Proto-Uralic/U: Difference between revisions

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(*tu)
(fine-tuning)
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! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_a, Ms. *å/a, Smy. *ə
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_a, Ms. *o/a, Smy. *ə
|-
|-
| "to plait"
| "to plait"
| *puno- || *ponē- || pona- || *pʊnə- || *pɨn- || fon- || *pån- || *poon- || *pən-
| *puno- || *ponē- || pona- || *pʊnə- || *pɨn- || fon- || *pon- || *poon- || *pən-
|-
|-
| "facing down"
| "facing down"
| *kumo/a- || *komō- || koma- || *kʊmə- || *kɨm- || hom- || *kåm- || *koom- || *kəmə-
| *kumo/a- || *komō- || koma- || *kʊmə- || *kɨm- || hom- || *kom- || *koom- || *kəmə-
|-
|-
| "egg"
| "egg"
| *muna || *monē || mona || *mʊnə || - ||style= color:red| moń || *man || *moon || *mənå
| *muna || *monē || *mona || *mʊnə || - ||style="color:red"| moń || *man ||style="color:green" *mooɳ || *mənå
|-
|-
| "to squeeze"
| "to squeeze"
| *puserta- || *počē- || - || style="color:red"| *pʊnćə- || *pɨdźɨrt- || '''fačar-''' || *pås- || *poosər- || -
| *puserta- || *počē- || - || style="color:red"| *pʊnćə- || *pɨdźɨrt- || '''fačar-''' || *pos- || *poosər- || -
|-
|-
| "to melt, molten"
| "to melt, molten"
| *sula(-) || - || sola(-) || *šʊlə- || *sɨl(-) || ol(vad) || *talaa- || ''*ɬoɬaa-'' || -
| *sula(-) || - || *sola(-) || *šʊle- || *sɨl(-) || ol(vad) || *talaa- || ''*ɬoɬaa-'' || -
|-
|-
| "to extinguish"
| "to extinguish"
| *kus-tu- || *kopsē- || - || || '''*kus-''' || - || - || *kopəɬ- || *kəptå-
| *kus-tu- (…?) || *kopsē- || - || - || '''*kusɨ-''' || - || - || *kopəɬ- || *kəptå-
|-
|-
| "feather"
| "feather"
| style="color:red"| *sulka || *tolkē || *tolga || - || *tɨlɨ || toll || *towəl || *tokəɬ || '''*tuəj'''  
| style="color:red"| *sulka || *tolkē || *tolga || - || *tɨlɨ || toll || *towəl || *tokəɬ || '''*tuə'''  
| Cf. #tuxlə
| Cf. #tuxlə
|-
|-
Line 36: Line 36:
|-
|-
| "to blink"
| "to blink"
| - || - || *końa-/''ə-'' || style="color:red"| *kʊmə- || '''*kuń-''' || ''huń-'' || *kåń- || *koń- || *kəń-
| - || - || *końa-/''ə-'' || style="color:red"| *kʊmə- || '''*kuń-''' || ''huń-'' || *koń- || *koń- || *kəń-
| F. ''küünü-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*küńe-]] "tear". No clear cluster?
| F. ''küünü-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*küńe-]] "tear". No clear cluster?
|-
|-
Line 43: Line 43:
|-
|-
| "to become happy"
| "to become happy"
| F. muju? || *mojē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məjə-
| *muja- (…?)<br/>"to smile" || *mojē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məjə-
|-
|-
| "stream"
| "stream"
| *voo || *uvē ~ '''*ɤvē''' || - || - || - || - || *åw- || East *ooɣ-,<br/>West '''aw''' || -
| *voo || ''*uvē'' ~ '''*ɤvē''' || - || - || - || - || *ow- || E. *ooɣ-,<br/>W. '''aw''' || -
|-
|-
| "to hang"
| "to hang"
Line 52: Line 52:
|-
|-
| "mud"
| "mud"
| *kura || - || - || - || - || - || *kår- || *koor || -
| *kura || - || - || - || - || - || *kor- || *koor || -
|-
|-
| "ice crust"
| "ice crust"
Line 58: Line 58:
|-
|-
| "cloud(y)"
| "cloud(y)"
| F. kumuri || - || kovol || - || - || homaaĺ || *kåm- || - || -
| Fi. kumuri || - || kovol || - || - || homaaĺ || *kom- || - || -
|-
|-
| "back"
| "back"
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|-
|-
| "cloudberry"
| "cloudberry"
| '''*muura-''' || - || - ||  ||  ||  || *mår-aak || *moor-ək || *mərå-ŋkå
| '''*muura-''' || - || - ||  ||  ||  || *mor-aak || *moor-ək || *mərå-ŋkå
| Check AASmy
| Check AASmy
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| *puto- || *poðō- || - || '''puðə-''' || U. pɨĺ- ~ K. '''peĺ''' ||  || *påĺ- || - || *pəjä-
| *puto- || *poðō- || - || '''puðə-''' || U. pɨĺ- ~ K. '''peĺ''' ||  || *poĺ- || - || *pəjä-
| Smy *-ä after *ðʲ
| Smy *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
|-
Line 78: Line 78:
| *luta || *lotē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jəčə
| *luta || *lotē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jəčə
| *-t- or *-č-?
