Proto-Uralic/U: Difference between revisions

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(…much more)
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F. *u, S. & Mo. *o, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, H. ''o''/''uu'', Kh. *oo / _C, *o / _CC
==PU *u_a==
 
F. *u_a, S. *o_ē, Mo. *o_a, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *o/a, H. ''o''/''uu'', Smy. *ə


{|
{|
Line 7: Line 9:
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_a, Ms. *o/a, Smy. *ə
! colspan="10"| Kh. *oo / _C
|-
|-
| "to plait"
| "to plait"
| *puno- || *ponē- || pona- || *pʊnə- || *pɨn- || fon- || *pon- || *poon- || *pən-
| *puno- || *ponē- || *pona- || *pʊne- || *pɨn- || fon- || *pon- || *poonəɬ- || *pən-
|-
|-
| "facing down"
| "facing down"
| *kumo/a- || *komō- || koma- || *kʊmə- || *kɨm- || hom- || *kom- || *koom- || *kəmə-
| *kumo/a- || *komō- || *koma- || *kʊmə- || *kɨm- || hom- || *kom- || *koom-,<br/>W. ''*kom-'' || *kəmə-
|-
|-
| "egg"
| "egg"
| *muna || *monē || *mona || *mʊnə || - ||style="color:red"| moń || *man ||style="color:green" *mooɳ || *mənå
| *muna || *monē || *mona || *mʊnə || - ||style="color:red"| moń || *man ||style="color:green"| *mooɳ || *mənå
|-
|-
| "to squeeze"
| "to squeeze"
| *puserta- || *počē- || - || style="color:red"| *pʊnćə- || *pɨdźɨrt- || '''fačar-''' || *pos- || *poosər- || -
| *puserta- || *počē- || - || style="color:red"| *pʊnćə- || *pɨdźɨrt- || '''fačar-''' || *pos- || *poosər- || -
|-
|-
| "to melt, molten"
| "stream"
| *sula(-) || - || *sola(-) || *šʊle- || *sɨl(-) || ol(vad) || *talaa- || ''*ɬoɬaa-'' || -
| *voo || ''*uvē'' ~ '''*ɤvē''' || - || - || - || - || *ow- || E. *ooɣ-,<br/>W. '''aw''' || -
|-
| "to hang"
| - || *ko/''ɤ''cō- || - || '''*kečə-''' || *kɨš- || - || *kaš- || *kooč- || -
|-
| "cloudberry"
| '''*muura-''' || - || - ||  ||  ||  || *mor-aak || *moor-ək || *mərå-ŋkå
| Check AASmy
|-
| "mud"
| *kura || - || - || - || - || - || *kor- || *koor || -
|-
| "ice crust"
| - || *čoðē || - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *šaĺ || *sooj || -
|-
|-
| "to extinguish"
| "path"
| *kus-tu- (…?) || *kopsē- || - || - || '''*kusɨ-''' || - || - || *kopəɬ- || *kəptå-
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *jaš || *jooč || -  
| Fi. <span style="color:red">juntu</span> may be unrelated
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh. *o / _CC
|-
|-
| "feather"
| "feather"
| style="color:red"| *sulka || *tolkē || *tolga || - || *tɨlɨ || toll || *towəl || *tokəɬ || '''*tuə'''  
| style="color:red"| *sulka || *tolkē || *tolga || - || *tɨlɨ || toll || *towəl || *tokəɬ || '''*tuə'''  
| Cf. #tuxlə
| Cf. #tuxlə
|-
| "stern"
| *tuhto ||style="color:red"| *totkō || - || Hi. tɤktɤ || K. tɨk || '''tat''' || *tokət || *tokət || *tətə
| F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn
|-
| "to extinguish"
| *kus-tu- (…?) || *kopsē- || - || - || '''*kusɨ-''' || - || - || *kopəɬ- || *kəptå-
|-
| "bubble"
| *kupla || *koplē || - || *kʊwəl || - || hoĺag || '''*kɯwl''' || *komḷəŋ || -
| *-ml-?
|-
| "marten"
| Es. ''nugis'' || - || - || - || style="color:brown"| '''*n/ńiź''' || ńust || *ńoks || *ńokəs  || TN noxo
| Fi. '''nois'''
|-
| "lip"
| *turpa<br/>"muzzle" || - || ''*tərva'' || '''*tʏrwə''' || *tɨrpɨ || - || - || N. *torəp || -
| or Kh ← K.
|-
| "death"
| *surma || - || - || - || - || - || N. sorəm || *sorəm || -
| *śurə-ma, cf. "to kill". Ms. ← Kh?
|-
| "wide"
| - || *komtē || - || *kʊmda || - || - || - || *komət || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || K. tɨl || - || *toləɣ || W. *toxəɬ || -
| *tulka or *tula-ka?
|-
| "to come"
| - || - || - || - || - || ''jut-'' || *jokt- || *jokət- || -
| Cf. *ju/ota-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh. *o, no clear cluster
|-
| "to melt, molten"
| *sula(-) || - || *sola(-) || *šʊle- || *sɨl(-) || ol(vad) || *talaa- || ''*ɬoɬaa-'' || -
|-
| "(to) bore"
| *pura || *porē || - || - || *pɨr || fuur || Tv. porɤɤ || ''*por'' || *pər-
| Cf. IE
|-
|-
| "crook'd"
| "crook'd"
| ''*kura'', *kurja || - || - || - || *kɨr- || - || - || *kor || *kərå
| *kura, *kurja? || - || - || - || *kɨr- || - || - || ''*kor'' || *kərå
| -rj- fits Kh. better
| -r- or -rj-?
|-
|-
| "to blink"
| "to blink"
| - || - || *końa-/''ə-'' || style="color:red"| *kʊmə- || '''*kuń-''' || ''huń-'' || *koń- || *koń- || *kəń-
| - || - || *końa-/''ə-'' || style="color:red"| *kʊme- || '''*kuń-''' || ''huń-'' || *koń- || ''*koń-'' || *kəńə-
| F. ''küünü-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*küńe-]] "tear". No clear cluster?
