User:Bukkia/sandboxIV: Difference between revisions

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{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 width=33% class=bordertable; style=margin: 0 0 lem lem; background=#f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;
|colspan=4; bgcolor=#99FF00; align=center|'''NOVELATINE<br />Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô'''
|-
|valign="top"|Pronunciation:
||West: / sa lɛ̃gwa sjar dwar valjõ /<br> East: / sa lɛ̃gwa ʃar dwar valjõ/
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
||Central Italy
|-
|valign="top"|Timeline:
||Alternate
|-
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
||ca. 5000
|-
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
||Indo-European
:Italic
::Romance
:::'''Novelatine'''
|-
|valign="top"|Written in:
||Latin alphabet
|-
|colspan=2; bgcolor="#99FF00"; align="center"|'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[user:Bukkia|Bukkaa]]||started in November 2012
|}'''Novelatine''' is a language, spoken by a few thousand people in two remote mountain valleys in Central Italy. Its speakers call their own language '''Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô''', ''The language of the two valleys'', or simply '''Sa lêgwa (nob)''', ''The/Our language''. It is a direct descendent of Latin, and it retained a more conservative grammar, morphology and syntaxis than the other Romance languages. Its lexicon retains many more words directly from Latin than other Romance lexicons.


Apart from its conservatism, the main feature is the presence of two distinct dialects, one for each valleys, with some definite differences.
==Phonology==
===Ortography===
Novelatine ortography is partially based on standard Italian ortography, while a large part of it was developped independently.
{|
!Letter
!IPA pron.
!X-Sampa pron.
!Note and English or other approximation
|-
| A, a || {{IPA|[a]}} || [a] || as in Scottish or Irish ''st'''a'''ck''
|-
| B, b || {{IPA|[b]}} || [b] || as in '''''b'''ack''
|-
| C, c || 1.{{IPA|[k]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʧ]}} || 1.[k]<br>2.[tS] || 1. before any consonant, the vowels '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''', '''u''', as in '''''k'''iss''<br>2. before the vowels '''e''', '''i''' and the semivowel '''y''', as in '''''ch'''ip''
|-
| D, d || {{IPA|[d]}} || [d] || as in ''a'''d'''mit''
|-
| E, e || 1.{{IPA|[ɛ]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[e]}} (unstressed)<br>3.{{IPA|[ə]}} (final) || 1.[E]<br>2.[e]<br>3.[@] || 1. always in stressed syllables, as in North American English ''b'''e'''d''<br>2. always in unstressed syllables <small>(see note)</small>, as in British English ''dr'''e'''ss''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, in final syllables, as in '''''a'''bout''
|-
| Ê, ê || 1.{{IPA|[ɛ̃]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[ẽ]}} (unstressed) || 1.[E˜]<br>2.[e˜] || similar to French ''br'''in''''' (<small>The two variants follow the same rules of distribution of the letter '''e'''</small>)
|-
| F, f || {{IPA|[f]}} || [f] || as in '''''f'''ine''
|-
| G, g || 1.{{IPA|[g]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʤ]}} || 1.[g]<br>2.[dZ] || 1. before any consonant, the vowels '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''', '''u''', as in '''''g'''un''<br>2. before the vowels '''e''', '''i''' and the semivowel '''y''', as in '''''j'''ump''
|-
| H, h || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it has '''no sound''', it is only used with other letters to express other sounds.
|-
| I, i || {{IPA|[i]}} || [i] || as in North American English ''fr'''ee'''''
|-
| ''J, j'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
|-
| ''K, k'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
|-
| L, l || 1.{{IPA|[l]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʎ]}} || 1.[l]<br>2.[L] || 1. only the ''clear L'', as in '''''l'''et'', never ''dark L''<br>2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in Spanish ''mi'''ll'''ón'' or in Italian ''fi'''gli'''o
|-
| M, m || {{IPA|[m]}} || [m] || as in '''''m'''ap''
|-
| N, n || 1.{{IPA|[n]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br>3.{{IPA|[ɲ]}} || 1.[n]<br>2.[N]<br>3.[J] || 1. as in '''''n'''ine''<br>2. before '''k''' and '''g''' <small>(see note)</small>, as in ''si'''ng'''''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in Spanish ''ni'''ñ'''o'' or in Italian ''ba'''gn'''o'' or in French ''a'''gn'''eau''
|-
| O, o || 1.{{IPA|[ɔ]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[o]}} (unstressed) || 1.[O]<br>2.[o] || 1. always in stressed syllables, as in North American English ''th'''ou'''ght''<br>2. always in unstressed syllables <small>(see note)</small>, as in Australian English ''th'''ou'''ght''
|-
| Ô, ô || 1.{{IPA|[ɔ̃]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[õ]}} (unstressed) || 1.[O˜]<br>2.[o˜] || similar to French ''b'''on''''' (<small>The two variants follow the same rules of distribution of the letter '''o'''</small>)
|-
| P, p || {{IPA|[p]}} || [p] || as in ''s'''p'''eed''
|-
| ''Q, q'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
|-
| R, r || {{IPA|[r]}} || [r] || ''rolled R'', as in Italian ''te'''rr'''a'' or in Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o''<br>it can also play the role of a vowel, appearing in the end of a word without a vowel.
|-
| S, s || 1.{{IPA|[s]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[z]}}<br>3.{{IPA|[ʃ]}} || 1.[s]<br>2.[z]<br>3.[S] || 1. in initial position, before any voiceless consonant, and in final position, as in '''''s'''alt''<br>2. in intervocalic position, and before every voiced consonant<small>(see note)</small>, as in ''ro'''s'''e''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in '''''sh'''ow''
|-
| T, t || {{IPA|[t]}} || [t] || as in '''''t'''ick''
|-
| U, u || {{IPA|[u]}} || [u] || as in North American English ''g'''oo'''se''
|-
| V, v || 1. {{IPA|[v]}}<br> 2. {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}} (final) || 1.[v]<br>2.[U] || 1. as in '''''v'''alve''<br>2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is in final position, as in ''h'''oo'''k'', but with a labiodental closure.
|-
| W, w || {{IPA|[w]}} || [w] || as in '''''w'''eep''
|-
| ''X, x'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
|-
| Y, y || 1.{{IPA|[j]}}<br>2.[-] || 1.[j]<br>2.[-] || 1. as in '''''y'''ou''<br>2.  only in the Eastern dialect, when is after '''l''', '''n''', and '''s''', it is '''soundless'''.
|-
| Z, z || 1.{{IPA|[ʦ]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʣ]}} || 1.[ts]<br>2.[dz] || 1. as in German '''''Z'''ehn''<br>2. as in Italian '''''z'''ero''<br><small>(see note for more info about their occurence)</small>
|}
====Notes on orthography====
* Initial stops '''b''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''c''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''d''' {{IPA|[d]}}, '''g''' {{IPA|[g]}}, '''p''' {{IPA|[p]}} and '''t''' {{IPA|[t]}} are '''''never''''' aspirated.
* Voiceless intervocalic stops '''c''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''p''' {{IPA|[p]}} and '''t''' {{IPA|[t]}} are '''''never''''' voiced.
* The letter '''c''' represents two different sounds. When it is followed by a consonant, or the vowel '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''' or '''u''', it represents the consonant [k]:
:can {{IPA|[ˈkan]}}
:cô {{IPA|[kõ]}}
:cru {{IPA|[ˈkru]}}
it represent [k] also when in final position:
:loc {{IPA|[ˈlɔk]}}
it represents the sound {{IPA|[ʧ]}} when followed by '''e''', '''ê''', '''i''' and '''y''':
:ciwta {{IPA|[ˈʧiwta]}}
:vyice {{IPA|[ˈvjiʧe]}}
:êwcyô {{IPA|[ẽˈwʧjõ]}}
if we want '''c''' to represent the sound [k] before one of the previous sounds, a mute '''h''' is inserted.
:alchies {{IPA|[alˈkies]}}
:brachyô {{IPA|[ˈbrakjõ]}}
* The letter '''e''' can represent two different sounds, [e] and [ɛ]. It is pronounced as [ɛ] only when '''e''' is stressed. As the stress can move on different syllables, for example in verbal conjugation, the pronunciation of '''e''' can change:
:leger {{IPA|[leˈʤer]}}: lege {{IPA|[ˈlɛʤe]}} - legim {{IPA|[leˈʤim]}}
Not every stressed '''e''' must be pronounced as [ɛ]. These instances are largely unpredictable, but a large number of stressed ''e'' has to be pronounced as [ɛ]. A classic instance is the infinitival stressed verbal ending '''-er''', which has always to be pronounced [er].
:moner {{IPA|[moˈner]}}
The same rules applies to '''ê''', which can represent {{IPA|[ẽ]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}}.
