Proto-Uralic/U

PU *u_a

F. *u_a, S. *o_ē, Mo. *o_a, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *o/a, H. o/uu, Smy. *ə

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
Kh. *oo / _C
"to plait"	*puno-	*ponē-	*pona-	*pʊne-	*pɨn-	fon-	*pon-	*poonəɬ-	*pən-
"facing down"	*kumo/a-	*komō-	*koma-	*kʊmə-	*kɨm-	hom-	*kom-	*koom-, W. *kom-	*kəmə-
"egg"	*muna	*monē	*mona	*mʊnə	-	moń	*man	*mooɳ	*mənå
"to squeeze"	*puserta-	*počē-	-	*pʊnćə-	*pɨdźɨrt-	fačar-	*pos-	*poosər-	-
"stream"	*voo	*uvē ~ *ɤvē	-	-	-	-	*ow-	E. *ooɣ-, W. aw	-
"to hang"	-	*ko/ɤcō-	-	*kečə-	*kɨš-	-	*kaš-	*kooč-	-
"cloudberry"	*muura-	-	-				*mor-aak	*moor-ək	*mərå-ŋkå	Check AASmy
"mud"	*kura	-	-	-	-	-	*kor-	*koor	-
"ice crust"	-	*čoðē	-	-	-	-	*šaĺ	*sooj	-
"path"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*jaš	*jooč	-	Fi. juntu may be unrelated
Kh. *o / _CC
"feather"	*sulka	*tolkē	*tolga	-	*tɨlɨ	toll	*towəl	*tokəɬ	*tuə	Cf. #tuxlə
"stern"	*tuhto	*totkō	-	Hi. tɤktɤ	K. tɨk	tat	*tokət	*tokət	*tətə	F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn
"to extinguish"	*kus-tu- (…?)	*kopsē-	-	-	*kusɨ-	-	-	*kopəɬ-	*kəptå-
"bubble"	*kupla	*koplē	-	*kʊwəl	-	hoĺag	*kɯwl	*komḷəŋ	-	*-ml-?
"marten"	Es. nugis	-	-	-	*n/ńiź	ńust	*ńoks	*ńokəs	TN noxo	Fi. nois
"lip"	*turpa "muzzle"	-	*tərva	*tʏrwə	*tɨrpɨ	-	-	N. *torəp	-	or Kh ← K.
"death"	*surma	-	-	-	-	-	N. sorəm	*sorəm	-	*śurə-ma, cf. "to kill". Ms. ← Kh?
"wide"	-	*komtē	-	*kʊmda	-	-	-	*komət	-
"net"	-	-	-	-	K. tɨl	-	*toləɣ	W. *toxəɬ	-	*tulka or *tula-ka?
"to come"	-	-	-	-	-	jut-	*jokt-	*jokət-	-	Cf. *ju/ota-?
Kh. *o, no clear cluster
"to melt, molten"	*sula(-)	-	*sola(-)	*šʊle-	*sɨl(-)	ol(vad)	*talaa-	*ɬoɬaa-	-
"(to) bore"	*pura	*porē	-	-	*pɨr	fuur	Tv. porɤɤ	*por	*pər-	Cf. IE
"crook'd"	*kura, *kurja?	-	-	-	*kɨr-	-	-	*kor	*kərå	-r- or -rj-?
"to blink"	-	-	*końa-/ə-	*kʊme-	*kuń-	huń-	*koń-	*koń-	*kəńə-	F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear".
"morning"	-	-	-	-	-	hol-	*kol	*kol-	*kərə
indistinct
"land"	*muta	*moðē	moda	-	-	-	-	-	*məjå
"to become happy"	*muja- (…?) "to smile"	*mojē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*məjə-
"cloud(y)"	Fi. kumuri	-	Er. kovol	-	K. kɨmɤr	homaaĺ	N. xom-	-	-
"back"	*muka-	-	-				-	-	*məjå-	Check AASmy
"to hit"	*putot-	*poðō-	-	pʊðə-	U. pɨĺ- ~ K. peĺ	-	*poĺ-	-	*pəjä-	Check Ma. Smy *-ä after *ðʲ. H. faaj- "hurt" may not belong
"to tell"	*jutte-	-	jofta-	-	-	*jaats- "to play"	-	-	*jəptə-
"block of wood"	*luta	*lotē	-	-	-	-	-	-	*jəčə	*-t- or *-č-?