| F. ''küünü-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*küńe-]] "tear".
|-
| "morning"
| - || - || - || - || - || hol- || *kol || ''*kol-'' || *kərə
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| indistinct
|-
|-
| "land"
| "land"
Line 44: Line 110:
| "to become happy"
| "to become happy"
| *muja- (…?)<br/>"to smile" || *mojē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məjə-
| *muja- (…?)<br/>"to smile" || *mojē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məjə-
|-
| "stream"
| *voo || ''*uvē'' ~ '''*ɤvē''' || - || - || - || - || *ow- || E. *ooɣ-,<br/>W. '''aw''' || -
|-
| "to hang"
| - || *ko/''ɤ''cō- || - || '''*kečə-''' || *kɨš- || - || *kaš- || *kooč- || -
|-
| "mud"
| *kura || - || - || - || - || - || *kor- || *koor || -
|-
| "ice crust"
| - || *čoðē || - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *šaĺ || *sooj || -
|-
|-
| "cloud(y)"
| "cloud(y)"
| Fi. kumuri || - || kovol || - || - || homaaĺ || *kom- || - || -
| Fi. kumuri || - || Er. kovol || - || K. kɨmɤr || homaaĺ || N. xom- || - || -
|-
|-
| "back"
| "back"
| *muka- || - || - ||  ||  ||  || - || - || *məjå-
| *muka- || - || - ||  ||  ||  || - || - || *məjå-
| Check AASmy
| Check AASmy
|-
| "to hit"
| *putot- || *poðō- || - || pʊðə- || U. pɨĺ- ~ K. '''peĺ''' || - || *poĺ- || - || *pəjä-
| Check Ma. Smy *-ä after *ðʲ. H. ''faaj-'' "hurt" may not belong
|-
|-
| "to tell"
| "to tell"
|style="color:red"| *jutte- || - || joft''a''- || - || - || *jaats-<br/>"to play" || - || - || *jəptə-
|style="color:red"| *jutte- || - || joft''a''- || - || - || *jaats-<br/>"to play" || - || - || *jəptə-
|-
| "cloudberry"
| '''*muura-''' || - || - ||  ||  ||  || *mor-aak || *moor-ək || *mərå-ŋkå
| Check AASmy
|-
| "to hit"
| *puto- || *poðō- || - || '''puðə-''' || U. pɨĺ- ~ K. '''peĺ''' ||  || *poĺ- || - || *pəjä-
| Smy *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
|-
| "block of wood"
| "block of wood"
Line 80: Line 130:
|-
|-
| "10"
| "10"
| - || *lokē || - || *lu || *lɨd || olvaš- || *low ||style="color:red"| ''*loŋət-'' ? || -
| - || *lokē || - || *lu || *lɨd || - || *low || - || -
| Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"; H. metathesis?!
| Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"
|-
| "wide"
| - || *komtē || - || *kʊmda || - || - || - || *komət || -
|-
|-
| "narrowing"
| "narrowing"
Line 94: Line 141:
| "to push"
| "to push"
| *surva/u- || - || - || *šʊre- || - || suur- || - || - || -
| *surva/u- || - || - || *šʊre- || - || suur- || - || - || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || K. tɨl || - || *toləɣ || W. *toxəɬ || -
| *tulka or *tula-ka?
|-
| "hill"
| *kumpa/u || *kompō || komba || - || *gɨb || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
|-
| "outside"
| *ulko- || *olkō- || - || - || K. ɨlɤ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lazy"
| *tuhma || *tosmē || - || - || K. dɨš || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
|-
| "hair, bundle"
| *tukka/u || - || - || ''#čuka'' || *čɨk- || - || - || - || -
| also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
|-
| "to rummage"
| *purka-  || *porkē- || Er. '''purga-''' || *pʊrɣə- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. "dismantle"
|-
|-
| "to strangle"
| "to strangle"
Line 125: Line 149:
| - || *koltē- || - || - || - || - || ''*kult-'' || '''*kåålt-''' || Sk. qoldɛi-
| - || *koltē- || - || - || - || - || ''*kult-'' || '''*kåålt-''' || Sk. qoldɛi-
| *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
| *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
|-
| "stern"
| *tuhto ||style="color:red"| *totkō || - || Hi. tɤktɤ || K. tɨk || '''tat''' || ''*tokət'' || *tokət || *tətə
| F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn
|-
|-
| "to cross water"
| "to cross water"
Line 134: Line 154:
|-
|-
| "dew"
| "dew"
|  || ''*lɤpsē'' || '''ĺe/akš''' || *lʊpš || K. lɨs || || || || *jəptå-
|  || ''*lɤpsē'' || '''ĺe/akš''' || *lʊpš || K. lɨs || - || - || - || *jəptå-
| S. *o → ɤ / _p
| S. *o → ɤ / _p
|-
|-
| "(to) crumble"
| "(to) crumble"
| *mure/u- || *morē, '''*moarrɤ-''' || - || - || - || '''mar''' || ''*mur-'' || *moor- || *mərə
| *mure- || '''*moarrɤ-''' || - || - || - || morža || ''*mur-'' || *moorəj- || *mərə-
| S. *morē and F. in part ← Gmc? H. also '''mar-''' "to bite".
|-
| "finger"
| - || *sūvðē || - || - || - || ujj || ''*tuĺaa''' || '''*ɬååj''' || *təjå
|-
|-
| "major river"
| "major river"
Line 144: Line 168:
| + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← [[Proto-Uralic/new#ô|*jôki]]?
| + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← [[Proto-Uralic/new#ô|*jôki]]?
|-
|-
| "finger"
| "axe; knife"
| - || *sūvðē || - || - || - || ujj || ''*tuĺaa''' || '''*ɬååj''' || *təjå
| - || *čorkkō || - || - || - || - || N. śoxri || *ćo(o)kər || -
| OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| in FP only
|-
| "to weave"
| *kuto- || *koðē- || *koda- || '''*koe-''' ||style="color:red"| *kɨ(j)- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hill"
| *kumpa/u || *kompō || komba || - || *gɨb || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
|-
|-
| "(to) bore"
| "outside"
| *pura || *porē || - || - || *pɨr || fuur || ''#pOr'' || ''*por'' || *pər-
| *ulko- || *olkō- || - || - || K. ɨlɤ- || - || - || - || -
| Cf. IE
|-
|-
| "bubble"
| "lazy"
| *kupla || *koplē || - || *kʊwəl || - || hoĺag || '''*kɯwl''' || *komḷəŋ || -
| *tuhma || *tosmē || - || - || K. dɨš || - || - || - || -
| *-ml-?
| ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
|-
|-
| "lip"
| "hair, bundle"
| *turpa<br/>"muzzle" || - || ''*tərva'' || '''*tʏrwə''' || *tɨrpɨ || - || - || N. *torəp || -  
| *tukka/u || - || - || ''#čuka'' || *čɨk- || - || - || - || -
| or Kh ← K.
| also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
|-
|-
| "destruction; fight"
| "destruction; fight"
| Fi. tuho || - || - || - || *tɨšk || - || - || - || -
| Fi. tuho || - || - || - || *tɨšk || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to rummage"
| *purka-  || *porkē- || Er. '''purga-''' || *pʊrɣə- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. "dismantle"
|-
|-
| "to bewitch"
| "to bewitch"
| *lumot- || *lomō- || - || *lʊmə- || - || - || - || - || -
| *lumot- || *lomō- || - || *lʊmə- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "god"
| *jumala || - || *jon-dol<br/>"lightning" || *jʊmə  || - || - || - || - || -
| + Mo. ill-attested ''jumi''. ← II dyumān- ?
|-
|-
| "bowl"
| "bowl"
| *kuppV ||style="color:red"| *skoppē || kopo || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *kuppV ||style="color:red"| *skoppē || kopo || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE in some way?
|-
|-
| "to yelp, sob"
| "to yelp, sob"
| - || *noskē- || Er. noska- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *noskē- || Er. noska- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
| F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
|-
| "axe; knife"
| - || *čorkkō || - || - || - || - || N. śoxri || *ćo(o)kər || -
| OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|}
==PU *u_ə==
→ F. *u_i, S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o(CCə), Ma. *ʊC/*u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *u, Kh. *o (also _CV)
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_i, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC
! colspan="10"| Smy. *u / _CC
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "pole"
Line 186: Line 234:
|-
|-
| "to go"
| "to go"
| *kulke- || *kolkɤ- || koĺge- || - || K. kɨlal- || '''halad-''' || - || '''*kååkəɬ-''' || '''*kəj-'''
| *kulke- || *kolkɤ- ||style="color:green"| *koĺgə- || - || K. kɨlal- || '''halad-''' || - || '''*kååkəɬ-''' || '''*kəj-'''
| Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
| Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
|-
|-
| "(to) pee"
| "(to) pee"
| *kuse- || *końčɤ- || - ||style="color:green"| *kʊža- || '''*kudź-''' || huuɟ- || *kunć- || style="color:red"| *kos- || *kunsə-
| *kuse- || *końčɤ- || - ||style="color:green"| *kʊža- || '''*kudź-''' || huuɟ- || *kunć- || style="color:red"| *kos- || *kunsə-
|-
| "marten"
| Es. nugis || - || - || style="color:brown"| '''*n/ńiź''' ||  || ńust || ''*ńoks'' || *ńokəs  || TN noxo
| Ms. points to *-a
|-
|-
| "flurry"
| "flurry"
| *purku || *porkɤ || Er. porga- ~<br/>Mk. '''purga-''' || Me. purɣə- || K. pɨra || ''forr'' || *porkɯɯj || *porkaaj || *purət-
| *purku || *porkɤ || Er. porga- ~<br/>Mk. '''purga-''' || Me. purɣə- || K. pɨra || ''forr'' || ''*porkɤɤj'' || *porkaaj || *purət-
| or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. ''pur'' "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
| or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. ''pur'' "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
|-
|-
| "to swim"
| "to swim"
| *ui- || ''*vōjɤ-'' || '''*ujə-''' || '''*iä-''' || '''*uuj-''' || uus- || *uj- || ''*ooj/ć-'' || *u-
| *ui- || ''*vōjɤ-'' || '''*ujə-''' || '''*iä-''' || '''*uuj-''' || uus- || *uj- || ''*ooj/ć-'' || *uə-
| S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
| S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
|-
|-
| "skis"
| "skis"
| *suksi || - || *soks || - || - || - || ''*towt'' || *ɬok || *tutə
| *suksi || - || *soks || - || - || - || ''*towt'' ||style="color:red"| *ɬok || *tutə
|-
|-
| "to kno"
| "to kno"
| *tunte- || *tomtɤ- || - || - || '''*tod-''' || tud- || - || - ||style="color:red"| *cumcə-
| *tunte- || *tomtɤ- || - || - || '''*tod-''' || tud- || - || - ||style="color:red"| *cumcə-
| maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
| maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
|-
| "to push"
| *puske- || *poskɤ- || - || Hi. pɤška- ~<br/>Me. '''püškä-''' || - || - || *puwt- || ''*pookəɬ-'' || -
|-
|-
| "20"
| "20"
Line 216: Line 263:
|-
|-
| "grass"
| "grass"
| *nurmi || *ńormɤ || - || - || - || - || ''*ńuurəm'' || '''*ńåårəm''' || -
| *nurmi || *ńormɤ || - || - || - || - || '''*ńuurəm''' || '''*ńåårəm''' || -
|-
|-
| "tube"
| "tube"
Line 231: Line 278:
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_i, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
! colspan="10"| Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
|-
|-
| "turn, to get lost"
| "turn, to get lost"
Line 238: Line 285:
|-
|-
| "to spawn"
| "to spawn"
| *kute- || *koðɤ- || - || - || K. '''kuĺmɨ-''' ||  || *kuĺəm || ''*kååj-'' || -
| *kute- || *koðɤ- || - || - || K. '''kuĺmɨ-''' ||  || *kuĺəm || '''*kååj-''' || -
|-
|-
| "to wear"
| "to run out"
| *kulu- || *kolɤ- || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || '''*kol-''' || *kolaa- || -
| *kulu- || *kolɤ- || style="color:green"| *koĺə- || - || K. gɨlal- || hull-<br/>"to fall" || '''*kol-''' || *kolaa- || -
|-
|-
| "cleft"
| "ridge, cleft"
| *kuru/i- || - || - || *kʊrək || K. kɨr || hor- || - || *koor || -
| *kuru/i- || *korɤ || - || *kʊrək || K. kɨr(j)- || hor- || - || ''*koor'' || -
| S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. ''guran'' "hole" may not belong
| S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. ''guran'' "hole" may not belong
|-
|-
Line 264: Line 311:
|-
|-
| "to blo"
| "to blo"
| *puhu- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || *put- || *poɬaa- || Sk. ''puttu''?