In the Eastern dialect, a final '''e''' (IPA: {{IPA|[e]}}), tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ə]}}, (it is said to be ''reduced''), and when it is an ''e mobile'', in '''-er''' endings, if unstressed:
:lupe W: {{IPA|[ˈlupe]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈlupə]}}
:rose W: {{IPA|[ˈrɔze]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈrɔzə]}}
:veter W: {{IPA|[ˈvɛter]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈvɛtər]}}
* The letter '''g''' represents two different sounds. When it is followed by a consonant, or the vowel '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''' or '''u''', it represents the consonant [g]:
:gawdyô {{IPA|[ˈgawdjõ]}}
:agorafobia {{IPA|[agoˌrafoˈbia]}}
:grôd {{IPA|[ˈgrɔ̃d]}}
it represent [g] also when in final position:
:ewig {{IPA|[eˈwig]}}
it represents the sound {{IPA|[ʤ]}} when followed by '''e''', '''ê''', '''i''' and '''y''':
:agiw {{IPA|[ˈaʤiw]}}
:geno {{IPA|[ˈʤɛno]}}
:môgyar {{IPA|[mõˈʤjar]}}
if we want '''g''' to represent the sound [g] before one of the previous sounds, a mute '''h''' is inserted.
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''l''' (IPA: {{IPA|[l]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:côsilyô W: {{IPA|[kõˈsiljõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎõ]}}
:milyô W: {{IPA|[miˈljõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[miˈʎõ]}}
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''n''' (IPA: {{IPA|[n]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ɲ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:punya W: {{IPA|[ˈpunya]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈpuɲa]}}
:aragnyowa W: {{IPA|[aˈragnjowa]}} / E: {{IPA|[aˈragɲowa]}}
* The letter '''o''' can represent two different sounds, [o] and [ɔ]. It is pronounced as [ɔ] only when '''o''' is stressed. As the stress can move on different syllables, for example in verbal conjugation, the pronunciation of '''o''' can change:
:orar {{IPA|[oˈrar]}}: ore {{IPA|[ˈɔre]}} - orem {{IPA|[oˈrɛm]}}
Not every stressed '''o''' must be pronounced as [ɔ]. These instances are largely unpredictable, but a large number of stressed ''o'' has to be pronounced as [ɔ]. Some verbal roots can preserve the [o] pronunciation during conjugation:
:vowar {{IPA|[voˈwar]}}: vowe {{IPA|[ˈvowe]}} - vowem {{IPA|[voˈwɛm]}}
The same rules applies to '''ô''', which can represent {{IPA|[õ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}.
* The letter '''s''' represents two different sounds. When it is in initial position followed by a voiceless consonant or by a vowel, inside the word followed or preceded by a consonat, or in final position, it represents the consonant [s]:
:saw {{IPA|[ˈsaw]}}
:spwêdye {{IPA|[ˈspwɛ̃dje]}}
:serpês {{IPA|[ˈsɛrpẽs]}}
if it is inside the word between two vowels, or followed by a voiced consonant, also in initial position, it represents the consonant [z]:
:rosa {{IPA|[ˈrɔza]}}
:êsuwa {{IPA|[ˈɛ̃zuwa]}}
during some morphological processes, a [s] could be added after a velar stop ([t] or [d]): when this occurs, [s] merges with these two consonant forming the affricate consonants [ʦ] and [ʣ] respectively, both represented by '''z''':
:''root'' sawut- + ''ending'' -s → sawuz {{IPA|[ˈsawuʦ]}}
:''root'' lyibertad- + ''ending'' -s → lyibertaz {{IPA|[ljiberˈtaʣ]}}
In the Eastern dialect, when a '''s''' (IPA: {{IPA|[s]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:syor W: {{IPA|[sjor]}} / E: {{IPA|[ʃor]}}
:caysyô W: {{IPA|[kajˈsjõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[kajˈʃõ]}}
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''v''' (IPA: {{IPA|[v]}}) is in final position, it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}}:
:brev W: {{IPA|[ˈbrɛv]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈbrɛʊ̯]}}
:biv W: {{IPA|[ˈbiv]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈbiʊ̯]}}
:W: Cwo fac? Biv {{IPA|[ˈkwɔ ˈfak ˈbiv]}} / E: Cwo fa? Biv {{IPA|[ˈkwɔ ˈfa ˈbiʊ̯]}} ''What is he/she doing? He/she is drinking''
Since it becomes more like a semivowel, it does not count as a separate syllable. When the final '''v''' is followed by another word (without a pause), with an initial vowel, it is pronounced {{IPA|[v]}}, since it is felt as united with the next word:
:E: brev {{IPA|[ˈbrɛʊ̯]}} / brev côcyô {{IPA|[ˌbrɛʊ̯ kõˈʧjõ]}} / brev oracyô {{IPA|[ˌbrɛv oraˈʧjõ]}}
===Stress===
Stress is not fixed in Novelatine, but it usually may fall on the '''last''' (leger, {{IPA|[leˈʤer]}}) or the '''penultimate''' (rosa, {{IPA|[ˈrɔza]}} syllable of a word, more rarely on the ''third'' (ceweber, {{IPA|[ˈʧɛweber]/[ˈʧɛwebər]}} syllable from the last one.
As stress is ''not indicated'' in written texts, this feature is maybe the most difficult to learn.
The position of stress within a word is not exactly predictable, but it usually follows these general rules:
* The penultimate syllable is stressed when the word ends with a vowel or with '''-s'''
* The ultimate vowel is stressed when the word ends with a consonant, except for '''-s'''
There are, however, many exceptions to these rules:
#Some nouns and adjectives, ending in a vowel, are stressed on the last syllable (yuvêtu [juvẽˈtu] - these nouns have often lost a final consonant, which is usually restored in other cases: yuvêtud [juvẽˈtudẽ]).
#Some nouns and adjectives, ending with the '''-er''' group, with ''mobile e'', are stressed on the penultimate (or third from the last) syllable (veter, {{IPA|[ˈvɛter]/[ˈvɛtər]}}).
#The infinitival forms of some III conjugation verbs is not stressed on the last syllable, as its rule would require (perder [ˈpɛrder]).
#All 3rd plural person verbal forms are stressed on the penultimate (or third from the last) syllable, even if all of them end in '''-t''' (the stressed syllable is usually the same of the 3rd singular person). (amêt, {{IPA|[ˈamẽt]}}, cewebrêt, {{IPA|[ˈʧɛwebrẽt]}}).
===Sound inventory===
====Consonants====
This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table:
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labio-<br>dental ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-<br>alveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Plosive</small> || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Nasal</small> || || {{IPA|m}} || || {{IPA|[ɱ]}}<sup>1</sup> || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || ({{IPA|ɲ}}) || || {{IPA|[ŋ]}}<sup>2</sup>
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Vibrant</small> || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} || || || || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Fricative</small> || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || ({{IPA|ʃ}}) || || || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Affricate</small> || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʦ}} || {{IPA|ʥ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Approximants</small> || || ({{IPA|ʊ̯}}) || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|w}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Lateral<br>approximants</small> || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || || ({{IPA|ʎ}})
|}
The phonemes inside round brackets belong only to Eastern dialect phonology.
*<small>1: Allophone of {{IPA|[m]}} before labiodental consonants</small>
*<small>2: Allophone of {{IPA|[n]}} before velar consonant</small>
====Vowels====
This is the vowel system in the IPA vowel table:
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2|  ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>High</small> || || || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || ||  || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>High-Mid</small> || || || {{IPA|e}}/{{IPA|ẽ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}/{{IPA|õ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Mid</small> || || || || || ({{IPA|ə}}) || || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Low-Mid</small> || || || {{IPA|ɛ}}/{{IPA|ɛ̃}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}/{{IPA|ɔ̃}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Low</small> || || || || || {{IPA|a}} || || || ||
|}
The phonemes inside round brackets belong only to Eastern dialect phonology.
==Noun morphology==
Novelatine retains the complex system of Latin declensions, but the six cases of Latin language have merged in a three-case system: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''' and '''Accusative'''. Nouns are grouped in four declensions, but as phonological changes modified some endings, each declension group has more subgroups.