"10"	-	*lokē	-	*lu	*lɨd	-	*low	-	-	Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"
"narrowing"	-	*čorō	-	-	*śuur	sor-	*sarɯɯ	*sart	-
"male"	*uros	*orēs	-	-	-	uur	-	-	-
"to push"	*surva/u-	-	-	*šʊre-	-	suur-	-	-	-
"to strangle"	Es. poo-	*pūvē-	*pova-	-	*pɤd(ɨ)-	fuul-	-	-	-	check other SF? Kh. *pɯɯk- "to go sour" may not belong
"to fish w/net"	-	*koltē-	-	-	-	-	*kult-	*kåålt-	Sk. qoldɛi-	*kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
"to cross water"	-	*mokcē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*məčå-
"dew"		*lɤpsē	ĺe/akš	*lʊpš	K. lɨs	-	-	-	*jəptå-	S. *o → ɤ / _p
"(to) crumble"	*mure-	*moarrɤ-	-	-	-	morža	*mur-	*moorəj-	*mərə-	S. *morē and F. in part ← Gmc? H. also mar- "to bite".
"finger"	-	*sūvðē	-	-	-	ujj	*tuĺaa'	*ɬååj	*təjå
"major river"	*juka	*jokɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	*jəkå	+ Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki?
"axe; knife"	-	*čorkkō	-	-	-	-	N. śoxri	*ćo(o)kər	-	OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
in FP only
"to weave"	*kuto-	*koðē-	*koda-	*koe-	*kɨ(j)-	-	-	-	-
"hill"	*kumpa/u	*kompō	komba	-	*gɨb	-	-	-	-	← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
"outside"	*ulko-	*olkō-	-	-	K. ɨlɤ-	-	-	-	-
"lazy"	*tuhma	*tosmē	-	-	K. dɨš	-	-	-	-	← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
"hair, bundle"	*tukka/u	-	-	#čuka	*čɨk-	-	-	-	-	also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
"destruction; fight"	Fi. tuho	-	-	-	*tɨšk	-	-	-	-
"to rummage"	*purka-	*porkē-	Er. purga-	*pʊrɣə-	-	-	-	-	-	F. "dismantle"
"to bewitch"	*lumot-	*lomō-	-	*lʊmə-	-	-	-	-	-
"god"	*jumala	-	*jon-dol "lightning"	*jʊmə	-	-	-	-	-	+ Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ?
"bowl"	*kuppV	*skoppē	kopo	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE in some way?
"to yelp, sob"	-	*noskē-	Er. noska-	-	-	-	-	-	-	F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
""

PU *u_ə

→ F. *u_i, S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o(CCə), Ma. *ʊC/*u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *u, Kh. *o (also _CV)

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
Smy. *u / _CC
"pole"	-	*olkɤ	Mk. olga	-	K. ɨl	-	N. aawlaa	N. *oxəɬ	*uj	F. ulku ← S.
"to go"	*kulke-	*kolkɤ-	*koĺgə-	-	K. kɨlal-	halad-	-	*kååkəɬ-	*kəj-	Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
"(to) pee"	*kuse-	*końčɤ-	-	*kʊža-	*kudź-	huuɟ-	*kunć-	*kos-	*kunsə-
"flurry"	*purku	*porkɤ	Er. porga- ~ Mk. purga-	Me. purɣə-	K. pɨra	forr	*porkɤɤj	*porkaaj	*purət-	or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
"to swim"	*ui-	*vōjɤ-	*ujə-	*iä-	*uuj-	uus-	*uj-	*ooj/ć-	*uə-	S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
"skis"	*suksi	-	*soks	-	-	-	*towt	*ɬok	*tutə
"to kno"	*tunte-	*tomtɤ-	-	-	*tod-	tud-	-	-	*cumcə-	maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
"to push"	*puske-	*poskɤ-	-	Hi. pɤška- ~ Me. püškä-	-	-	*puwt-	*pookəɬ-	-
"20"	-	-	komś	-	*kɨź	huus	*kus	*koos	-	*ms → *ws → *s in Ug.?