| *puhu-<br/>*puhalta- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || *put- || *poɬaa- || Sk. ''puttu''?
| K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
|-
| "to read"
| *luke- || *lokɤ- || Er. lovo- ~<br/>Mk. '''luvə-''' || *lʊða- || - || olvaš- || - ||style="color:red"| ''*loŋət-'' ? || -
| H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-.
|-
|-
| "side"
| "side"
Line 273: Line 325:
| - || - || - || - || U. tɨlɨs || - || *tul || - || -
| - || - || - || - || U. tɨlɨs || - || *tul || - || -
| Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi  ← Baltic *tala-
| Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi  ← Baltic *tala-
|-
| "steep"
| - || - || - || - || *ńɨl- || - || *ńultəŋ || - || -
|-
|-
| "summer"
| "summer"
Line 286: Line 341:
| - || - || *tona- || *tʊne- || '''*tuun--''' || '''*tanul-''' || - || - || *təntå-
| - || - || *tona- || *tʊne- || '''*tuun--''' || '''*tanul-''' || - || - || *təntå-
| *-a or *-ə?
| *-a or *-ə?
|-
| "morning"
| - || - || - || - || - || hol- || ''*kol'' || *kol- || SSm *kər
|-
|-
| "new"
| "new"
Line 299: Line 351:
| "moon"
| "moon"
| *kuu || - || *koŋ || - || - || hoov || - || *kow || '''*kïj'''
| *kuu || - || *koŋ || - || - || hoov || - || *kow || '''*kïj'''
| LuS ''kuojijti- ← *kaja-
| LuS ''kuojijti-'' ← *kaja
|-
|-
| "mouth"
| "mouth"
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || šu || - || '''saaj''' || *suup, *saw? || *sooɣaa || *so
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || šu || - || '''saaj''' || *suup, *saw? || *sooɣaa || *so
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *u_i, FP only
! colspan="10"| in FP only
|-
|-
| "to cram"
| "to cram"
| *cuŋke- || *coŋkɤ- ||style="color:red"| *toŋgə- || '''*čʏŋɣər''' || K. čɨgəm ||style="color:red"| - || - || - || -
| *cuŋke- || *coŋkɤ- ||style="color:red"| *toŋgə- || '''*čʏŋɣər''' || K. čɨgəm ||style="color:red"| - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. ''dug'' "to squeeze" (& Ms ''*tokr-''?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
| FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. ''dug'' "to squeeze" (& Ms ''*tokr-''?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
|-
| "tip, sharp thing"
| *hui || ''*sōjɤ'' || - || - || *šɨ ~ '''*ši''' || - || - || - || -
| S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
|-
|-
| "to press"
| "to press"
| - || *norɤ- || - || - || *nɨr- || - || - || - || -
| - || *norɤ- || - || - || *nɨr- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to read"
| *luke- || *lokɤ- || Er. lovo- ~<br/>Mk. '''luvə-''' || *lʊða- || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-
|-
|-
| "to sharpen"
| "to sharpen"
| - || *čokɤ- || śuvo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *čokɤ- || Er. śuvo- || *šua- || - || - || - || - || -
| Check Ma.
|-
|-
| "sleep"
| "sleep"
Line 333: Line 386:
|-
|-
| "to hear"
| "to hear"
| *kuule- || *kūlɤ- || kuĺe- || *kola- || *kɨl- || hall- || *kaal- || *kåål- || -
| *kuule- || *kūlɤ- ||style="color:green"| *kuĺə- || '''*kola-''' || *kɨl- || ''hall-'' ||style="color:green"| '''*kʷaal-''' || '''*kåål-''' || -
| Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
| Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
|-
|-
| "wind"
| "wind"
| *tuuli || - || - || Me. tul || ''*tɤl'' || - || - || - || -
| *tuuli || - || - || Me. tul || ''*tɤl'' || - || - || - || -
| or something like *ow?
| or something like *ëw?
|-
|-
| "to ro"
| "to ro"
| ''*sowta-'' || *sūkɤ- || - || *šua- || K. sɨn- || - || *tow- || *ɬoɣəl-,<br/>VVj '''ɬaaɣəŋt-''' || *tu-
| ''*sowta-'' || *sūkɤ- || - || *šua- || K. sɨn- || - || *tow- || *ɬoɣəl-,<br/>VVj '''ɬaaɣəŋt-''' || *tu-
| *suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
| *suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
|-
|-
| "sheep"
| "sheep"
Line 351: Line 404:
|-
|-
| "6"
| "6"
| '''*kuuci''' || '''*kūtɤ''' || koto || *kut || '''*kwat''' || hat || *kaat || *kuut || -
| '''*kuuci''' || '''*kūtɤ''' || *kotə || *kut || '''*kwať''' || hat || *kaat || *kuut || -
|-
| "trough, scoop"
| F kuiri/u || - || - || - || *gɨr || - ||style="color:green"| *kʷaaro || *kuurə || #kuj
|-
|-
| "to call"
| "to call"
| *kuccu- || *koččō- || - || - || - || - || - || *kuuť- || -
| *kuccu- || *koččō- || - || - || - || - || - || *kuuć- || -
|-
|-
| "herd of reindeer"
| "herd of reindeer"
| - || *čorɤk || - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *šaar- || *suur || -
| - || *čorɤk || - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *šaar- || *suur || -
|-
| "to kill; death"
| *sure- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *suur- || -
|-
|-
| "eyebrows; temple"
| "eyebrows; temple"
| *kulma || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kuuĺəm || -
| *kulma || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kuuĺəm || -
| S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
| S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
|-
| "lip; mouth"
| *huuli || ? || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬuuɬ || -
| What does does S. *sūlɤ "approx." have to do with this?