===First declension===
The first declension has both feminine and masculine nouns, but no neuter nouns. Most nouns (more than 90%) are feminine, and there is no difference in the endings between both genders. The endings are:
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || -'''a''' || -'''e'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''e''' || -'''arô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
*Example: '''Rosa''', ''rose'', feminine
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || ros'''a''' || ros'''e'''
|-
| Genitive || ros'''e''' || ros'''arô'''
|-
| Accusative || ros'''ô''' || ros'''es'''
|}
*Example: '''Êcowa''', ''inhabitant'', masculine
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || êcow'''a''' || êcow'''e'''
|-
| Genitive || êcow'''e''' || êcow'''arô'''
|-
| Accusative || êcow'''ô''' || êcow'''es'''
|}
Even if both genders share the same endings, nouns agree with adjectives, articles, pronouns and verbs according the real gender:
* '''Se bone poeta''': ''the good poet''
* '''Sa rosa pulcra''': ''the beautiful rose''
Remember also, that some nouns (mostly modern loanwords), whose roots end with a velar stop, '''c''' [k] or '''g''' [g], should preserve this pronunciation in all declined forms, even in front of '''e''':
* Example: '''Elica''', ''screw'':
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || elic'''a''' || elic'''''h''e'''
|-
| Genitive || elic'''''h''e''' || elic'''arô'''
|-
| Accusative || elic'''ô''' || elic'''''h''es'''
|}
===Second declension===
The second declension has only masculine and neuter nouns. Each gender forms a different subgroup. There is also a ''-er'' subgroup:
====Masculine subgroup====
The endings for the masculine second declension are:
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || -'''e''' || -'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
*Example: '''Lupe''', ''wolf''
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || lup'''e''' || lup'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || lup'''yi''' || lup'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || lup'''ô''' || lup'''es'''
|}
If the root already ends with an '''-y-''' or with a -'''w'''-, the -yi endings become simply '''-i-''':
*Example: '''Casye''', ''cheese''
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || casy'''e''' || casy'''i'''
|-
| Genitive || casy'''i''' || casy'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || casy'''ô''' || casy'''es'''
|}
*Example: '''Ecwe''', ''horse''
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || ecw'''e''' || ecw'''i'''
|-
| Genitive || ecw'''i''' || ecw'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || ecw'''ô''' || ecw'''es'''
|}
====Neuter subgroup====
The endings for the neuter second declension are:
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || -'''ô''' || -'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''a'''
|}
*Example: '''Pomô''', ''apple''
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || pom'''ô''' || pom'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || pom'''yi''' || pom'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || pom'''ô''' || pom'''a'''
|}
If the root already ends with an '''-y-''', the -yi ending becomes simply '''-i-''':
*Example: '''Brachyô''', ''arm''
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || brachy'''ô''' || brachy'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || brachy'''i''' || brachy'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || brachy'''ô''' || brachy'''a'''
|}
====-er subgroup====
The '''-er''' subgroup contains only masculine nouns whose nominative singular form ends with '''-er'''. They add the usual second declension endings in other cases, some nouns losing the '''-e''' (the ''mobile -e-''), while some other nouns preserve it:
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
*Example: '''Ager''', ''field''
{|
!colspan=4| With mobile -e-
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || ager || agr'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || agr'''yi''' || agr'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || agr'''ô''' || agr'''es'''
|}
*Example: '''Pwer''', ''boy''
{|
!colspan=4| Without mobile -e-
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || pwer || pwer'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || pwer'''yi''' || pwer'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || pwer'''ô''' || pwer'''es'''
|}
====Labial subgroup====
Some nouns, whose root ends in '''-w-''', change this last consonant in '''-l-''' before the ''-yi'' endings (singular genitive and nominative masculine plural):
*Example: '''Mawô''', ''evil''
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || maw'''ô''' || maw'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || mal'''yi''' || maw'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || maw'''ô''' || maw'''a'''
|}
===Third declension===
The third declension is the most complex and large noun declension group. There are many subgroup, as many nouns has little differences, even if the declension pattern remains the same.
The basic declension patterns for masculine/feminine and for neuter nouns are:
{|
!colspan=4| Masculine/Feminine
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''s''' || -'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ê''' || -'''es'''
|}
{|
!colspan=4| Neuter
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''s''' || -'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || - || -'''a'''
|}
If the root ends with a bilabial stop ({{IPA|[t]}} or {{IPA|[d]}}), these consonants merge with the ending ''-s'' in '''z''' ({{IPA|[ʦ]}} or {{IPA|[ʣ]}} respectively), in the genitive singular, and in the masculine and feminine nominative plural:
* Example: '''Ciwta''', ''city'', substantive of the nominative vowel subgroup.
{|
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || ciwta || ciwta'''z'''
|-
| Genitive || ciwta'''z''' || ciwtad'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || ciwtad'''ê''' || ciwtad'''es'''
|}
If the last consonant of the noun root is '''-s-''', or there are two or more consonants, the singular genitive ending becomes '''-is''', while the plural nominative ending becomes '''-es''':
* Example: '''Pader''', ''father'', substantive with ''mobile -e-''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || pader || padr'''es'''
|-
| Genitive || padr'''is''' || padr'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || padr'''ê''' || padr'''es'''
|}
====First subgroup====
The first subgroup contains nouns whose singular nominative form coincides with their root. They simply add the regular endings.
* Example: '''Can''', ''dog''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || can || can'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || can'''s''' || can'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || can'''ê''' || can'''es'''
|}
====Second subgroup (Vowel nominative form)====
The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a vowel, as the root's last consonant was lost in this form.
* Example: '''Du''', ''leader''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || du || duc'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || duc'''s''' || duc'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || duc'''ê''' || duc'''es'''
|}
A small group of nouns lose two consonant in the nominative form, typically a consonant, preceded by '''w''':
* Example: '''No''', ''night''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || no || now'''z'''
|-
| Genitive || now'''z''' || nowt'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || nowt'''ê''' || nowt'''es'''
|}
====Third subgroup (Nasal subgroup)====
The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a nasal vowel, as the root's last consonant '''-n''' merged with the previous vowel in this form. The masculine and feminine nouns usually has -ô at the nominative form, while the neuter nouns usually has -ê.
* Example: '''Opyinyô''', ''opinion, thought''.
{|
!colspan=4| Masculine/Feminine declension
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || opyinyô || opyinyon'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || opyinyon'''s''' || opyinyon'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || opyinyon'''ê''' || opyinyon'''es'''
|}
* Example: '''Nomê''', ''noun, name''.
{|
!colspan=4| Neuter declension
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || nomê || nomin'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || nomin'''s''' || nomin'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || nomê || nomin'''a'''
|}
====Fourth subgroup (Palatal subgroup)====
The fourth group contains nouns whose plural genitive form adds an '''-y-''' infix before the usual -ô endings. Neuter nouns in this subgroup add the -y- infix also within the plural nominative and accusative forms.
* Example: '''Awr''', ''ear''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || awr || awr'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || awr'''s''' || awr'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || awr'''ê''' || awr'''es'''
|}
* Example: '''Mar''', ''sea''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || mar || mar'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || mar'''s''' || mar'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || mar || mar'''ya'''
|}
====Fifth subgroup (Labial subgroup)====
The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant '''-l-''' becomes an -w in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.
* Example: '''Pew''', ''skin''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || pew || pel'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || pel'''s''' || pel'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || pel'''ê''' || pel'''es'''
|}
* Example: '''Animaw''', ''animal''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || animaw || animal'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || animal'''s''' || animal'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || animaw || animal'''ya'''
|}
====Sixth subgroup (Rhotic subgroup)====
The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant '''-r-''' becomes an -s in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.
* Example: '''Mus''', ''mouse''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || mus || mur'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || mur'''s''' || mur'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || mur'''ê''' || mur'''es'''
|}
* Example: '''Os''', ''mouth''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || os || or'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || or'''s''' || or'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || os || or'''ya'''
|}
====Seventh subgroup (participial subgroup)====
The sixth subgroup contains nouns whose conjugation is the same as the past participles. The nominative singular final consonant -s is replaced in all other forms with a '''-t''', which merges with the ending ''-s'' in '''-z''', when required. The plural forms follow the palatal subgroup declension pattern.
* Example: '''Dês''', ''tooth''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || dês|| dê'''z'''
|-
| Genitive || dê'''z''' || dêt'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || dêt'''ê''' || dêt'''es'''
|}
* Example: '''Pôs''', ''bridge''.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || pôs|| pô'''z'''
|-
| Genitive || pô'''z''' || pôt'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || pôt'''ê''' || pôt'''es'''
|}
====Irregular subgroup====
There are a number of nouns, which have an irregular behavior, even if they follow the usual third declension pattern:
* ''nom.'' capo; ''gen.'' capiz; ''acc.'' capo; ''pl. nom.'' capita; ''pl. gen.'' capitô ''pl. acc.'' capita (''head'', neuter)
* ''nom.'' fwe; ''gen.'' fwors; ''acc.'' fworê; ''pl. nom.'' fwors; ''pl. gen.'' fworô; ''pl. acc.'' fwores (''flower'', feminine)
* ''nom.'' die; ''gen.'' diey; ''acc.'' diê; ''pl. nom.'' dies; ''pl. gen.'' dierô; ''pl. acc.'' dies (''day'', masculine)
===Fourth declension===
The fourth declension has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. There are two subgroups the '''-e subgroup''' and the '''-o subgroup'''.