"grass"	*nurmi	*ńormɤ	-	-	-	-	*ńuurəm	*ńåårəm	-
"tube"	*pucki	*pockɤ	*počkə	*pʊč	*pučk	-	-	-	*pučə	P. "inside"
"ant"	*kutki	*kotkɤ	Er. kotkodav	*kʊtkə	*koot	-	-	-	TN xudumka
"crane"	*kurki	*kōrkɤ	*kargə	-	-	-	-	-	*kəro
""
Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
"turn, to get lost"	-	*jorɤ-	-	-	U. jɨromɨ- K. jɨr "depth"	†jorgo- "pity"	*jorəɣl-	*jorəɣɬ-, *jooɣər-	jü/urə-	*ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy jorä "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. jaar- "go" may not belong
"to spawn"	*kute-	*koðɤ-	-	-	K. kuĺmɨ-		*kuĺəm	*kååj-	-
"to run out"	*kulu-	*kolɤ-	*koĺə-	-	K. gɨlal-	hull- "to fall"	*kol-	*kolaa-	-
"ridge, cleft"	*kuru/i-	*korɤ	-	*kʊrək	K. kɨr(j)-	hor-	-	*koor	-	S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong
"(to) coff"	-	*kosɤ(-)	*koz(ə-)	-	*kɨz(ɨ)-	-	-	*kooɬ(-)	*kot(-)
"sno"	*lumi	*lomɤ	*loŋ	*lʊm	*lɨmɨ	lom	-	-	*jom-
"bone"	*luu	-	*lovaža	*lu	*lɨ	-	*luw	*loɣ	*lɤ	Mari CV → long
"to pass by"	-	*molɤ-	*moĺə-	-	-	muul-	Tv mal- ~ CMs *mul-	-	-
"to bite"	*pure-	*porɤ-	*poŕə-	*pʊra-	*puur(ɨ)-	-	*pur-	*por-	*por-
"to blo"	*puhu- *puhalta-	*posō-	-	-	K. puškɨ-	fuu-	*put-	*poɬaa-	Sk. puttu?	K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
"to read"	*luke-	*lokɤ-	Er. lovo- ~ Mk. luvə-	*lʊða-	-	olvaš-	-	*loŋət- ?	-	H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-.
"side"	-	-	-	-	K vɨj	-	*wujəl	-	-	Tv wɤjəl
"hut"	-	-	-	-	U. tɨlɨs	-	*tul	-	-	Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
"steep"	-	-	-	-	*ńɨl-	-	*ńultəŋ	-	-
"summer"	*suvi	*sɤŋɤ-	-	-	-	-	*tuj	*ɬoŋ	*təŋ
"to come"	*tule-	*tolɤ-	-	*tola-	-	talaal-	-	-	*toj-
"fire"	*tuli	*tolɤ	*tol	*tʊl	*tɨl	-	-	-	*tuj
"to learn"	-	-	*tona-	*tʊne-	*tuun--	*tanul-	-	-	*təntå-	*-a or *-ə?
"new"	*uuci	*oðɤ	*od	*u	*vɨĺ	uuj	-	-	-	Mari CV → long. F. length from *wu-?
""
"moon"	*kuu	-	*koŋ	-	-	hoov	-	*kow	*kïj	LuS kuojijti- ← *kaja
"mouth"	*suu	*čovɤ, *čontɤk	-	šu	-	saaj	*suup, *saw?	*sooɣaa	*so
in FP only
"to cram"	*cuŋke-	*coŋkɤ-	*toŋgə-	*čʏŋɣər	K. čɨgəm	-	-	-	-	FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. dug "to squeeze" (& Ms *tokr-?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
"tip, sharp thing"	*hui	*sōjɤ	-	-	*šɨ ~ *ši	-	-	-	-	S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
"to press"	-	*norɤ-	-	-	*nɨr-	-	-	-	-
"to sharpen"	-	*čokɤ-	Er. śuvo-	*šua-	-	-	-	-	-	Check Ma.
"sleep"	*uni	-	on	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE?
"to depart"	*urke-	-	orgo-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to enquire"	*utele-	*ocɤ-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Long (?)
"to hear"	*kuule-	*kūlɤ-	*kuĺə-	*kola-	*kɨl-	hall-	*kʷaal-	*kåål-	-	Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
"wind"	*tuuli	-	-	Me. tul	*tɤl	-	-	-	-	or something like *ëw?