|-
|-
| "birch"
| "birch"
Line 425: Line 488:
|-
|-
| "(to) shit"
| "(to) shit"
| '''*paska''' || ''*pɤškɤ'' || *pəśkiźe- || *pʊškəða- || - || foš || *poć || *poť || -
| '''*paska''' || ''*pɤškɤ'' || ''*pəśkiźe-'' || *pʊškəða- || - || foš || *poć || *poć || -
| S. *o→ ɤ / p_
| S. *o → *ɤ / p_?
|-
|-
| "clump"
| "clump"
Line 437: Line 500:
|-
|-
| "narrow, top"
| "narrow, top"
| *suppa || ''*čūppɤ'', NS čoppe || - || - || '''*śoop-''', K. '''ćup''' || ''sup-'', ''čuup'' || - || - || -
| *suppa || ''*čūppɤ'', NS čoppe || - || - || '''*śoop-''',<br/>K. '''ćup''' || ''sup-'', <br/>''čuup'' || - || - || -
[ F. ''suippu'' from × ''huippu''
| F. ''suippu'' from × ''huippu''
|
|-
|-
| "(to) dry"
| "(to) dry"
Line 447: Line 509:
| *hupa || Er. čova ~ Mk. ''šuva(ńä)'' || - || - || - || šovaań || - || - || -
| *hupa || Er. čova ~ Mk. ''šuva(ńä)'' || - || - || - || šovaań || - || - || -
| *č-
| *č-
|-
| "to speak"
|style="color:red"| *jutte- || - || jovta- || - || - || jaat- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to feel"
| "to feel"
Line 469: Line 528:
| "ash; lye"
| "ash; lye"
| - || *kūnɤ || - || *kon || K. kun || - || - || - || -
| - || *kūnɤ || - || *kon || K. kun || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
| at least S ← IE; maybe Ma/K *kanə
|-
|-
| "to lose; to spoil; to hide"
| "to lose; to spoil; to hide"
Line 491: Line 550:
| "to divide"
| "to divide"
| - || - || - || - || *šɨr- || '''irt-''', †ort- || - || *ɬort- || '''*tarV-'''
| - || - || - || - || *šɨr- || '''irt-''', †ort- || - || *ɬort- || '''*tarV-'''
|-
| "tip, sharp thing"
| *hui || ''*sōjɤ'' || - || - || *šɨ ~ '''*ši''' || - || - || - || -
| S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
|-
|-
| "to wash"
| "to wash"
Line 505: Line 560:
| "gruel"
| "gruel"
| F <span style="color:red">huttu</span> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
| F <span style="color:red">huttu</span> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|-
| "lip; mouth"
| *huuli || ? || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬuuɬ || -
| What does does S. *sūlɤ "approximate" have to do with this?
|-
|-
| "down; beard"
| "down; beard"
Line 526: Line 577:
|-
|-
| "to scrape"
| "to scrape"
| F nuhja-, '''nuoha-''', Es nuha- || - || - || *nuže- || - || - || - || *noɬ- || ''*nət-''  
| Fi. nuhja-, '''nuoha-''', Es nuha- || - || *nozərda- || '''*nuže-''' || - || - || - || *noɬ- || ''*nət-''  
| *nuSja-?
|-
|-
| "moss"
| "moss"
Line 537: Line 589:
| "fir"
| "fir"
| - || - || - || *nʊlɣə || *ńɨl ||  || ''*ńulV'' || *ńalkə || #ńulkV
| - || - || - || *nʊlɣə || *ńɨl ||  || ''*ńulV'' || *ńalkə || #ńulkV
|-
| "steep"
| - || - || - || - || *ńɨl- || - || *ńul-təŋ || - || -
|-
|-
| "to rest"
| "to rest"
Line 569: Line 618:
| - || - || - || - || - || √lov- || *luw || *laaw-, V looɣ- || -
| - || - || - || - || - || √lov- || *luw || *laaw-, V looɣ- || -
| also F. <span style="color:red">lupo</span> "stallion"?
| also F. <span style="color:red">lupo</span> "stallion"?
|-
| "path"
| F. <span style="color:red">juntu</span> || - || - || - || - || - || *još || *jooč || -
|-
|-
| "middle"
| "middle"
Line 585: Line 631:
| "fierce; strong"
| "fierce; strong"
| F julma || - || - || - || '''*joonm-''' || - || - || - || -
| F julma || - || - || - || '''*joonm-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "god"
| *jumala || - || ? || *jʊmə  || - || - || - || - || -
| + Mo. ill-attested ''jumi''. ← II dyumān- ?
|-
|-
| "inside"
| "inside"
| - || - || - || - || - || joh, juh || *juw, *jun || *jo(o)ɣ || -
| - || - || - || - || - || joh, juh || *juw, *jun || *jo(o)ɣ || -
|-
| "to come"
| - || - || - || - || - || jut- || *jokt- || *joɣət- || -
| Cf. *ju/ota-?
|-
|-
| "hump"
| "hump"
| *mukula || - || - || *mʊɣəĺ || *mɨĺ(i) || - || - || - || -
| *mukula || - || - || *mʊɣəĺ || *mɨĺ(i) || - || - || - || -
| -ĺ-??
| -ĺ-??
|-
| "trough, scoop"
| F kuiri/u || - || - || - || *gɨr || - ||style="color:green"| *kʷaaro || *kuurə || #kuj
|-
|-
| "back"
| "back"
Line 608: Line 643:
|-
|-
| "neck"
| "neck"
| *turja<br/>"nape" || - || - || - || - || - || - || torok || *tur || '''*tuu₁r''' || -
| *turja<br/>"nape" || - || - || - || - || torok || *tur || '''*tuu₁r''' || -
| *turə-ja? + H. ''tarja'' "crest etc."