====-e subgroup====
The '''-e subgroup''' contains both masculine and feminine nouns. Most nouns are masculine (more than 95 %), but the few feminine nouns are very used. These are the endings.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || -'''e''' || -'''os'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''os''' || -'''wô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
*Example: '''Pase''', ''step'', masculine
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || pas'''e''' || pas'''os'''
|-
| Genitive || pas'''os''' || pas'''wô'''
|-
| Accusative || pas'''ô''' || pas'''es'''
|}
*Example: '''Dome''', ''house'', ''home'', feminine
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || dom'''e''' || dom'''os'''
|-
| Genitive || dom'''os''' || dom'''wô'''
|-
| Accusative || dom'''ô''' || dom'''es'''
|}
====-o subgroup====
The '''-o subgroup''' contains only neuter nouns. These are the endings.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || -'''o''' || -'''wa'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''os''' || -'''wô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''o''' || -'''wa'''
|}
*Example: '''Geno''', ''knee''
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || gen'''o''' || gen'''wa'''
|-
| Genitive || gen'''os''' || gen'''wô'''
|-
| Accusative || gen'''o''' || gen'''wa'''
|}
===Loanwords===
Novelatine has assimilated a number of loanwords during its develop. Some loanwords entered the language a long time ago and they were absorbed and adapted to its morphological system, while other loanwords are younger and underwent different treatments.
As Novelatine is surrounded by the Italian language, most loanwords come from this language, but in the past also French loanwords entered its vocabulary, while in most modern times the loanwords come mostly from English.
Ancient loanwords were adapted to the language, and now they do not raise particular problems:
* '''môgyar''', ''to dinner'', from Italian '''mangiare''', ''to eat'', with a slight shift in meaning, from which Novelatine speakers derived '''môgya''', ''dinner'', which does not exist in Italian.
Most modern loanwords, however, usually enter the language unchanged, and this could be a problem if the desinence does not fit the usual declension patterns of Novelatine.
Some loanwords are still adapted to the declensions, especially if they are very used words:
* * Example: '''Computer''', ''computer'', masculine.
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || computer || computer'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || computer'''s''' || computer'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || computer'''ê''' || computer'''es'''
|}
Other loanwords are left unchanged in all cases, and they are labelled as ''indeclinable nouns'', while their role, number and gender are usually expressed by articles, adjectives and verbs.
* '''Software''', ''software'', masculine:
** '''Se software sties computers nove e''', ''the software of this computer is new''
** '''Se programater sies software''', ''the programmer of the software''
Loanwords from Italian language are particular, especially proper nouns: Feminine nouns, already ending with '''-a''', are declined without any problems, usually retaining the original pronunciation of the last consonant of the root.
* '''Monica''', → ''gen.'', '''Moniche'''
Masculine nouns, which in Italian usually end with '''-o''', are usually declined as a second declension noun, as the '''-o''' would replace the usual '''-e''' ending:
* '''Massimo''' → ''gen.'', '''Massimyi''', ''acc.'', '''Massimô'''
They usually retain the original pronunciation of the last consonant of the root. The masculine nouns in '''-a''' decline as a first declension noun:
* '''Andrea''' → ''gen.'', '''Andree''', ''acc.'', '''Andreô'''
Other nouns, ending with other vowels (as '''Daniele'''), or with a consonant (mostly foreign noun as '''Michael''' or '''Ivan''') are left unchanged, even if sometimes they are declined, especially when one native speaker is named with them. They are not declined when referring to foreign people.
==Articles, Adjectives and Pronouns==
===Articles===
Novelatine has a definite article, '''se'''. The western dialect has an indefinite article, the numeral '''une''', while the eastern dialect usually uses no indefinite article. The article ''une'' declines as a normal first class adjective.
====Definite article====
The definite article '''se''' has an irregular declension:
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || se || sa || sô || syi || se || sa
|-
| Genitive || sies || sies || sies || syor || syar || syor
|-
| Accusative || sô || sô || sô || ses || ses || sa
|}
The nominative singular masculine and neuter forms usually lose their vowel before another vowel and get an apostrophe, while the nominative neuter singular and all accusative singular forms become '''son''' before another vowel:
* '''S'agricowa son agrô si cow''': ''the farmer cultivates his own field''
In the eastern dialect the nominative plural masculine form, '''syi''', gets shorter too:
* W: '''Syi agricowe ses agres si cow''' - E: '''Sy'agricowe ses agres si col''': ''the farmers cultivate their own fields''
In the eastern dialect, especially in most marginal area, all plural forms uses the '''sy-'' alternative root (pronounced {{IPA|[ʃ]}}-):
* W: '''Syi agricowe ses agres si cow''' - E: '''Sy'agricowe syes agres si col''': ''the farmers cultivate their own fields''
In the northern villages of the western valley, before another vowel the accusative forms and the neuter forms in the singular become '''som''' instead of ''son''
* W: '''S'agricowa som agrô si cow''': ''the farmer cultivates his own field''
The articles usually merge with the preposition '''ad''', because of the normal merging of the sounds [d] + [s] = [ʣ]. As the preposition '''ad''' can be followed by the accusative or the genitive case, these are the merged forms:
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| '''''ad''''' + Genitive || azies || azies || azies || azyor || azyar || azyor
|-
| '''''ad''''' + Accusative || azô || azô || azô || azes || azes || aza
|}
===Adjectives===
Adjectives usually decline according to the gender and the number of the noun they qualify. They are usually placed after their nouns, but sometimes they are found before them.
Adjectives are divided in two class, according to their declension pattern:
====1st class====
The adjectives in this class decline like I and II declension nouns. They use the I declension endings for feminine nouns, and the II declension endings for masculine and neuter nouns:
* Example: '''Nove''', ''new''
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || nov'''e''' || nov'''a''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''yi''' || nov'''e''' || nov'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || nov'''yi''' || nov'''e''' || nov'''yi''' || nov'''erô''' || nov'''arô''' || nov'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || nov'''ô''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''es''' || nov'''es''' || nov'''a'''
|}
They follow the same rules of the II declension, as there are adjectives with ''mobile e'' or with a palatal infix ''-y-''
* Example: '''Veter''', ''old'', adjective with ''mobile e''
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || veter || vetr'''a''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''e''' || vetr'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''e''' || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''erô''' || vetr'''arô''' || vetr'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''es''' || vetr'''es''' || vetr'''a'''
|}
* Example: '''Lyiber''', ''free'', adjective without ''mobile e''
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || lyiber || lyiber'''a''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''e''' || lyiber'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''e''' || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''erô''' || lyiber'''arô''' || lyiber'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''es''' || lyiber'''es''' || lyiber'''a'''
|}
====2nd class====
The adjectives in this class decline like III declension nouns. They use the normal III declension endings for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, with the same root. They can belong to anyone of all III declension subgroup, except the first one.
* Example: '''Brev''', ''short'', ''brief'', adjective belonging to the ''palatal subgroup''.
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || brev || brev || brev || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''yô''' || brev'''yô''' || brev'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || brev'''ê''' || brev'''ê''' || brev || brev'''es''' || brev'''es''' || brev'''ya'''
|}
* Example: '''Ceweber''', ''famous'', adjective belonging to the ''palatal subgroup'' with ''mobile e''.
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || ceweber  || ceweber || ceweber || cewebre'''s''' || cewebre'''s''' || cewebr'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || cewebri'''s''' || cewebri'''s''' || cewebri'''s''' || cewebr'''yô''' || cewebr'''yô''' || cewebr'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || cewebr'''ê''' || cewebr'''ê''' || ceweber || cewebr'''es''' || cewebr'''es''' || cewebr'''ya'''
|}
* Example: '''Awda''', ''brave'', ''bold'', ''audacious'', adjective belonging to the ''vowel nominative subgroup'' (for this group the plural forms are the same ones of the palatal subgroup).
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || awda || awda || awda || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''yô''' || awdac'''yô''' || awdac'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || awdac'''ê''' || awdac'''ê''' || awda || awdac'''es''' || awdac'''es''' || awdac'''ya'''
|}
* Example: '''Agiw''', ''nimble'', ''agile'', adjective belonging to the ''labial subgroup''.