"to ro"	*sowta-	*sūkɤ-	-	*šua-	K. sɨn-	-	*tow-	*ɬoɣəl-, VVj ɬaaɣəŋt-	*tu-	*suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
"sheep"	*uuhi ~ *utti	-	uča	*ʊžɣa	*ɨž	-	*aaš	*aač	-	← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu
"6"	*kuuci	*kūtɤ	*kotə	*kut	*kwať	hat	*kaat	*kuut	-
"trough, scoop"	F kuiri/u	-	-	-	*gɨr	-	*kʷaaro	*kuurə	#kuj
"to call"	*kuccu-	*koččō-	-	-	-	-	-	*kuuć-	-
"herd of reindeer"	-	*čorɤk	-	-	-	-	*šaar-	*suur	-
"to kill; death"	*sure-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*suur-	-
"eyebrows; temple"	*kulma	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kuuĺəm	-	S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
"lip; mouth"	*huuli	?	-	-	-	-	-	*ɬuuɬ	-	What does does S. *sūlɤ "approx." have to do with this?
"birch"	-	-	-	-	*kɨdź	-	*koš-	*kuuńć	-	If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es-
""
""
F u ~ M u (probably adstratal)
"stem"	*runko	*roŋkē	Er. rungo ~ Mk ronga	-	-	-	-	-	-	← Gmc *skrunkaz
"bump"	*muhka	*mokšē	Er. muška	-	-	-	-	-	-	~ Ru. myška "mousie"?
"wood"	*huhta	-	*šuftə	-	-	-	-	-	-
"broken"	*luhVj	-	*luža-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"lichen"	*luppV	*lɤppō	-	nupəń
To sort
"sack"	-	*pūðā	-	-	-	-	-	-	*påtə
"top"	F. sukka	*čokkɤ	-	-	*ćuuk	-	*ćak-	*ćäk	*sok
"body"	-	*korōntē	-	-	-	-	*kur-	*kor	#kər	Check Smy.
"tin, lead"	-	-	-	*wulnə	-	oon	*olən	*oolnə
"curve"	*mutka	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*måcə
"frost"	*kuura	*korā	-	-	*gɤɤr	har	-	-	-
"pole"	-	*sosō	*šočko	-	*džadž	-	-	-	Sk. čoočə
"him/her"	*hän	*son	son	-	U. so ~ K. sɨ	öö	*täw	*ɬöɣ	-	*u ~ *ü
"prod"	*tutka-	*tūðkē	Er. totka (!!)	-	U. tuĺɨm	tööɟ	*täĺək	*töj	-	*u ~ *ü
"(to) shit"	*paska	*pɤškɤ	*pəśkiźe-	*pʊškəða-	-	foš	*poć	*poć	-	S. *o → *ɤ / p_?
"clump"	*puŋka	*pūŋkē	pokoĺ	-	U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ	-	*paak	#pooŋkəḷ	-	H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle"
"reindeer knee"	-	*pūnčēs	-	-	U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs	-	-	-	*punsV	K. M > F /_Ć ?
"narrow, top"	*suppa	*čūppɤ, NS čoppe	-	-	*śoop-, K. ćup	sup-, čuup	-	-	-	F. suippu from × huippu
"(to) dry"	*kujva(-)	Lu. kuife	-	-	-	-	-	*kojəm-	-
"thin"	*hupa	Er. čova ~ Mk. šuva(ńä)	-	-	-	šovaań	-	-	-	*č-
"to feel"	*muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə-	-	muje-	*mooa-	*mååď-	-	mu(u)t-	*muuj-	-	Rather *o
"door"	*uksi	*ūksɤ	-	-	*ɤs	-	-	-	-	Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
"groove, path"	*ura	-	ur-	-	-	-	*uuraj	#wuuri	-	Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove"
"udder"	*utar	-	odar	*wadar	-	-	-	-	-	← IE, zero grade vs. full grade
"ash; lye"	-	*kūnɤ	-	*kon	K. kun	-	-	-	-	at least S ← IE; maybe Ma/K *kanə
"to lose; to spoil; to hide"	*hukkat-	-	-	*čɨk-	-	čuk-	-	-	#təkå-	Or F. ← Gmc *sukka
"pole"	-	L. sosso	*čočkə	-	*džadž	-	-	-	Sk. čoočə
"collar"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*rɤɤkʷ	*rook	-	Rather *o? Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
"to chew, gnaw"	-	-	-	-	-	raag-	"L. rågn-"	-	*luŋkəj-
"lily, onion"	-	-	-	-	-	-	T taŋkəl	VV *ɬooɣəɭ	#tokul	*l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh?