| *turə-ja? + H. ''tarja'' "crest etc."
|-
|-
Line 632: Line 667:
| Maybe *o. NMs ''tuultən'' "light, easy" semantically bad
| Maybe *o. NMs ''tuultən'' "light, easy" semantically bad
|-
|-
| "to kill; death"
| "knife"
| *sure-<br/>*surmA || - || - || - || - || - || N. sorəm || '''*suur-'''<br/>*surəm || -
| *kuraks || *korɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kəru
| Ms. ← Kh?
| *-a/-ə?
|-
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
|-
| ""
| ""

Revision as of 20:01, 23 July 2013

PU *u_a

F. *u_a, S. *o_ē, Mo. *o_a, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *o/a, H. o/uu, Smy. *ə

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Kh. *oo / _C
"to plait" *puno- *ponē- *pona- *pʊne- *pɨn- fon- *pon- *poonəɬ- *pən-
"facing down" *kumo/a- *komō- *koma- *kʊmə- *kɨm- hom- *kom- *koom-,
W. *kom-		 *kəmə-
"egg" *muna *monē *mona *mʊnə - moń *man *mooɳ *mənå
"to squeeze" *puserta- *počē- - *pʊnćə- *pɨdźɨrt- fačar- *pos- *poosər- -
"stream" *voo *uvē ~ *ɤvē - - - - *ow- E. *ooɣ-,
W. aw		 -
"to hang" - *ko/ɤcō- - *kečə- *kɨš- - *kaš- *kooč- -
"cloudberry" *muura- - - *mor-aak *moor-ək *mərå-ŋkå Check AASmy
"mud" *kura - - - - - *kor- *koor -
"ice crust" - *čoðē - - - - *šaĺ *sooj -
"path" - - - - - - *jaš *jooč - Fi. juntu may be unrelated
Kh. *o / _CC
"feather" *sulka *tolkē *tolga - *tɨlɨ toll *towəl *tokəɬ *tuə Cf. #tuxlə
"stern" *tuhto *totkō - Hi. tɤktɤ K. tɨk tat *tokət *tokət *tətə F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn
"to extinguish" *kus-tu- (…?) *kopsē- - - *kusɨ- - - *kopəɬ- *kəptå-
"bubble" *kupla *koplē - *kʊwəl - hoĺag *kɯwl *komḷəŋ - *-ml-?
"marten" Es. nugis - - - *n/ńiź ńust *ńoks *ńokəs TN noxo Fi. nois
"lip" *turpa
"muzzle"		 - *tərva *tʏrwə *tɨrpɨ - - N. *torəp - or Kh ← K.
"death" *surma - - - - - N. sorəm *sorəm - *śurə-ma, cf. "to kill". Ms. ← Kh?
"wide" - *komtē - *kʊmda - - - *komət -
"net" - - - - K. tɨl - *toləɣ W. *toxəɬ - *tulka or *tula-ka?
"to come" - - - - - jut- *jokt- *jokət- - Cf. *ju/ota-?
Kh. *o, no clear cluster
"to melt, molten" *sula(-) - *sola(-) *šʊle- *sɨl(-) ol(vad) *talaa- *ɬoɬaa- -
"(to) bore" *pura *porē - - *pɨr fuur Tv. porɤɤ *por *pər- Cf. IE
"crook'd" *kura, *kurja? - - - *kɨr- - - *kor *kərå -r- or -rj-?
"to blink" - - *końa-/ə- *kʊme- *kuń- huń- *koń- *koń- *kəńə- F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear".
"morning" - - - - - hol- *kol *kol- *kərə
indistinct
"land" *muta *moðē moda - - - - - *məjå
"to become happy" *muja- (…?)
"to smile"		 *mojē- - - - - - - *məjə-
"cloud(y)" Fi. kumuri - Er. kovol - K. kɨmɤr homaaĺ N. xom- - -
"back" *muka- - - - - *məjå- Check AASmy
"to hit" *putot- *poðō- - pʊðə- U. pɨĺ- ~ K. peĺ - *poĺ- - *pəjä- Check Ma. Smy *-ä after *ðʲ. H. faaj- "hurt" may not belong
"to tell" *jutte- - jofta- - - *jaats-
"to play"		 - - *jəptə-
"block of wood" *luta *lotē - - - - - - *jəčə *-t- or *-č-?
"10" - *lokē - *lu *lɨd - *low - - Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"
"narrowing" - *čorō - - *śuur sor- *sarɯɯ *sart -
"male" *uros *orēs - - - uur - - -
"to push" *surva/u- - - *šʊre- - suur- - - -
"to strangle" Es. poo- *pūvē- *pova- - *pɤd(ɨ)- fuul- - - - check other SF? Kh. *pɯɯk- "to go sour" may not belong
"to fish w/net" - *koltē- - - - - *kult- *kåålt- Sk. qoldɛi- *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
"to cross water" - *mokcē- - - - - - - *məčå-
"dew" *lɤpsē ĺe/akš *lʊpš K. lɨs - - - *jəptå- S. *o → ɤ / _p
"(to) crumble" *mure- *moarrɤ- - - - morža *mur- *moorəj- *mərə- S. *morē and F. in part ← Gmc? H. also mar- "to bite".
"finger" - *sūvðē - - - ujj *tuĺaa' *ɬååj *təjå
"major river" *juka *jokɤ - - - - - - *jəkå + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki?
"axe; knife" - *čorkkō - - - - N. śoxri *ćo(o)kər - OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
in FP only
"to weave" *kuto- *koðē- *koda- *koe- *kɨ(j)- - - - -
"hill" *kumpa/u *kompō komba - *gɨb - - - - ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
"outside" *ulko- *olkō- - - K. ɨlɤ- - - - -
"lazy" *tuhma *tosmē - - K. dɨš - - - - ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
"hair, bundle" *tukka/u - - #čuka *čɨk- - - - - also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
"destruction; fight" Fi. tuho - - - *tɨšk - - - -
"to rummage" *purka- *porkē- Er. purga- *pʊrɣə- - - - - - F. "dismantle"
"to bewitch" *lumot- *lomō- - *lʊmə- - - - - -
"god" *jumala - *jon-dol
"lightning"		 *jʊmə - - - - - + Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ?