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || agiw || agiw || agiw || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''yô''' || agil'''yô''' || agil'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || agil'''ê''' || agil'''ê''' || agiw || agil'''es''' || agil'''es''' || agil'''ya'''
|}
====Comparison====
There are two ways for creating the various degree of comparison. One is directly retained from the ancient Latin, while the other one is a more recent creation.
The first form of comparison is built by adding some endings to the adjective's root:
* '''Nove''', ''new'', 1st class
{|
!colspan=7|Declension of the comparative form
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || nov'''yer''' || nov'''yer''' || nov'''ye'''|| nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yera'''
|-
| Genitive || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yerô''' || nov'''yerô''' || nov'''yerô'''
|-
| Accusative || nov'''yerê''' || nov'''yerê''' || nov'''ye''' || nov'''yeres''' || nov'''yeres''' || nov'''yeres'''
|}
* '''Nove''', ''new'' 1st class
{|
!colspan=7|Declension of the superlative form
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isima''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isima'''
|-
| Genitive || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isimerô''' || nov'''isimarô''' || nov'''isimerô'''
|-
| Accusative || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimes''' || nov'''isimes''' || nov'''isima'''
|}
* '''Brev''', ''short'', 2st class
{|
!colspan=7|Declension of the comparative form
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || brev'''yer''' || brev'''yer''' || brev'''ye'''|| brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yera'''
|-
| Genitive || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yerô''' || brev'''yerô''' || brev'''yerô'''
|-
| Accusative || brev'''yerê''' || brev'''yerê''' || brev'''ye''' || brev'''yeres''' || brev'''yeres''' || brev'''yeres'''
|}
* '''Brev''', ''short'' 2st class
{|
!colspan=7|Declension of the superlative form
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || brev'''isime''' || brev'''isima''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isime''' || nov'''isima'''
|-
| Genitive || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isime''' || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isimerô''' || brev'''isimarô''' || brev'''isimerô'''
|-
| Accusative || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimes''' || brev'''isimes''' || brev'''isima'''
|}
The second form of comparison is built by using the adverb '''mags''' with the normal grade of the adjective. The comparative form is formed by placing '''mags''' before the normal declined adjective, while the superlative form is formed with the ''definite article'' + '''mags''' before the declined adjective.
* '''bone''' → '''''mags''' bone'' → '''''se mags''' bone''
The second forms are usually used with adjectives with more than three syllables, or with loanwords. This use is, however, not fixed yet. Especially in the Western dialect the use of '''mags''' is spreading also with shorter adjectives, while in the Eastern dialect also some longer adjectives use the first forms. In some remote villages of the Western dialect ''mags'' is replaced with '''pwe''' (from the Latin PLUS).
The comparison endings are usually added to the real root of the adjective, restoring an actually lost consonant:
* '''agiw''' → agilyer, agilisime
* '''awda''' → awdacyer, awdacisime
In the case of adjectives, whose nominative masculine singular form ends in '''-er''' with a ''mobile e'', the superlative ending become '''-ime''' and is added directly to the ''-er'' ending without losing the ''-e-'':
* '''veter''' → vetryer, veter'''ime'''
* '''ceweber''' → cewebryer, ceweber'''ime'''
Some adjectives have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative grade:
{|
!Positive
!Comparative
!Superlative
!English
|-
|Bone
|melyer
|owtime
|''good''
|-
|Grôd
|mayer
|masime
|''big, great''
|-
|Mawe
|peyer
|pesime
|''bad, evil''
|-
|Parve
|minyer
|minime
|''little, small''
|}
====Demonstrative adjectives====
There are two demonstrative adjectives: '''isvi''' which means ''that'', and '''ste''' which means ''this''; both they have an irregular conjugation:
* '''Isvi''', ''that''
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || isvi || avi || ivi || yivi || evi || avi
|-
| Genitive || iesvi || iesvi || iesvi || orôvi || arôvi || orôvi
|-
| Accusative || ôvi || ôvi || ivi || esvi || asvi || avi
|}
* '''Ste''', ''this''
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || ste || sta || sto || styi || ste || sta
|-
| Genitive || sties || sties || sties || storô || starô || storô
|-
| Accusative || stô || stô || sto || stes || stes || sta
|}
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
The personal pronouns in Novelatine have an irregular declension. Some of them have an alternative root in some cases. In the third persons the pronouns are divided for gender, in singular (as in English) and in plural number.
The most important feature, is the retention of the dative forms, for all personal pronouns:
{|
!Person
!English
!Nominative
!Genitive
!Dative
!Accusative
|-
|1st sing. || ''I'' || '''eo''' || mey || mi || me
|-
|2nd sing. || ''you'' (sing.) || '''tu''' || tuy || ti || te
|-
|3rd sing. f. || ''he'' || '''le''' || lies || luy || lô
|-
|3rd sing. m. || ''she'' || '''la''' || lies || luy || lô
|-
|3rd sing. n. || ''it'' || '''lo''' || lies || luy || lo
|-
|1st plur. || ''we'' || '''nos''' || nestri || nob || nos
|-
|2nd plur. || ''you'' (plur.) || '''vos''' || vestri || vob || vos
|-
|3rd plur. m. || ''they'' (m.) || '''lyi''' || lyor || lyis || les
|-
|3rd plur. f. || ''they'' (f.) || '''le''' || lyar || lyis || les
|-
|3rd plur. n. || ''they'' (n.) || '''la''' || lyor || lyis || la
|}
The singular accusative masculine and feminine 3rd person form ''lô'' becomes '''lon''' before a vowel:
* '''Tu lon ams?''': ''Do you love him/her?''
In the northern villages of the western valley, this form becomes '''lom''' before a vowel:
* '''Tu lom ams?''': ''Do you love him/her?''
Accusative and dative pronominal forms usually become '''clitics''' when they are found after imperative forms, which end with a vowel:
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">mi</span> ses cwaves sies awtomobils''': ''Give me the keys of the car!''
* '''Spewta<span style="color:blue">lo</span>!''': ''Look at it!'' (to one person)
* '''Spewtad <span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Look at it!'' (to two or more people)
If there are two pronominal forms, a dative and an accusative form, they cliticize together, following the ordinary ''dative-accusative'' order, only if the forms end in a vowel:
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">mi</span><span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Give it to me''
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">nob</span> <span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Give it to us''
With most prepositions, which usually require the genitive case, dative forms of personal pronouns are used. The only exception is the preposition '''cô''', which has exceptional forms for the first and the second persons:
* eo: '''mecô''' (''with me'')
* tu: '''tecô''' (''with you'' sing.)
* nos: '''nobiscô''' (''with us'')
* vos: '''vobiscô''' (''with you'' plur.)
The personal pronouns have also replaced the possessive adjectives and pronouns:
The possession is expressed by the dative personal pronouns, placed after the possessed noun:
* '''Eo son amicô ti vidye''': ''I see your friend''
The dative forms do not agree with the possessed noun, only with the gender and the number of the possessor(s).
* '''Eo son amicô lyis vidye''': ''I see their friend''
* '''Eo ses amices ti vidye''': ''I see your friends''
The genitive forms are used instead of the possessive pronouns, or when the adjectives would be used as object in the sentence.