"to divide"	-	-	-	-	*šɨr-	irt-, †ort-	-	*ɬort-	*tarV-
"to wash"	*huhto-	-	*kšta-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Probably adstratal, *šukšta-
"mortar"	*huhmar ~ Ka huumar	-	*šovar	*šuar	-	-	-	-	-
"gruel"	F huttu
"down; beard"	F untuva	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	#muntV-	Bad. Slk *untə
"be forgotten"	*unV-hta-	-	-	-	*vun(et)-	-	-	-	-	F better from "sleep"
"up"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*num	*nuum, *nååmən	#num, Sk *nom
"up"	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*nuuk	#ńAŋtV	Cf. prev.
"to scrape"	Fi. nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha-	-	*nozərda-	*nuže-	-	-	-	*noɬ-	*nət-	*nuSja-?
"moss"	-	-	-	-	K ńɨč(k)	-	-	-	*ńåTA-
"to flay"	-	-	-	-	U ńi/ɨj-	ńuuz-	Tv nooj-, *ńuj-	-	-	"see *ńowə-"
"fir"	-	-	-	*nʊlɣə	*ńɨl		*ńulV	*ńalkə	#ńulkV
"to rest"	-	-	Er. nuvśe-, Mo. nuva-	-	-	ńug(os)-	*ńuunt-	*ńooɣəɬ-		*ńuŋ(əś)-
"midge"	-	-	-	*lʊməj	U nɨmɨ ~ K nom	-	-	-	-
"midge"	-	-	-	(*lʊmə)	U ĺum	-	*ĺVməj	-	-
"club"	*nuhja ~ *nujja	-	-	nöšle-	U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k)	-	-	-	-
"marten"	-	-	-	*lʊj	-	-	"loisa"	-	Sk lokka, Ma lui
"downstream"	-	*lū-	-	-	-	-	*luuj-	*laŋa
"wet"	Es lopp(a)	-	*lop(a)-	*lʊp-	K lap-	-	-	-	-
"weak"	-	-	-	*lʊš(kə)-	K. lɨškɨd	-	-	-	-
"horse"	-	-	-	-	-	√lov-	*luw	*laaw-, V looɣ-	-	also F. lupo "stallion"?
"middle"	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*jäčə	*jončV
"to bind"	-	-	-	-	*jɨt-	-	-	-	FN jūťe-
"pine"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ji(i)w	*juuɣ	*jɤ	best *jëxə?
"fierce; strong"	F julma	-	-	-	*joonm-	-	-	-	-
"inside"	-	-	-	-	-	joh, juh	*juw, *jun	*jo(o)ɣ	-
"hump"	*mukula	-	-	*mʊɣəĺ	*mɨĺ(i)	-	-	-	-	-ĺ-??
"back"	-	-	-	*tup	U. tɨbɨr	top	-	-	-
"neck"	*turja "nape"	-	-	-	-	torok	*tur	*tuu₁r	-	*turə-ja? + H. tarja "crest etc."
"to break"	-	-	-	*tuɣe-	U. tijal-	-	-	-	-
"kernel"	*tuuma, F tuma	-	*toŋ	Hi. toŋ ~ Me. tomə	-	-	-	-	-	#towŋɜ??
"to fill"	F. tuppat-	-	*topaftə-, *topəďə-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"stiff"	*turta	-	-	*turta-	K. tural-	-	-	-	-
"to observe"	-	-	-	*tʊšle-	U. dɨšɨ-	-	-	-	-	medial??
"sorcery"	-	-	-	-	-	taaltoš		*tooɬt	-	Maybe *o. NMs tuultən "light, easy" semantically bad
"knife"	*kuraks	*korɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kəru	*-a/-ə?
"many; very"	-	*olō	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ne. ŋuuĺii
"to be still"	-	*orō-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ne. ŋoraa-
"hollow"	Fi. uuma	-	-	-	-	-	*wum	*oompə	Ne. *ŋaamaat
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