| *-t- or *-č-?
|-
| "10"
| - || *lokē || - || *lu || *lɨd || olvaš- || *low ||style="color:red"| ''*loŋət-'' ? || -
| Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"; H. metathesis?!
|-
|-
| "wide"
| "wide"
Line 87: Line 91:
| "male"
| "male"
| *uros || *orēs || - || - || - || uur || - || - || -
| *uros || *orēs || - || - || - || uur || - || - || -
|-
| "to push"
| *surva/u- || - || - || *šʊre- || - || suur- || - || - || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || K. tɨl || - || *toləɣ || W. *toxəɬ || -
| *tulka or *tula-ka?
|-
|-
| "hill"
| "hill"
Line 108: Line 119:
|-
|-
| "to strangle"
| "to strangle"
| *poo- || *pūvē- || pova- || - || *pɤd(ɨ)- || fuul- || - || '''*pɯɯk-''' || -
| Es. poo- || *pūvē- || *pova- || - || '''*pɤd(ɨ)-''' || fuul- || - || - || -
| check other SF? Kh. '''*pɯɯk-''' "to go sour" may not belong
|-
|-
| "to fish with a net"
| "to fish w/net"
| - || *koltē- || - || - || - || - || ''*kult-'' || '''*kåål-''' || Se. qoldɛi-
| - || *koltē- || - || - || - || - || ''*kult-'' || '''*kåålt-''' || Sk. qoldɛi-
| *kulk(i)-ta- ?
| *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
|-
|-
| "stern"
| "stern"
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|-
|-
| "bubble"
| "bubble"
| *kupla || *koplē || - || *kʊwəl || - || hoĺag || '''*kɯɯwl''' || *komḷəŋ || -
| *kupla || *koplē || - || *kʊwəl || - || hoĺag || '''*kɯwl''' || *komḷəŋ || -
| *-ml-?
| *-ml-?
|-
|-
| "lip"
| "lip"
| *turpa<br/>"muzzle" || - || ''*tərva'' || '''*tʏrwə''' || *tɨrpɨ || - || - || - || -  
| *turpa<br/>"muzzle" || - || ''*tərva'' || '''*tʏrwə''' || *tɨrpɨ || - || - || N. *torəp || -
| or Kh ← K.
|-
| "destruction; fight"
| Fi. tuho || - || - || - || *tɨšk || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to bewitch"
| "to bewitch"
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|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_i, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_i, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "pole"
| *ulku || *olkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || - || || || *uj
| - || *olkɤ || Mk. olga || - || K. ɨl || - || N. '''aawlaa''' || N. *oxəɬ || *uj
| F. ulku ← S.
|-
|-
| "to go"
| "to go"
Line 172: Line 189:
| Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
| Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
|-
|-
| "to pee"
| "(to) pee"
| *kuse- || *końčɤ- || - ||style="color:red"| *kʊźa- || '''*kudź-''' || huuɟ- || style="color:red"| '''*kunć-''' || *kos- || *kunsə-
| *kuse- || *końčɤ- || - ||style="color:green"| *kʊža- || '''*kudź-''' || huuɟ- || *kunć- || style="color:red"| *kos- || *kunsə-
|-
|-
| "marten"
| "marten"
| Es. nugis || - || - || style="color:brown"| '''*n/ńiź''' ||  || ńust || *ńåks || *ńokəs  || TN noxo
| Es. nugis || - || - || style="color:brown"| '''*n/ńiź''' ||  || ńust || ''*ńoks'' || *ńokəs  || TN noxo
|-
| Ms. points to *-a
| "tube"
| *pucki || *pockɤ || počko || *pʊč || - || - || - || - || *pučə
|-
|-
| "flurry"
| "flurry"
| *purku || *porkɤ || Er. porga- ~<br/>Mk. '''purga-''' || Me. purɣə- || K. pɨra || ''forr'' || *pårkɯɯj || *porkaaj || *purət-
| *purku || *porkɤ || Er. porga- ~<br/>Mk. '''purga-''' || Me. purɣə- || K. pɨra || ''forr'' || *porkɯɯj || *porkaaj || *purət-
| or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. ''pur'' "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
| or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. ''pur'' "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
|-
| "to swim"
| *ui- || ''*vōjɤ-'' || '''*ujə-''' || '''*iä-''' || '''*uuj-''' || uus- || *uj- || ''*ooj/ć-'' || *u-
| S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
|-
|-
| "skis"
| "skis"
| *suksi || - || soks || - || - || - || *tåwt || *ɬok || *tutə
| *suksi || - || *soks || - || - || - || ''*towt'' || *ɬok || *tutə
|-
|-
| "to kno"
| "to kno"
| *tunte- || *tomtɤ- || - || - || '''*tod-''' || tud- || - || - || *tumtə-
| *tunte- || *tomtɤ- || - || - || '''*tod-''' || tud- || - || - ||style="color:red"| *cumcə-
| maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
|-
|-
| "20"
| "20"
| - || - || komś || - || *kɨź || ''huus'' || ''*kuus'' || ''*koos'' || -
| - || - || komś || - || *kɨź || ''huus'' || *kus || ''*koos'' || -
| *ms → *ws in Ug.?