* '''Ste can mey e''': ''This dog is mine''
* '''Styi cans mey sôt''': ''These dogs are mine''
====Relative pronoun====
The relative pronoun '''cwi''' has an irregular declension:
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || cwi || cwe || cwo || cwi|| cwe || cwe
|-
| Genitive || chies || chies || chies || cwor || cwar || cwor
|-
| Accusative || cwê || cwô || cwo || cwes || cwes || cwe
|}
====Indefinite pronouns====
* '''Alcwi''': it may mean ''someone, somebody, something'' or ''anyone, anybody, anything''. It declines like ''cwi'':
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || alcwi || alcwe || alcwo || alcwi|| alcwe || alcwe
|-
| Genitive || alchies || alchies || alchies || alcwor || alcwar || alcwor
|-
| Accusative || alcwê || alcwô || alcwo || alcwes || alcwes || alcwe
|}
* '''Nemê''': it may mean ''no one, nobody'', only with humans or other animated beings. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:
{|
!Case
!Forms
|-
| Nominative || nemê
|-
| Genitive || nemins
|-
| Accusative || neminê
|}
* '''Niw''': it means ''nothing'', with things or action or statuses. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:
{|
!Case
!Forms
|-
| Nominative || niw
|-
| Genitive || nulriy
|-
| Accusative || niw
|}
* '''Omcwi''': it may mean ''everyone, everybody, everything''. It declines like ''cwi'':
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || omcwi || omcwe || omcwo || omcwi|| omcwe || omcwe
|-
| Genitive || omchies || omchies || omchies || omcwor || omcwar || omcwor
|-
| Accusative || omcwê || omcwô || omcwo || omcwes || omcwes || omcwe
|}
===Numbers===
These are the Novelatine numbers, with their cardinal and ordinal forms:
{|
!Number
!Cardinal
!Ordinal
|-
| 1 || une || pryime
|-
| 2 || due || secunde
|-
| 3 || W: tre / E: ter || terce
|-
| 4 || W: cwatre / E: cwater || cwarte
|-
| 5 || cwêc || cwête
|-
| 6 || W: sey / E: ses || seste
|-
| 7 || sewtê || sewtime
|-
| 8 || owto || owtave
|-
| 9 || novê || none
|-
| 10 || decê || decime
|-
| 11 || ôdecê || ôdecime
|-
| 12 || dwodecê || dwodecime
|-
| 13 || tredecê || tredecime
|-
| 14 || cwaterdecê || cwaterdecime
|-
| 15 || cwêdecê || cwêdecime
|-
| 16 || W: seydecê / E: sesdecê || W: seydecime / E: sesdecime
|-
| 17 || sewtêdecê || sewtêdecime
|-
| 18 || dwedevyinti || dwedevyigesime
|-
| 19 || ôdevyinti || ôdevyigesime
|-
| 20 || vyinti || vyigesime
|-
| 21 || vyinti une || vyigesime prime
|-
| 22 || vyinti due || vyigesime secunde
|-
| 30 || tryinta || tryintesime
|-
| 40 || cwadryinta || cwadryintesime
|-
| 50 || cwêcyinta || cwêcyintesime
|-
| 60 || sesyinta || sesyintesime
|-
| 70 || sewtyinta || sewtyintesime
|-
| 80 || owtyinta || owtyintesime
|-
| 90 || novyinta || novyintesime
|-
| 100 || cêtô || cêtesime
|-
| 200 || dwecêtyi || dwecêtesime
|-
| 300 || trecêtyi || trecêtesime
|-
| 400 || cwadregêtyi || cwadregêtesime
|-
| 500 || cwêgêtyi || cwêgêtesime
|-
| 600 || sescêtyi || sescêtesime
|-
| 700 || sewtêgêtyi || sewtêgêtesime
|-
| 800 || owtêgêtyi || owtêgêtesime
|-
| 900 || nôgêtyi || nôgêtesime
|-
| 1000 || mil || milesime
|-
| 2000 || due milya || due milesime
|-
| 1.000.000 || milyô || milyonesime
|-
| 1.000.000.000 || milyarde || milyardesime
|}
===Declension===
Most numbers are indeclinable, while only a few agree with their nouns.
* '''Une''' declines like a 1st class adjectives: ''une'', ''una'', ''unô'', etc. It has no plural forms.
* '''Due''' has its own declension: m/f/n nominative: '''due'''; m/n genitive: '''dwor''', f genitive: '''dwar'''; m/f/n accusative: '''dues'''
* The multiples of ''cêtô'', like '''dwecêtyi''', '''trecêtyi''', etc., decline like 1st class plural adjectives, even if there are other indeclinable numbers after them: '''sescêta vyinti cwêc poma''': ''625'' apples; '''le dwecêtes dues roses imyit''': ''he bought 202 roses''
* '''Milya''' is the actual plural of '''mil''', but it is indeclinable.
* '''Milyô''' and '''milyarde''' are nouns (respectively of III and II declension). They decline according to their rule in the sentence and their nouns are in genitive cases: '''Due milyons ominô''': ''two million people''; '''unô milyonê bawteryerô côtê''', ''it contains one million bacteria''
==Verbs==
Novelatine has a strictly conservative and quite difficult verbal morphology. The complex verbal system of ancient Latin is retained, also with the passive synthetic forms. Nevertheless an analitic new future tense was developed, together with two conditional tenses. An isolated resultative form was also developed.
When verbs are listed, more forms are presented. As exemple, we list the verb '''amar''', ''to love'':
* '''Amar''': infinitive form
* ''ame'': first singular person of the indicative present tense
* ''amay'': first singular person of the indicative perfect tense
* ''amate'': past participle, masculine nominative singular form
The first singular person of the indicative present tense shows the present root, by dropping the -'''e''', -'''er''' or -'''o''' ending:
* ame → am-e → '''am-''' (present root)
The first singular person of the indicative perfect tense shows the perfect root, by dropping the -'''ay''', -'''yi''' or -'''iyi''' ending:
* amay → am-ay → '''am-''' (perfect root)
This is necessary, as almost all irregular verbs have a different perfect root:
* legsyi → legs-yi → '''legs-''' (perfect root) / '''leg-''' (present root)
The Novelatine verbs have six moods:
*'''Infinitive''', which has ''2 tenses'': present, past
*'''Indicative''', which has ''5 tenses'': present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
*'''Subjunctive''', which has ''5 tenses'': present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
*'''Conditional''', which has ''2 tenses'': present, past
*'''Resultative''', which has ''1 tense'': past
*'''Imperative''', which has ''1 tense'': present
and four adjectival forms:
*'''Present participle'''
*'''Past participle'''
*'''Future participle'''
*'''Gerundive'''
===Conjugations===
Novelatine verbs are divided in four conjugations:
{|
!Conjugation
!Ending
|-
| I || -'''ar'''
|-
| II || -'''er''' (palatal)
|-
| III || -'''er''' (non palatal)
|-
| IV || -'''yir'''
|}
The second conjugation uses the same endings of the third conjugation, plus a palatal infix -'''y''', in many forms. For clarity's sake, we don't consider this verbal class as a subgroup of the third conjugation, but as an independent conjugation class, according to the tradition of Latin four conjugations' pattern.
===Indicative===
====Present tense (têpe praysês)====
The '''present tense''' is formed by adding some endings to the '''present root''' of the chosen verb.
These are the endings:
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''e''' || mon'''ye''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''ye'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''s''' || mon'''s''' || leg'''s''' || fin'''s'''
|-
| III sing. || am || mon || leg || fin
|-
| I plur. || am'''em''' || mon'''yim''' || leg'''im''' || fin'''yim'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''ez''' || mon'''yiz''' || leg'''iz''' || fin'''yiz'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''êt''' || mon'''yêt''' || leg'''ôt''' || fin'''yôt'''
|}
In the singular second person forms, if the root ends with a bilabial stop ([t] or [d]), these consonants merge with the endings in '''z''' ([ʦ] or [ʣ] respectively):
* '''Spewtar''', ''to watch'', ''to look at'' → '''spewz''' {{IPA|[spɛwʦ]}}, ''you are watching''
* '''Eseder''', ''to eat'' → '''esez''' {{IPA|[ezeʣ]}}, ''you are eating''
However if the root ends with two consonants (except for -''yC''-, -''wC''- and -''rC''- and -''lC'', with '''C''' that is not ''y''), the endings become I: -'''es''', II: -'''yis''', III: -'''is''', IV: -'''yis'''
If the verbal root ends with -'''Vw'''-, the -''w''- becomes -'''l'''-:
* '''Êcowar''', ''to inhabit'', ''to live in'' → '''êcols''', ''you inhabit'', ''you live in''
The third singular person usually adds a '''Ø-ending''' or '''zero ending''', or it can be said it adds no ending. If the verbal root ends in more than a consonant, this could trigger some changes in the verbal root:
* if the verbal root ends with -'''Cr''', where ''C'' is a ''stop'' ([p], [b], [k], [g]), the -''r''- is retained:
: ''cewebrar'': cewebre, cewebres, cewebr, cewebrem...
* if the verbal root ends with -'''Cw'''- or '''Cy''', the -''w''- or -''y''- are dropped:
: ''locwer'': locwe, locwis, loc, locwim...
: ''côsilyar'': côsilye, côsilyes, côsil, côsilyem...
: ''punyar'': punye, punyes, pun, punyem
(Note that in this example -''y''- is retained for the second singular person, as it is part of the root, instead of part of the ending)
In the Estern dialect, since the groups -'''ly'''-, -'''ny'''- and -'''sy'''- are read as the single consonants [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ] respectively, in the third singular person ''l'', ''n'' and ''s'' are still read as [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ], even if the -''y''- is dropped:
* côsilyes: W {{IPA|[kõˈsiljes]}} / E {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎes]}},  côsil: W {{IPA|[kõˈsil]}} / E {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎ]}}
* punyes: W {{IPA|[ˈpunjes]}} / E {{IPA|[puɲes]}},  pun: W {{IPA|[ˈpun]}} / E {{IPA|[ˈpuɲ]}}
====Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''avô''' || mon'''yivô''' || leg'''yivô''' || fin'''yivô'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''avs''' || mon'''yivs''' || leg'''yivs''' || fin'''yivs'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''av''' || mon'''yiv''' || leg'''yiv''' || fin'''yiv'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''avem''' || mon'''yivem''' || leg'''yivem''' || fin'''yivem'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''avez''' || mon'''yivez''' || leg'''yivez''' || fin'''yivez'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''avêt''' || mon'''yivêt''' || leg'''yivêt''' || fin'''yivêt'''
|}
In the third conjugation if the verb root ends in -'''Cw''', the endings lose the -''y''-:
* '''Locwer''', ''to speak'' → locwivô,  locwivs, locwiv..
