Kala Verbs: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
m (Replaced content with "{{Kala 2}} __NOTOC__ {{wip}} == Index == {{Kala index}} Category:Kala") |
mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{ | * A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). Most verbs can be reused without change as a noun. | ||
= tense = | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px;" | |||
! tense || suffix || gloss || example | |||
|- | |||
| remote past || '''-yai''' || REM || '''nam inayai'''<br>We ate a long while ago. | |||
|- | |||
| recent past || '''-yao''' || REC || '''nam inayao'''<br>We just ate. | |||
|- | |||
| past || '''-ye''' || PST || '''nam inaye'''<br>We ate. | |||
|- | |||
| present || ''not marked'' || || '''nam ina'''<br>We eat. / We are eating. / We do eat. | |||
|- | |||
| future || '''-tli''' || FUT || '''nam inatli'''<br>We will eat. | |||
|- | |||
| immediate future || '''-tlao''' || IMM || '''nam inatlao'''<br>We will eat soon/now. | |||
|- | |||
| distant future || '''-tlai''' || DIS || '''nam inatlai'''<br>We will eat a long while from now. | |||
|} | |||
* The remote and recent pasts, as well as the immediate and distant futures are negated by the preceding negative '''[[Kala_lexicon#nka|nke]]''' rather than the negative suffix '''-k'''. | |||
* Kala does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. "I ate", "I used to eat", "I have eaten", "I had eaten"). | |||
* If a temporal adverb is used, the tense suffix may be omitted. | |||
:''Example'': We ate yesterday. | |||
::{| | |||
|'''yomaye''' ||'''nam''' ||'''ina''' | |||
|- | |||
|day-{{sc|pst}} ||1{{sc|pl}} ||eat | |||
|} | |||
= modifiers = | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:600px;" | |||
! usage || suffix || from || example | |||
|- | |||
| ability, can || '''-pa''' || '''pala'''<br>to be able, can || '''na yalapa'''<br>I am able to go. | |||
|- | |||
| attempt, try || '''-pya''' || '''upya'''<br>to attempt; to try || '''na yalapya'''<br>I am trying to leave. | |||
|- | |||
| negation || '''-k''' || '''nke'''<br>no, not; negative || '''na yalak'''<br>I am not going. | |||
|- | |||
| beginning, initiate || '''-mu''' || '''mula'''<br>start; begin || '''na yalamu'''<br>I begin to go. / I'm starting to leave. | |||
|- | |||
| permission; allow || '''-myo''' || '''myonta'''<br>to allow; permit || '''na yalamyo'''<br>I am allowed to go. | |||
|- | |||
| should, ought to || '''-ne''' || '''neya'''<br>should, to ought to || '''na yalane'''<br>I should go. | |||
|- | |||
| need, necessity || '''-he''' || '''heya'''<br>to need; require || '''na yalahe'''<br>I need to go. | |||
|- | |||
| deintensify || '''-hi''' || '''ahi'''<br>small; little || '''na inahi'''<br>I am snacking. | |||
|- | |||
| appear, seem || '''-tse''' || '''tse'e'''<br>to seem; appearance || '''ha yalatse'''<br>He seems to be going. | |||
|- | |||
| want, desire || '''-ue''' || '''ueha'''<br>to want; desire || '''na yalaue'''<br>I want to go. | |||
|- | |||
| intention, volition || '''-ue''' || '''ueyo'''<br>to intend to || '''na yalaue'''<br>I intend to go. | |||
|} | |||
= conditional = | |||
* ''They would be happy if the sun were shining.'' | |||
:{| | |||
|'''sama''' ||'''a''' ||'''yatli''' ||'''kam''' ||'''noya''' | |||
|- | |||
|sun ||be ||if-X-then-Y ||3{{sc|pl}} ||happy | |||
|} | |||
* ''We doubted he would go.'' | |||
:{| | |||
|'''na'am''' ||'''iya''' ||'''ha''' ||'''yala''' ||'''ketsaye''' | |||
|- | |||
|1{{sc|pl.excl}} ||{{sc|cond}} ||3{{sc|sg}} ||go ||doubt-{{sc|pst}} | |||
|} | |||
* she would have been a good musician | |||
== Index == | == Index == | ||
Revision as of 03:47, 13 September 2013
- A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). Most verbs can be reused without change as a noun.
tense
| tense | suffix | gloss | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| remote past | -yai | REM | nam inayai We ate a long while ago. |
| recent past | -yao | REC | nam inayao We just ate. |
| past | -ye | PST | nam inaye We ate. |
| present | not marked | nam ina We eat. / We are eating. / We do eat. | |
| future | -tli | FUT | nam inatli We will eat. |
| immediate future | -tlao | IMM | nam inatlao We will eat soon/now. |
| distant future | -tlai | DIS | nam inatlai We will eat a long while from now. |
- The remote and recent pasts, as well as the immediate and distant futures are negated by the preceding negative nke rather than the negative suffix -k.
- Kala does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. "I ate", "I used to eat", "I have eaten", "I had eaten").
- If a temporal adverb is used, the tense suffix may be omitted.
- Example: We ate yesterday.
yomaye nam ina day-pst 1pl eat
modifiers
| usage | suffix | from | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ability, can | -pa | pala to be able, can |
na yalapa I am able to go. |
| attempt, try | -pya | upya to attempt; to try |
na yalapya I am trying to leave. |
| negation | -k | nke no, not; negative |
na yalak I am not going. |
| beginning, initiate | -mu | mula start; begin |
na yalamu I begin to go. / I'm starting to leave. |
| permission; allow | -myo | myonta to allow; permit |
na yalamyo I am allowed to go. |
| should, ought to | -ne | neya should, to ought to |
na yalane I should go. |
| need, necessity | -he | heya to need; require |
na yalahe I need to go. |
| deintensify | -hi | ahi small; little |
na inahi I am snacking. |
| appear, seem | -tse | tse'e to seem; appearance |
ha yalatse He seems to be going. |
| want, desire | -ue | ueha to want; desire |
na yalaue I want to go. |
| intention, volition | -ue | ueyo to intend to |
na yalaue I intend to go. |
conditional
- They would be happy if the sun were shining.
sama a yatli kam noya sun be if-X-then-Y 3pl happy
- We doubted he would go.
na'am iya ha yala ketsaye 1pl.excl cond 3sg go doubt-pst
- she would have been a good musician