| *ms → *ws → *s in Ug.?
|-
|-
| "grass"
| "grass"
| *nurmi || *ńormɤ || - || - || - || - || ''*ńuurəm'' || '''*ńåårəm''' || -
| *nurmi || *ńormɤ || - || - || - || - || ''*ńuurəm'' || '''*ńåårəm''' || -
|-
| "tube"
| *pucki || *pockɤ || *počkə || *pʊč || ''*pučk'' || - || - || - || *pučə
| P. "inside"
|-
| "ant"
| *kutki || *kotkɤ || Er. kotkodav || *kʊtkə ||style="color:brown"| '''*koot''' || - || - || - || TN xudumka
|-
|-
| "crane"
| "crane"
| *kurki || '''*kōrkɤ''' || '''*kargo''' || - || - || - || - || - || ''*kərə''
| *kurki || '''*kōrkɤ''' || '''*kargə''' || - || - || - || - || - || ''*kəro''
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_i, Kh. *o/*oo, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_i, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
|-
|-
| "turn, to get lost"
| "turn, to get lost"
| - || *jorɤ- || - || - || U. jɨromɨ-<br/>K. jɨr "depth" || †jorgo- "pity" || *jårəɣl- || *jorəɣɬ-, *jooɣər- || '''jü/urə-'''
| - || *jorɤ- || - || - || U. jɨromɨ-<br/>K. jɨr "depth" || †jorgo- "pity" || *jorəɣl- || *jorəɣɬ-, *jooɣər- || '''jü/urə-'''
| *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy ''jorä'' "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. '''jaar-''' "go" may not belong
| *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy ''jorä'' "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. '''jaar-''' "go" may not belong
|-
|-
| "to spawn"
| "to spawn"
| *kute- || *koðɤ- || - || - || K. '''kuĺmɨ-''' ||  || ''*kuĺ-'' || ''*kååj-'' || -
| *kute- || *koðɤ- || - || - || K. '''kuĺmɨ-''' ||  || *kuĺəm || ''*kååj-'' || -
|-
|-
| "to wear"
| "to wear"
| *kulu- || *kolɤ- || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || *kål- || *kolaa- || -
| *kulu- || *kolɤ- || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || '''*kol-''' || *kolaa- || -
|-
|-
| "cleft"
| "cleft"
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|-
|-
| "(to) coff"
| "(to) coff"
| - || *kosɤ- || koz(o-) || - || *kɨz(ɨ)- || - || - || *koɬ- || *kot-
| - || *kosɤ(-) || *koz(ə-) || - || *kɨz(ɨ)- || - || - || ''*kooɬ(-)'' || *kot(-)
|-
| "10"
| *luke-/u || *lokɤ/ē- || Er. lovo- ~<br/>Mk. '''luvə-''' || ''*lu'' || *lɨd || olvaš- || *låw ||style="color:red"| *loŋət- ? || -
| F, Mo "to read", P. "number" (suffix'd?), H. metathesis?
|-
|-
| "sno"
| "sno"
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| lov || *lʊm || *lɨmɨ || lom || - || - || *jom-
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| *loŋ || *lʊm || *lɨmɨ || lom || - || - || *jom-
|-
|-
| "bone"
| "bone"
| *luu || - || lovaža || ''*lu'' || *lɨ || - || ''*luw'' || *ɬoɣ || '''*lɤ'''
| *luu || - || *lov''a''ža || *lu || *lɨ || - || *luw || *loɣ || '''*lɤ'''
| Ms. *u near labials?
| Mari CV → long
|-
|-
| "to pass by"
| "to pass by"
| - || *molɤ- || mole- || - || - || muul- || ''*mul-'' || - || -
| - || *molɤ- ||style="color:green"| *moĺə- || - || - || muul- || Tv ''mal-'' ~<br/>CMs *mul- || - || -
| Ms. *u near labials?
|-
|-
| "to bite"
| "to bite"
| *pure- || *porɤ- || poŕe- || *pʊra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || ''*pur-'' || *por- || *por-
| *pure- || *porɤ- ||style="color:green"| *poŕə- || *pʊra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || *pur- || *por- || *por-
| Ms. *u near labials?