If the verbal root ends in -'''Vw'''-, the -''w''- becomes -'''l'''-:
* '''Cower''', ''to cultivate'' → colyivô, colyivs, colyiv..
====Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)====
The '''perfect tense''' is formed by adding some endings to the '''perfect root''' of the chosen verb. The perfect root usually coincide with the present root, as we can see in the case of most verbs of the first conjugation, but in the other conjugations, especially with irregular verbs, the root is not the same.
These are the usual endings:
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''ay''' || mon'''yi''' || legs'''yi''' || fin'''iyi'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayst''' || mon'''yust''' || legs'''yist''' || fin'''iyist'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''aw''' || mon'''yut''' || legs'''yit''' || fin'''iyit'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''aym''' || mon'''yum''' || legs'''yim''' || fin'''iyim'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayz''' || mon'''yuz''' || legs'''yiz''' || fin'''iyiz'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerôt''' || mon'''yerôt''' || legs'''yerôt''' || fin'''iyerôt'''
|}
When a verbs belongs to a certain conjugation, it will usually add the conjugation's typical endings. However,  some irregular verbs of the first, the second and the fourth conjugation, add the third declension's endings to their irregular perfect root.
* '''Dar''', ''Ir'' → dedyi, dedyist, dedyit, dedyim, dedyiz, dedyerôt
* '''Ryider''', ''IIr'' → ryisyi, ryisyist, ryisyit, ryisyim, ryisyiz, ryisyerôt
* '''Capyir''', ''IVr'' → cepyi, cepyist, cepyit, cepyim, cepyiz, cepyerôt
They will be marked with Ir, IIr and IIIr in the Lexycon section.
====Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''ayerô''' || mon'''yerô''' || legs'''yerô''' || fin'''iyerô'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayers''' || mon'''yers''' || legs'''yers''' || fin'''iyers'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''ayer''' || mon'''yer''' || legs'''yer''' || fin'''iyer'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''ayerem''' || mon'''yerem''' || legs'''yerem''' || fin'''iyerem'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayerez''' || mon'''yerez''' || legs'''yerez''' || fin'''iyerez'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerêt''' || mon'''yerêt''' || legs'''yerêt''' || fin'''iyerêt'''
|}
====Future tense (têpe futurô)====
The synthetic future tense of ancient Latin has entirely disappeared, and it was replaced by a new analytic future form.
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite form of the main verb:
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''ao''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amar</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moner</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>leger</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyir</center>
|-
| II sing. || '''as'''
|-
| III sing. || '''a'''
|-
| I plur. || '''avyim'''
|-
| II plur. || '''avyiz'''
|-
| III plur. || '''ôt'''
|}
Examples:
* '''Eo ao caner''': ''I will sing''
* '''Cras azô mar ao vader''': ''Tomorrow I will go to the beach''
===Subjunctive===
====Present tense (têpe praysês)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''ê''' || mon'''yô''' || leg'''ô''' || fin'''yô'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''is''' || mon'''yes''' || leg'''es''' || fin'''yes'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''i''' || mon'''ye''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''ye'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''im''' || mon'''yem''' || leg'''em''' || fin'''yem'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''iz''' || mon'''yez''' || leg'''ez''' || fin'''yez'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''êt''' || mon'''yôt''' || leg'''êt''' || fin'''yêt'''
|}
====Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''arê''' || mon'''erê''' || leg'''erê''' || fin'''yirê'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''ars''' || mon'''ers''' || leg'''ers''' || fin'''yirs'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''ar''' || mon'''er''' || leg'''er''' || fin'''yir'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''arem''' || mon'''erem''' || leg'''erem''' || fin'''yirem'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''arez''' || mon'''erez''' || leg'''erez''' || fin'''yirez'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''arêt''' || mon'''erêt''' || leg'''erêt''' || fin'''yirêt'''
|}
====Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''ayerê''' || mon'''yerê''' || legs'''yerê''' || fin'''iyerê'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayeris''' || mon'''yeris''' || legs'''yeris''' || fin'''iyeris'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''ayeri''' || mon'''yeri''' || legs'''yeri''' || fin'''iyeri'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''ayerim''' || mon'''yerim''' || legs'''yerim''' || fin'''iyerim'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayeriz''' || mon'''yeriz''' || legs'''yeriz''' || fin'''iyeriz'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerêt''' || mon'''yerêt''' || legs'''yerêt''' || fin'''iyerêt'''
|}
====Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''aysê''' || mon'''yisê''' || legs'''yisê''' || fin'''iyisê'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''aysis''' || mon'''yisis''' || legs'''yisis''' || fin'''iyisis'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''aysi''' || mon'''yisi''' || legs'''yisi''' || fin'''iyisi'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''aysim''' || mon'''yisim''' || legs'''yisim''' || fin'''iyisim'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''aysiz''' || mon'''yisiz''' || legs'''yisiz''' || fin'''iyisiz'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''aysêt''' || mon'''yisêt''' || legs'''yisêt''' || fin'''iyisêt'''
|}
====Future tense (têpe futurô)====
It is formed with the subjunctive present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite form of the main verb:
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''abyô''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amar</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moner</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>leger</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyir</center>
|-
| II sing. || '''abyes'''
|-
| III sing. || '''abye'''
|-
| I plur. || '''abyem'''
|-
| II plur. || '''abyez'''
|-
| III plur. || '''abyôt'''
|}
Examples:
* '''Crede co abyes caner''': ''I believe you will sing''
* '''Crede co cras azô mar abyes vader''': ''I believe that tomorrow you will go to the beach''
===Conditional===
The conditional forms have two tenses, the ''present'' and the ''past'' tense. It is an analytic mood, formed with the auxiliary verb '''aver'''.
The '''conditional present''' is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''', plus the infinitive form of the main verb:
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''avyi''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amar</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moner</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>leger</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyir</center>
|-
| II sing. || '''avyust'''
|-
| III sing. || '''avyut'''
|-
| I plur. || '''avyum'''
|-
| II plur. || '''avyuz'''
|-
| III plur. || '''avyerôt'''
|}
Examples:
* '''Eo avyi caner''': ''I would sing''
* '''Cras azô mar avyi vader''': ''Tomorrow I would go to the beach''
The '''conditional past''' is formed with the plusquamperfect tense form of the verb '''aber''', plus the infinitive form of the main verb:
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''avyerô''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amar</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moner</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>leger</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyir</center>
|-
| II sing. || '''avyers'''
|-
| III sing. || '''avyer'''
|-
| I plur. || '''avyerem'''
|-
| II plur. || '''avyerez'''
|-
| III plur. || '''avyerêt'''
|}
Examples:
* '''Eo avyerô caner''': ''I would have sung''
* '''Azô mar avyerô vader''': ''I would have gone to the beach''
===Resultative===
The '''resultative form''' is not inherited from Ancient Latin, but it is a later creation, most likely under the influence of the Italian ''passato prossimo''.
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the past participle without the adjectival endings:
* '''advenyir''', ''to happen'' → advête → advêt: '''cwo a advêt?''', ''what has happened? what did just happen?''
* '''facer''', ''to do'' → fawte → fawt: '''cwo as fawt?''', ''what have you done? what did you just do?''
Its meaning and use are slightly different between the two dialects, but its basic meaning is pointing out the result of an action. In a more linguistically precise definition, it is a perfective past form of the verb.
===Imperative===
The '''imperative mood''' has only one tense, the present tense. It is used to give orders, and it has only the second person forms.
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| II sing. || am'''a''' || mon'''e''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''yi'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''ad''' || mon'''yid''' || leg'''id''' || fin'''yid'''
|}
Some III conjugation verbs have a short imperative form:
* '''dicer''', ''to say'', ''to tell'': '''Di!''' (instead of ''dice!''), ''say! tell!''
* '''facer''', ''to do'', ''to make'': '''Fa!''' (instead of ''face!''): ''do! make!''
* '''vader''', ''to go'': '''Va!''' (instead of ''vade!''): ''go!''
===Impersonal forms===
These forms are called ''impersonal'', because they are not conjugated as usual verbs, but they represent special forms, usually considered as '''adjectival forms'''.
====Gerundive====
The gerundive is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which must be X-ed''. It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form.