"bowl" *kuppV *skoppē kopo - - - - - - ← IE in some way?
"to yelp, sob" - *noskē- Er. noska- - - - - - - F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
""

PU *u_ə

→ F. *u_i, S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o(CCə), Ma. *ʊC/*u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *u, Kh. *o (also _CV)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Smy. *u / _CC
"pole" - *olkɤ Mk. olga - K. ɨl - N. aawlaa N. *oxəɬ *uj F. ulku ← S.
"to go" *kulke- *kolkɤ- *koĺgə- - K. kɨlal- halad- - *kååkəɬ- *kəj- Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
"(to) pee" *kuse- *końčɤ- - *kʊža- *kudź- huuɟ- *kunć- *kos- *kunsə-
"flurry" *purku *porkɤ Er. porga- ~
Mk. purga-		 Me. purɣə- K. pɨra forr *porkɤɤj *porkaaj *purət- or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
"to swim" *ui- *vōjɤ- *ujə- *iä- *uuj- uus- *uj- *ooj/ć- *uə- S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
"skis" *suksi - *soks - - - *towt *ɬok *tutə
"to kno" *tunte- *tomtɤ- - - *tod- tud- - - *cumcə- maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
"to push" *puske- *poskɤ- - Hi. pɤška- ~
Me. püškä-		 - - *puwt- *pookəɬ- -
"20" - - komś - *kɨź huus *kus *koos - *ms → *ws → *s in Ug.?
"grass" *nurmi *ńormɤ - - - - *ńuurəm *ńåårəm -
"tube" *pucki *pockɤ *počkə *pʊč *pučk - - - *pučə P. "inside"
"ant" *kutki *kotkɤ Er. kotkodav *kʊtkə *koot - - - TN xudumka
"crane" *kurki *kōrkɤ *kargə - - - - - *kəro
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Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
"turn, to get lost" - *jorɤ- - - U. jɨromɨ-
K. jɨr "depth"		 †jorgo- "pity" *jorəɣl- *jorəɣɬ-, *jooɣər- jü/urə- *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy jorä "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. jaar- "go" may not belong
"to spawn" *kute- *koðɤ- - - K. kuĺmɨ- *kuĺəm *kååj- -
"to run out" *kulu- *kolɤ- *koĺə- - K. gɨlal- hull-
"to fall"		 *kol- *kolaa- -
"ridge, cleft" *kuru/i- *korɤ - *kʊrək K. kɨr(j)- hor- - *koor - S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong
"(to) coff" - *kosɤ(-) *koz(ə-) - *kɨz(ɨ)- - - *kooɬ(-) *kot(-)
"sno" *lumi *lomɤ *loŋ *lʊm *lɨmɨ lom - - *jom-
"bone" *luu - *lovaža *lu *lɨ - *luw *loɣ *lɤ Mari CV → long
"to pass by" - *molɤ- *moĺə- - - muul- Tv mal- ~
CMs *mul-		 - -
"to bite" *pure- *porɤ- *poŕə- *pʊra- *puur(ɨ)- - *pur- *por- *por-
"to blo" *puhu-
*puhalta-		 *posō- - - K. puškɨ- fuu- *put- *poɬaa- Sk. puttu? K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
"to read" *luke- *lokɤ- Er. lovo- ~
Mk. luvə-		 *lʊða- - olvaš- - *loŋət- ? - H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-.
"side" - - - - K vɨj - *wujəl - - Tv wɤjəl
"hut" - - - - U. tɨlɨs - *tul - - Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
"steep" - - - - *ńɨl- - *ńultəŋ - -
"summer" *suvi *sɤŋɤ- - - - - *tuj *ɬoŋ *təŋ
"to come" *tule- *tolɤ- - *tola- - talaal- - - *toj-
"fire" *tuli *tolɤ *tol *tʊl *tɨl - - - *tuj
"to learn" - - *tona- *tʊne- *tuun-- *tanul- - - *təntå- *-a or *-ə?
"new" *uuci *oðɤ *od *u *vɨĺ uuj - - - Mari CV → long. F. length from *wu-?
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"moon" *kuu - *koŋ - - hoov - *kow *kïj LuS kuojijti- ← *kaja
"mouth" *suu *čovɤ, *čontɤk - šu - saaj *suup, *saw? *sooɣaa *so
in FP only
"to cram" *cuŋke- *coŋkɤ- *toŋgə- *čʏŋɣər K. čɨgəm - - - - FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. dug "to squeeze" (& Ms *tokr-?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
"tip, sharp thing" *hui *sōjɤ - - *šɨ ~ *ši - - - - S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
"to press" - *norɤ- - - *nɨr- - - - -
"to sharpen" - *čokɤ- Er. śuvo- *šua- - - - - - Check Ma.
"sleep" *uni - on - - - - - - ← IE?
"to depart" *urke- - orgo- - - - - - -
"to enquire" *utele- *ocɤ- - - - - - - -
Long (?)
"to hear" *kuule- *kūlɤ- *kuĺə- *kola- *kɨl- hall- *kʷaal- *kåål- - Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
"wind" *tuuli - - Me. tul *tɤl - - - - or something like *ëw?
"to ro" *sowta- *sūkɤ- - *šua- K. sɨn- - *tow- *ɬoɣəl-,
VVj ɬaaɣəŋt-		 *tu- *suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
"sheep" *uuhi ~ *utti - uča *ʊžɣa *ɨž - *aaš *aač - ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu
"6" *kuuci *kūtɤ *kotə *kut *kwať hat *kaat *kuut -
"trough, scoop" F kuiri/u - - - *gɨr - *kʷaaro *kuurə #kuj
"to call" *kuccu- *koččō- - - - - - *kuuć- -
"herd of reindeer" - *čorɤk - - - - *šaar- *suur -
"to kill; death" *sure- - - - - - - *suur- -
"eyebrows; temple" *kulma - - - - - - *kuuĺəm - S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
"lip; mouth" *huuli ? - - - - - *ɬuuɬ - What does does S. *sūlɤ "approx." have to do with this?