|-
|-
| "to blo"
| "to blo"
| *puhu- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || ''*put-'' || *poɬaa- || Se. ''puttu''?
| *puhu- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || *put- || *poɬaa- || Sk. ''puttu''?
| Ms. *u near labials?
|-
|-
| "side"
| "side"
| - || - || - || - || K vɨj || - || *wujəl || - || -  
| - || - || - || - || K vɨj || - || *wujəl || - || -  
| Ms *u near labial? Tv ''wɤjəl''
| Tv ''wɤjəl''
|-
| "hut"
| - || - || - || - || U. tɨlɨs || - || *tul || - || -
| Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi  ← Baltic *tala-
|-
|-
| "summer"
| "summer"
| *suvi || '''*sɤŋɤ-''' || - || - || - || - || '''*tuj''' || *ɬoŋ || '''*təŋ'''
| *suvi || '''*sɤŋɤ-''' || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *tuj || *ɬoŋ || '''*təŋ'''
| Ms. *u ?!
|-
|-
| "to come"
| "to come"
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|-
|-
| "fire"
| "fire"
| *tuli || *tolɤ || tol || *tʊl || *tɨl || - || - || - || ''*tuj''
| *tuli || *tolɤ || *tol || *tʊl || *tɨl || - || - || - || ''*tuj''
|-
|-
| "to learn"
| "to learn"
Line 265: Line 288:
|-
|-
| "morning"
| "morning"
| - || - || - || - || - || hol- || #kOl- || *kol- || SSm *kər
| - || - || - || - || - || hol- || ''*kol'' || *kol- || SSm *kər
|-
|-
| "new"
| "new"
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od || ''*u'' || *vɨĺ || uuj || - || - || -
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od ||style="color:brown"| *u || *vɨĺ || uuj || - || - || -
| F. length from *wu-?  
| Mari CV → long. F. length from *wu-?  
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
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|-
|-
| "moon"
| "moon"
| *kuu || Lu. ''kuojijti-'' || *koŋ || - || - || hoov || - || *kow || '''*kïj'''
| *kuu || - || *koŋ || - || - || hoov || - || *kow || '''*kïj'''
| LuS ''kuojijti- ← *kaja-
|-
|-
| "mouth"
| "mouth"
Line 288: Line 312:
| "to press"
| "to press"
| - || *norɤ- || - || - || *nɨr- || - || - || - || -
| - || *norɤ- || - || - || *nɨr- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to read"
| *luke- || *lokɤ- || Er. lovo- ~<br/>Mk. '''luvə-''' || *lʊða- || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-
|-
|-
| "to sharpen"
| "to sharpen"
Line 313: Line 341:
|-
|-
| "to ro"
| "to ro"
| ''*sowta-'' || *sūkɤ- || - || *šua- || K. sɨn- || - || *tåw- || '''*ɬaaɣ-''' || *tu-
| ''*sowta-'' || *sūkɤ- || - || *šua- || K. sɨn- || - || *tow- || *ɬoɣəl-,<br/>VVj '''ɬaaɣəŋt-''' || *tu-
| *suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
| *suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
|-
|-
Line 319: Line 347:
| *uuhi ~ *utti || - || uča || *ʊžɣa || *ɨž || - || '''*aaš''' || '''*aač''' || -
| *uuhi ~ *utti || - || uča || *ʊžɣa || *ɨž || - || '''*aaš''' || '''*aač''' || -
| ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
| ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
|-
| "to swim"
| *ui- || ''*vōjɤ-'' || uje- || '''*iä-''' || '''*uuj-''' || uus- || ''*uj-'' || '''*uj-''' || *u-
| S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Ms. ''*aa'' ~ Kh. ''*uu''
! colspan="10"| Ms. ''*aa'' ~ Kh. ''*uu''
Line 340: Line 364:
|-
|-
| "birch"
| "birch"
| - || - || - || - || *kɨdź || - ||style="color:green"| ''*kåš-'' || *kuuńć || -
| - || - || - || - || *kɨdź || - ||style="color:green"| ''*koš-'' || *kuuńć || -
| If not *a or something. F. ''*kaski'' may be ← IE *h₁es-
| If not *a or something. F. ''*kaski'' may be ← IE *h₁es-
|-
|-
Line 381: Line 405:
|-
|-
| "tin, lead"
| "tin, lead"
| - || - || - || '''*wulnə''' || - || oon || *ålən || *oolnə ||
| - || - || - || '''*wulnə''' || - || oon || *olən || *oolnə ||
|-
|-
| "curve"
| "curve"
Line 390: Line 414:
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "pole"
| - ||style="color:red"| *sosō  || *šočko || - || '''*džadž''' || - || - || - || Se. čoočə
| - ||style="color:red"| *sosō  || *šočko || - || '''*džadž''' || - || - || - || Sk. čoočə
|-
|-
| "him/her"
| "him/her"
Line 401: Line 425:
|-
|-
| "(to) shit"
| "(to) shit"
| '''*paska''' || ''*pɤškɤ'' || *pəśkiźe- || *pʊškəða- || - || foš || *påć || *påť || -
| '''*paska''' || ''*pɤškɤ'' || *pəśkiźe- || *pʊškəða- || - || foš || *poć || *poť || -
| S. *o→ ɤ / p_
| S. *o→ ɤ / p_
|-
|-
Line 547: Line 571:
|-
|-
| "path"
| "path"
| F. <span style="color:red">juntu</span> || - || - || - || - || - || *jåš || *jooč || -  
| F. <span style="color:red">juntu</span> || - || - || - || - || - || *još || *jooč || -  
|-
|-
| "middle"
| "middle"
Line 570: Line 594:
|-
|-
| "to come"
| "to come"
| - || - || - || - || - || jut- || *jåkt- || *joɣət- || -
| - || - || - || - || - || jut- || *jokt- || *joɣət- || -
| Cf. *ju/ota-?
