜ | ン | ん゜ | ん | ||||||||||||||||||||||
m̥ | m | ɱ̊ | ɱ | n̪̊ | n̪ | n̥ | n | n̠̊ | n̠ | ɳ̊ | ɳ | n̠̊ʲ | n̠ʲ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | |||||||
Plosive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | t̠ | d̠ | ʈ | ɖ | t̠ʲ | d̠ʲ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | q̠ | ɢ̠ | ʡ | ʔ | |||
Affricate | ts | dz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡s̪ | d͡z̪ | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | q̠͡ħ | ɢ̠͡ʕ | ʡ͡ʜ | ʡ͡ʢ | ʔ͡h | ||
Lateral Affr. | ts | dz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
t̪͡ɬ̪ | d̪͡ɮ̪ | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | t̠͡ɬ̠ | d̠͡ɮ̠ | ʈ͡ɭ̝̊ | ɖ͡ɭ̝ | t͡ɬ̝ʲ | d͡ɮ̝ʲ | c͡ʎ̝̊ | ɟ͡ʎ̝ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | ɡ͡ʟ̝ | q͡ʟ̠̊˔ | ɢ͡ʟ̠˔ | |||||||||||
Sibilant Fric. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
s̪ | z̪ | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | |||||||||||||||||
Non-Sibilant Fric. | ヴ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ̝ | ħ | ʕ̝ | ʜ | ʢ̝ | h | ɦ | |||||||
Lateral Fric. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɬ̪ | ɮ̪ | ɬ | ɮ | ɬ̠ | ɮ̠ | ɭ̝̊ | ɭ̝ | ɬ̠ʲ | ɮ̠ʲ | ʎ̝̊ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | ʟ̠̊˔ | ʟ̠˔ | |||||||||||
Approximant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɸ̞ | β̞ | ʋ̥ | ʋ | θ̞ | ð̞ | ɹ̥ | ɹ | ɹ̠̊ | ɹ̠ | ɻ̊ | ɻ | ɹ̠̊ʲ | ɹ̠ʲ | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | ɰ̠̊ | ʁ̞ | ʕ̞̊ | ʕ̞ | ʢ̞̊ | ʢ̞ | h | ɦ | |
Lateral Appr. | l | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
l̪̊ | l̪ | l̥ | l | l̠̊ | l̠ | ɭ̊ | ɭ | l̠̊ʲ | l̠ʲ | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | ʟ̠̊ | ʟ̠ | |||||||||||
Flap or Tap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ⱱ̟̊ | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ̥ | ⱱ | ɾ̪̊ | ɾ̪ | ɾ̥ | ɾ | ɾ̠̊ | ɾ̠ | ɽ̊ | ɽ | ɾ̠̊ʲ | ɾ̠ʲ | q̆ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̥̆ | ʡ̆ | |||||||||
Lateral Flap or Tap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɺ̪̊ | ɺ̪ | ɺ̥ | ɺ | ɺ̠̊ | ɺ̠ | ɺ̠̊ʲ | ɺ̠ʲ | ʎ̥̆ | ʎ̆ | ʟ̥̆ | ʟ̆ | ʟ̠̥̆ | ʟ̠̆ | |||||||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʙ̥ | ʙ | ʙ̪̊ | ʙ̪ | r̪̊ | r̪ | r̥ | r | r̠̊ | r̠ | ɽ̊͡r̥ | ɽ͡r | r̠̊ʲ | r̠ʲ | ʀ̥ | ʀ |