"birch" - - - - *kɨdź - *koš- *kuuńć - If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es-
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F u ~ M u (probably adstratal)
"stem" *runko *roŋkē Er. rungo
~ Mk ronga		 - - - - - - ← Gmc *skrunkaz
"bump" *muhka *mokšē Er. muška - - - - - - ~ Ru. myška "mousie"?
"wood" *huhta - *šuftə - - - - - -
"broken" *luhVj - *luža- - - - - - -
"lichen" *luppV *lɤppō - nupəń
To sort
"sack" - *pūðā - - - - - - *påtə
"top" F. sukka *čokkɤ - - *ćuuk - *ćak- *ćäk *sok
"body" - *korōntē - - - - *kur- *kor #kər Check Smy.
"tin, lead" - - - *wulnə - oon *olən *oolnə
"curve" *mutka - - - - - - - *måcə
"frost" *kuura *korā - - *gɤɤr har - - -
"pole" - *sosō *šočko - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"him/her" *hän *son son - U. so ~ K. sɨ öö *täw *ɬöɣ - *u ~ *ü
"prod" *tutka- *tūðkē Er. totka (!!) - U. tuĺɨm tööɟ *täĺək *töj - *u ~ *ü
"(to) shit" *paska *pɤškɤ *pəśkiźe- *pʊškəða- - foš *poć *poć - S. *o → *ɤ / p_?
"clump" *puŋka *pūŋkē pokoĺ - U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ - *paak #pooŋkəḷ - H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle"
"reindeer knee" - *pūnčēs - - U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs - - - *punsV K. M > F /_Ć ?
"narrow, top" *suppa *čūppɤ, NS čoppe - - *śoop-,
K. ćup		 sup-,
čuup		 - - - F. suippu from × huippu
"(to) dry" *kujva(-) Lu. kuife - - - - - *kojəm- -
"thin" *hupa Er. čova ~ Mk. šuva(ńä) - - - šovaań - - - *č-
"to feel" *muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə- - muje- *mooa- *mååď- - mu(u)t- *muuj- - Rather *o
"door" *uksi *ūksɤ - - *ɤs - - - - Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
"groove, path" *ura - ur- - - - *uuraj #wuuri - Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove"
"udder" *utar - odar *wadar - - - - - ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade
"ash; lye" - *kūnɤ - *kon K. kun - - - - at least S ← IE; maybe Ma/K *kanə
"to lose; to spoil; to hide" *hukkat- - - *čɨk- - čuk- - - #təkå- Or F. ← Gmc *sukka
"pole" - L. sosso *čočkə - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"collar" - - - - - - *rɤɤkʷ *rook - Rather *o? Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
"to chew, gnaw" - - - - - raag- "L. rågn-" - *luŋkəj-
"lily, onion" - - - - - - T taŋkəl VV *ɬooɣəɭ #tokul *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh?
"to divide" - - - - *šɨr- irt-, †ort- - *ɬort- *tarV-
"to wash" *huhto- - *kšta- - - - - - - Probably adstratal, *šukšta-
"mortar" *huhmar ~ Ka huumar - *šovar *šuar - - - - -
"gruel" F huttu
"down; beard" F untuva - - - - - - - #muntV- Bad. Slk *untə
"be forgotten" *unV-hta- - - - *vun(et)- - - - - F better from "sleep"
"up" - - - - - - *num *nuum, *nååmən #num, Sk *nom
"up" - - - - - - - *nuuk #ńAŋtV Cf. prev.
"to scrape" Fi. nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha- - *nozərda- *nuže- - - - *noɬ- *nət- *nuSja-?
"moss" - - - - K ńɨč(k) - - - *ńåTA-
"to flay" - - - - U ńi/ɨj- ńuuz- Tv nooj-, *ńuj- - - "see *ńowə-"
"fir" - - - *nʊlɣə *ńɨl *ńulV *ńalkə #ńulkV
"to rest" - - Er. nuvśe-,
Mo. nuva-		 - - ńug(os)- *ńuunt- *ńooɣəɬ- *ńuŋ(əś)-
"midge" - - - *lʊməj U nɨmɨ ~ K nom - - - -
"midge" - - - (*lʊmə) U ĺum - *ĺVməj - -
"club" *nuhja ~ *nujja - - nöšle- U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k) - - - -
"marten" - - - *lʊj - - "loisa" - Sk lokka, Ma lui
"downstream" - *lū- - - - - *luuj- *laŋa
"wet" Es lopp(a) - *lop(a)- *lʊp- K lap- - - - -
"weak" - - - *lʊš(kə)- K. lɨškɨd - - - -
"horse" - - - - - √lov- *luw *laaw-, V looɣ- - also F. lupo "stallion"?
"middle" - - - - - - - *jäčə *jončV
"to bind" - - - - *jɨt- - - - FN jūťe-
"pine" - - - - - - *ji(i)w *juuɣ *jɤ best *jëxə?
"fierce; strong" F julma - - - *joonm- - - - -
"inside" - - - - - joh, juh *juw, *jun *jo(o)ɣ -
"hump" *mukula - - *mʊɣəĺ *mɨĺ(i) - - - - -ĺ-??
"back" - - - *tup U. tɨbɨr top - - -
"neck" *turja
"nape"		 - - - - torok *tur *tuu₁r - *turə-ja? + H. tarja "crest etc."
"to break" - - - *tuɣe- U. tijal- - - - -
"kernel" *tuuma, F tuma - *toŋ Hi. toŋ ~ Me. tomə - - - - - #towŋɜ??
"to fill" F. tuppat- - *topaftə-,
*topəďə-		 - - - - - -
"stiff" *turta - - *turta- K. tural- - - - -
"to observe" - - - *tʊšle- U. dɨšɨ- - - - - medial??
"sorcery" - - - - - taaltoš *tooɬt - Maybe *o. NMs tuultən "light, easy" semantically bad
"knife" *kuraks *korɤ - - - - - - *kəru *-a/-ə?
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