| Cf. *ju/ota-?
|-
|-
Line 579: Line 603:
| "trough, scoop"
| "trough, scoop"
| F kuiri/u || - || - || - || *gɨr || - ||style="color:green"| *kʷaaro || *kuurə || #kuj
| F kuiri/u || - || - || - || *gɨr || - ||style="color:green"| *kʷaaro || *kuurə || #kuj
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || K. tɨl || - || *toləɣ || W. *toxəɬ || -
|-
|-
| "back"
| "back"
| - || - || - || ''*tup'' || U. <span style="color:red">tɨbɨr</span> || top || - || - || -
| - || - || - || ''*tup'' || U. <span style="color:red">tɨbɨr</span> || top || - || - || -
|-
| "back of neck/head"
| *turja || - || - || - || - || tarja || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "neck"
| "neck"
| - || - || - || - || - || torok || *tur || *tuu₁r || -
| *turja<br/>"nape" || - || - || - || - || - || - || torok || *tur || '''*tuu₁r''' || -
| cf. prev.
| *turə-ja? + H. ''tarja'' "crest etc."
|-
|-
| "to break"
| "to break"
Line 613: Line 631:
| - || - || - || - || - || taaltoš ||  || *tooɬt || -
| - || - || - || - || - || taaltoš ||  || *tooɬt || -
| Maybe *o. NMs ''tuultən'' "light, easy" semantically bad
| Maybe *o. NMs ''tuultən'' "light, easy" semantically bad
|-
| "to kill; death"
| *sure-<br/>*surmA || - || - || - || - || - || N. sorəm || '''*suur-'''<br/>*surəm || -
| Ms. ← Kh?
|-
|-
| ""
| ""

Revision as of 17:02, 23 July 2013

F. *u, S. & Mo. *o, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, H. o/uu, Kh. *oo / _C, *o / _CC

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
FSM *u_a, Ms. *o/a, Smy. *ə
"to plait" *puno- *ponē- pona- *pʊnə- *pɨn- fon- *pon- *poon- *pən-
"facing down" *kumo/a- *komō- koma- *kʊmə- *kɨm- hom- *kom- *koom- *kəmə-
"egg" *muna *monē *mona *mʊnə - moń *man style="color:green" *mooɳ *mənå
"to squeeze" *puserta- *počē- - *pʊnćə- *pɨdźɨrt- fačar- *pos- *poosər- -
"to melt, molten" *sula(-) - *sola(-) *šʊle- *sɨl(-) ol(vad) *talaa- *ɬoɬaa- -
"to extinguish" *kus-tu- (…?) *kopsē- - - *kusɨ- - - *kopəɬ- *kəptå-
"feather" *sulka *tolkē *tolga - *tɨlɨ toll *towəl *tokəɬ *tuə Cf. #tuxlə
"crook'd" *kura, *kurja - - - *kɨr- - - *kor *kərå -rj- fits Kh. better
"to blink" - - *końa-/ə- *kʊmə- *kuń- huń- *koń- *koń- *kəń- F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear". No clear cluster?
"land" *muta *moðē moda - - - - - *məjå
"to become happy" *muja- (…?)
"to smile"		 *mojē- - - - - - - *məjə-
"stream" *voo *uvē ~ *ɤvē - - - - *ow- E. *ooɣ-,
W. aw		 -
"to hang" - *ko/ɤcō- - *kečə- *kɨš- - *kaš- *kooč- -
"mud" *kura - - - - - *kor- *koor -
"ice crust" - *čoðē - - - - *šaĺ *sooj -
"cloud(y)" Fi. kumuri - kovol - - homaaĺ *kom- - -
"back" *muka- - - - - *məjå- Check AASmy
"to tell" *jutte- - jofta- - - *jaats-
"to play"		 - - *jəptə-
"cloudberry" *muura- - - *mor-aak *moor-ək *mərå-ŋkå Check AASmy
"to hit" *puto- *poðō- - puðə- U. pɨĺ- ~ K. peĺ *poĺ- - *pəjä- Smy *-ä after *ðʲ
"block of wood" *luta *lotē - - - - - - *jəčə *-t- or *-č-?
"10" - *lokē - *lu *lɨd olvaš- *low *loŋət- ? - Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"; H. metathesis?!
"wide" - *komtē - *kʊmda - - - *komət -
"narrowing" - *čorō - - *śuur sor- *sarɯɯ *sart -
"male" *uros *orēs - - - uur - - -
"to push" *surva/u- - - *šʊre- - suur- - - -
"net" - - - - K. tɨl - *toləɣ W. *toxəɬ - *tulka or *tula-ka?
"hill" *kumpa/u *kompō komba - *gɨb - - - - ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
"outside" *ulko- *olkō- - - K. ɨlɤ- - - - -
"lazy" *tuhma *tosmē - - K. dɨš - - - - ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
"hair, bundle" *tukka/u - - #čuka *čɨk- - - - - also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
"to rummage" *purka- *porkē- Er. purga- *pʊrɣə- - - - - - F. "dismantle"
"to strangle" Es. poo- *pūvē- *pova- - *pɤd(ɨ)- fuul- - - - check other SF? Kh. *pɯɯk- "to go sour" may not belong
"to fish w/net" - *koltē- - - - - *kult- *kåålt- Sk. qoldɛi- *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
"stern" *tuhto *totkō - Hi. tɤktɤ K. tɨk tat *tokət *tokət *tətə F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn
"to cross water" - *mokcē- - - - - - - *məčå-
"dew" *lɤpsē ĺe/akš *lʊpš K. lɨs *jəptå- S. *o → ɤ / _p
"(to) crumble" *mure/u- *morē, *moarrɤ- - - - mar *mur- *moor- *mərə
"major river" *juka *jokɤ - - - - - - *jəkå + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki?
"finger" - *sūvðē - - - ujj *tuĺaa' *ɬååj *təjå
"(to) bore" *pura *porē - - *pɨr fuur #pOr *por *pər- Cf. IE
"bubble" *kupla *koplē - *kʊwəl - hoĺag *kɯwl *komḷəŋ - *-ml-?
"lip" *turpa
"muzzle"		 - *tərva *tʏrwə *tɨrpɨ - - N. *torəp - or Kh ← K.
"destruction; fight" Fi. tuho - - - *tɨšk - - - -
"to bewitch" *lumot- *lomō- - *lʊmə- - - - - -
"bowl" *kuppV *skoppē kopo - - - - - -
"to yelp, sob" - *noskē- Er. noska- - - - - - - F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
"axe; knife" - *čorkkō - - - - N. śoxri *ćo(o)kər - OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
""
FSM *u_i, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC
"pole" - *olkɤ Mk. olga - K. ɨl - N. aawlaa N. *oxəɬ *uj F. ulku ← S.
"to go" *kulke- *kolkɤ- koĺge- - K. kɨlal- halad- - *kååkəɬ- *kəj- Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
"(to) pee" *kuse- *końčɤ- - *kʊža- *kudź- huuɟ- *kunć- *kos- *kunsə-
"marten" Es. nugis - - *n/ńiź ńust *ńoks *ńokəs TN noxo Ms. points to *-a
"flurry" *purku *porkɤ Er. porga- ~
Mk. purga-		 Me. purɣə- K. pɨra forr *porkɯɯj *porkaaj *purət- or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
"to swim" *ui- *vōjɤ- *ujə- *iä- *uuj- uus- *uj- *ooj/ć- *u- S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
"skis" *suksi - *soks - - - *towt *ɬok *tutə
"to kno" *tunte- *tomtɤ- - - *tod- tud- - - *cumcə- maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
"20" - - komś - *kɨź huus *kus *koos - *ms → *ws → *s in Ug.?
"grass" *nurmi *ńormɤ - - - - *ńuurəm *ńåårəm -
"tube" *pucki *pockɤ *počkə *pʊč *pučk - - - *pučə P. "inside"
"ant" *kutki *kotkɤ Er. kotkodav *kʊtkə *koot - - - TN xudumka
"crane" *kurki *kōrkɤ *kargə - - - - - *kəro
""
FSM *u_i, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
"turn, to get lost" - *jorɤ- - - U. jɨromɨ-
K. jɨr "depth"		 †jorgo- "pity" *jorəɣl- *jorəɣɬ-, *jooɣər- jü/urə- *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy jorä "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. jaar- "go" may not belong
"to spawn" *kute- *koðɤ- - - K. kuĺmɨ- *kuĺəm *kååj- -
"to wear" *kulu- *kolɤ- - - K. gɨlal- - *kol- *kolaa- -
"cleft" *kuru/i- - - *kʊrək K. kɨr hor- - *koor - S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong
"(to) coff" - *kosɤ(-) *koz(ə-) - *kɨz(ɨ)- - - *kooɬ(-) *kot(-)
"sno" *lumi *lomɤ *loŋ *lʊm *lɨmɨ lom - - *jom-
"bone" *luu - *lovaža *lu *lɨ - *luw *loɣ *lɤ Mari CV → long
"to pass by" - *molɤ- *moĺə- - - muul- Tv mal- ~
CMs *mul-		 - -
"to bite" *pure- *porɤ- *poŕə- *pʊra- *puur(ɨ)- - *pur- *por- *por-
"to blo" *puhu- *posō- - - K. puškɨ- fuu- *put- *poɬaa- Sk. puttu?
"side" - - - - K vɨj - *wujəl - - Tv wɤjəl
"hut" - - - - U. tɨlɨs - *tul - - Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
"summer" *suvi *sɤŋɤ- - - - - *tuj *ɬoŋ *təŋ
"to come" *tule- *tolɤ- - *tola- - talaal- - - *toj-
"fire" *tuli *tolɤ *tol *tʊl *tɨl - - - *tuj
"to learn" - - *tona- *tʊne- *tuun-- *tanul- - - *təntå- *-a or *-ə?
"morning" - - - - - hol- *kol *kol- SSm *kər
"new" *uuci *oðɤ *od *u *vɨĺ uuj - - - Mari CV → long. F. length from *wu-?
""
"moon" *kuu - *koŋ - - hoov - *kow *kïj LuS kuojijti- ← *kaja-
"mouth" *suu *čovɤ, *čontɤk - šu - saaj *suup, *saw? *sooɣaa *so
*u_i, FP only
"to cram" *cuŋke- *coŋkɤ- *toŋgə- *čʏŋɣər K. čɨgəm - - - - FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. dug "to squeeze" (& Ms *tokr-?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
"to press" - *norɤ- - - *nɨr- - - - -
"to read" *luke- *lokɤ- Er. lovo- ~
Mk. luvə-		 *lʊða- - - - - - Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-
"to sharpen" - *čokɤ- śuvo- - - - - - -
"sleep" *uni - on - - - - - - ← IE?
"to depart" *urke- - orgo- - - - - - -
"to enquire" *utele- *ocɤ- - - - - - - -
Long (?)
"to hear" *kuule- *kūlɤ- kuĺe- *kola- *kɨl- hall- *kaal- *kåål- - Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
"wind" *tuuli - - Me. tul *tɤl - - - - or something like *ow?
"to ro" *sowta- *sūkɤ- - *šua- K. sɨn- - *tow- *ɬoɣəl-,
VVj ɬaaɣəŋt-		 *tu- *suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
"sheep" *uuhi ~ *utti - uča *ʊžɣa *ɨž - *aaš *aač - ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu
"6" *kuuci *kūtɤ koto *kut *kwat hat *kaat *kuut -
"to call" *kuccu- *koččō- - - - - - *kuuť- -
"herd of reindeer" - *čorɤk - - - - *šaar- *suur -
"eyebrows; temple" *kulma - - - - - - *kuuĺəm - S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
"birch" - - - - *kɨdź - *koš- *kuuńć - If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es-
""
""
F u ~ M u (probably adstratal)
"stem" *runko *roŋkē Er. rungo
~ Mk ronga		 - - - - - - ← Gmc *skrunkaz
"bump" *muhka *mokšē Er. muška - - - - - - ~ Ru. myška "mousie"?
"wood" *huhta - *šuftə - - - - - -
"broken" *luhVj - *luža- - - - - - -
"lichen" *luppV *lɤppō - nupəń
To sort
"sack" - *pūðā - - - - - - *påtə
"top" F. sukka *čokkɤ - - *ćuuk - *ćak- *ćäk *sok
"body" - *korōntē - - - - *kur- *kor #kər Check Smy.
"tin, lead" - - - *wulnə - oon *olən *oolnə
"curve" *mutka - - - - - - - *måcə
"frost" *kuura *korā - - *gɤɤr har - - -
"pole" - *sosō *šočko - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"him/her" *hän *son son - U. so ~ K. sɨ öö *täw *ɬöɣ - *u ~ *ü
"prod" *tutka- *tūðkē Er. totka (!!) - U. tuĺɨm tööɟ *täĺək *töj - *u ~ *ü
"(to) shit" *paska *pɤškɤ *pəśkiźe- *pʊškəða- - foš *poć *poť - S. *o→ ɤ / p_
"clump" *puŋka *pūŋkē pokoĺ - U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ - *paak #pooŋkəḷ - H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle"
"reindeer knee" - *pūnčēs - - U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs - - - *punsV K. M > F /_Ć ?
"narrow, top" *suppa *čūppɤ, NS čoppe - - *śoop-, K. ćup sup-, čuup - - -

[ F. suippu from × huippu

"(to) dry" *kujva(-) Lu. kuife - - - - - *kojəm- -
"thin" *hupa Er. čova ~ Mk. šuva(ńä) - - - šovaań - - - *č-
"to speak" *jutte- - jovta- - - jaat- - - -
"to feel" *muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə- - muje- *mooa- *mååď- - mu(u)t- *muuj- - Rather *o
"door" *uksi *ūksɤ - - *ɤs - - - - Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
"groove, path" *ura - ur- - - - *uuraj #wuuri - Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove"
"udder" *utar - odar *wadar - - - - - ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade
"ash; lye" - *kūnɤ - *kon K. kun - - - - ← IE
"to lose; to spoil; to hide" *hukkat- - - *čɨk- - čuk- - - #təkå- Or F. ← Gmc *sukka
"pole" - L. sosso *čočkə - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"collar" - - - - - - *rɤɤkʷ *rook - Rather *o? Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
"to chew, gnaw" - - - - - raag- "L. rågn-" - *luŋkəj-
"lily, onion" - - - - - - T taŋkəl VV *ɬooɣəɭ #tokul *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh?
"to divide" - - - - *šɨr- irt-, †ort- - *ɬort- *tarV-
"tip, sharp thing" *hui *sōjɤ - - *šɨ ~ *ši - - - - S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
"to wash" *huhto- - *kšta- - - - - - - Probably adstratal, *šukšta-
"mortar" *huhmar ~ Ka huumar - *šovar *šuar - - - - -
"gruel" F huttu
"lip; mouth" *huuli ? - - - - - *ɬuuɬ - What does does S. *sūlɤ "approximate" have to do with this?
"down; beard" F untuva - - - - - - - #muntV- Bad. Slk *untə
"be forgotten" *unV-hta- - - - *vun(et)- - - - - F better from "sleep"
"up" - - - - - - *num *nuum, *nååmən #num, Sk *nom
"up" - - - - - - - *nuuk #ńAŋtV Cf. prev.
"to scrape" F nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha- - - *nuže- - - - *noɬ- *nət-
"moss" - - - - K ńɨč(k) - - - *ńåTA-
"to flay" - - - - U ńi/ɨj- ńuuz- Tv nooj-, *ńuj- - - "see *ńowə-"
"fir" - - - *nʊlɣə *ńɨl *ńulV *ńalkə #ńulkV
"steep" - - - - *ńɨl- - *ńul-təŋ - -
"to rest" - - Er. nuvśe-,
Mo. nuva-		 - - ńug(os)- *ńuunt- *ńooɣəɬ- *ńuŋ(əś)-
"midge" - - - *lʊməj U nɨmɨ ~ K nom - - - -
"midge" - - - (*lʊmə) U ĺum - *ĺVməj - -
"club" *nuhja ~ *nujja - - nöšle- U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k) - - - -
"marten" - - - *lʊj - - "loisa" - Sk lokka, Ma lui
"downstream" - *lū- - - - - *luuj- *laŋa
"wet" Es lopp(a) - *lop(a)- *lʊp- K lap- - - - -
"weak" - - - *lʊš(kə)- K. lɨškɨd - - - -
"horse" - - - - - √lov- *luw *laaw-, V looɣ- - also F. lupo "stallion"?
"path" F. juntu - - - - - *još *jooč -
"middle" - - - - - - - *jäčə *jončV
"to bind" - - - - *jɨt- - - - FN jūťe-
"pine" - - - - - - *ji(i)w *juuɣ *jɤ best *jëxə?
"fierce; strong" F julma - - - *joonm- - - - -
"god" *jumala - ? *jʊmə - - - - - + Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ?
"inside" - - - - - joh, juh *juw, *jun *jo(o)ɣ -
"to come" - - - - - jut- *jokt- *joɣət- - Cf. *ju/ota-?
"hump" *mukula - - *mʊɣəĺ *mɨĺ(i) - - - - -ĺ-??
"trough, scoop" F kuiri/u - - - *gɨr - *kʷaaro *kuurə #kuj
"back" - - - *tup U. tɨbɨr top - - -
"neck" *turja
"nape"		 - - - - - - torok *tur *tuu₁r - *turə-ja? + H. tarja "crest etc."
"to break" - - - *tuɣe- U. tijal- - - - -
"kernel" *tuuma, F tuma - *toŋ Hi. toŋ ~ Me. tomə - - - - - #towŋɜ??
"to fill" F. tuppat- - *topaftə-,
*topəďə-		 - - - - - -
"stiff" *turta - - *turta- K. tural- - - - -
"to observe" - - - *tʊšle- U. dɨšɨ- - - - - medial??
"sorcery" - - - - - taaltoš *tooɬt - Maybe *o. NMs tuultən "light, easy" semantically bad
"to kill; death" *sure-
*surmA		 - - - - - N. sorəm *suur-
*surəm		 - Ms. ← Kh?
""
""
""
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