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| am'''ôde''' || mon'''êde''' || leg'''êde''' || fin'''yêde'''
|}
====Present participle====
The present participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which X-s'', similar to the English ''-ing'' form. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| am'''ôs''' || mon'''ês''' || leg'''ês''' || fin'''yês'''
|}
They have a special declension (also some nouns decline this way):
* Example: '''Amôs''', ''loving'', ''which loves''.
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || amôs || amôs || amôs || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amôt'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amôt'''yô''' || amôt'''yô''' || amôt'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || amôt'''ê''' || amôt'''ê''' || amôs || amôt'''es''' || amôt'''es''' || amôt'''ya'''
|}
* Example: '''Legês''', ''reading'', ''which reads''.
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || legês || legês || legês || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legêt'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legêt'''yô''' || legêt'''yô''' || legêt'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || legêt'''ê''' || legêt'''ê''' || legês || legêt'''es''' || legêt'''es''' || legêt'''ya'''
|}
* Example: '''Finyês''', ''ending'', ''which ends''.
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || finyês || finyês || finyês || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyêt'''ya'''
|-
| Genitive || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyêt'''yô''' || finyêt'''yô''' || finyêt'''yô'''
|-
| Accusative || finyêt'''ê''' || finyêt'''ê''' || finyês || finygêt'''es''' || finyêt'''ya''' || finyêt'''es'''
|}
====Past participle====
The past participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''X-ed'', similar to the English past participle. With transitive verbs it has a passive meaning.
It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| am'''ate''' || mon'''ite''' || lew'''te''' || fin'''yite'''
|}
The forms of the past participle are mostly irregular in the third conjugation. Most irregular verbs have irregular participial forms:
* '''Caner''', ''to sing'' → côte, ''sung''
* '''Corer''', ''to run'' → curse, ''run''
* '''Fêger''', ''to fake'' → fiwte, ''faked''
* '''Scryiber''', ''to write'' → scryiwte, ''written''
* '''Venyir''', ''to come'' → vête, ''come''
Past participle are usually distinguished by the '''-te''' ending, which in some irregular verbs can become '''-se'''.
====Future participle====
The future participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which will X''; it has no English counterparts. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.
It is formed by dropping the masculine ending of the past participle, and adding the '''-ure''' endings:
* '''Venyir''', ''to come'' → vête → vêt- + -ure → '''vêture''', ''coming'', ''which will come''
It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| amat'''ure''' || monit'''ure''' || lewt'''ure''' || finyit'''ure'''
|}
===Passive forms===
Novelatine has particular '''passive forms''' for its verbs, because, differently from most modern European language, but similar to Latin and Ancient Greek, in some tenses it has retained simple forms (the verb has one single form), instead of compound forms (as in English ''auxiliary verb'' + ''participle'').
* '''Monyires''': ''you are warned''
* '''Crede co monyôter''': ''I believe they are being warned''
Simple form are used in the ''indicative present'' and ''imperfect'' tense, in subjunctive ''indicative present'' and ''imperfect'' tense, in the ''imperative mood'' and in the ''infinitive''. The other tenses and moods are built like English, with the conjugated forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'' + the ''past participle'', or, for compound tenses, regularly with the conjugated forms of the verb '''aber''', ''to have'' + the passive form of the infinitive.
* '''Monite fuyist''': ''you were warned''
* '''Tu as moniri''': ''you will be warned''
====Infinitive====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| am'''ari''' || mon'''eri''' || leg'''eri''' || fin'''yiri'''
|}
Or instead it can be said, that the passive infinitive form is built by adding -'''i''' to the normal infinitive forms.
====Indicative present tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''er''' || mon'''yer''' || leg'''er''' || fin'''yer'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''eres''' || mon'''yires''' || leg'''ires''' || fin'''yires'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''eter''' || mon'''yiter''' || leg'''iter''' || fin'''yiter'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''emer''' || mon'''yimer''' || leg'''imer''' || fin'''yimer'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''emnyi''' || mon'''yimnyi''' || leg'''imnyi''' || fin'''yimny'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''êter''' || mon'''yêter''' || leg'''ôter''' || fin'''yôter'''
|}
====Indicative imperfect tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''aver''' || mon'''yiver''' || leg'''yiver''' || fin'''yiver'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''averes''' || mon'''yiveres''' || leg'''yiveres''' || fin'''yiveres'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''aveter''' || mon'''yiveter''' || leg'''yiveter''' || fin'''yiveter'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''avemer''' || mon'''yivemer''' || leg'''yivemer''' || fin'''yivemer'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''avemnyi''' || mon'''yivemnyi''' || leg'''yivemnyi''' || fin'''yivemnyi'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''avêter''' || mon'''yivêter''' || leg'''yivêter''' || fin'''yivêter'''
|}
====Indicative perfect tense====
The passive indicative perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''perfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyi'''
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyist'''
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyit'''
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyim'''
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyiz'''
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerôt'''
|}
====Indicative plusquamperfect tense====
The passive indicative plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''plusquamperfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyerô'''
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyers'''
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyer'''
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerem'''
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerez'''
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerêt'''
|}
====Indicative future tense====
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''ao''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amari</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moneri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>legeri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyiri</center>
|-
| II sing. || '''as'''
|-
| III sing. || '''a'''
|-
| I plur. || '''avyim'''
|-
| II plur. || '''avyiz'''
|-
| III plur. || '''ôt'''
|}
Examples:
* '''Syi documêtyi cras ôt videri''': ''The documents will be seen tomorrow''
====Subjunctive present tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''êr''' || mon'''yôr''' || leg'''ôr''' || fin'''yôr'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''ires''' || mon'''yeres''' || leg'''eres''' || fin'''yeres'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''iter''' || mon'''yeter''' || leg'''eter''' || fin'''yeter'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''imer''' || mon'''yemer''' || leg'''emer''' || fin'''yemer'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''imnyi''' || mon'''yemnyi''' || leg'''emnyi''' || fin'''yemnyi'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''êter''' || mon'''yôter''' || leg'''êter''' || fin'''yêter'''
|}
====Subjunctive imperfect tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''arer''' || mon'''erer''' || leg'''erer''' || fin'''yirer'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''areres''' || mon'''ereres''' || leg'''ereres''' || fin'''yireres'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''areter''' || mon'''ereter''' || leg'''ereter''' || fin'''yireter'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''aremer''' || mon'''eremer''' || leg'''eremer''' || fin'''yiremer'''
|-
| II plur. || am'''aremnyi''' || mon'''eremnyi''' || leg'''erenyi''' || fin'''yiremnyi'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''arêter''' || mon'''erêter''' || leg'''erêter''' || fin'''yirêter'''
|}
====Subjunctive perfect tense====
The passive subjunctive perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''subjunctive perfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyerê'''
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyers'''
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyer'''
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerim'''
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyeriz'''
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerêt'''
|}
====Subjunctive plusquamperfect tense====
The passive subjunctive plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''subjunctive plusquamperfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisê'''
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisis'''
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisi'''
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisim'''
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisiz'''
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisêt'''
|}
====Subjunctive future tense====
It is formed with the present subjunctive forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''abyô''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amari</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moneri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>legeri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyiri</center>
|-
| II sing. || '''abyes'''
|-
| III sing. || '''abye'''
|-
| I plur. || '''abyem'''
|-
| II plur. || '''abyez'''
|-
| III plur. || '''abyôt'''
|}
Examples:
* '''Crede co syi documêtyi cras abyôt videri''': ''I believe the documents will be seen tomorrow''
====Conditional present tense====
It is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''avyi''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amari</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moneri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>legeri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyiri</center>
|-
| II sing. || '''avyust'''
|-
| III sing. || '''avyut'''
|-
| I plur. || '''avyum'''
|-
| II plur. || '''avyuz'''
|-
| III plur. || '''avyerôt'''
|}
Examples:
* '''Syi documêtyi avyerôt videri''': ''The documents would be seen''
====Conditional past tense====
It is formed with the plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''avyerô''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amari</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moneri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>legeri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyiri</center>
|-
| II sing. || '''avyers'''
|-
| III sing. || '''avyer'''
|-
| I plur. || '''avyerem'''
|-
| II plur. || '''avyerez'''
|-
| III plur. || '''avyerêt'''
|}
Examples:
* '''Syi documêtyi avyerêt videri''': ''The documents would have been seen''
===Verb eser (to be)===
{|
! colspan=5| Indicative
|-
!Person
! Present
! Imperfect
! Perfect
! Pl.perfect
|-
| I sing. || sô || erô || fuyi || fuyerô
|-
| II sing. || es || ers || fuyist || fuyers
|-
| III sing. || e || er || fuyit || fuyer
|-
| I plur. || some || erem || fuyim || fuyerem
|-
| II plur. || ez || erez || fuyiz || fuyerez
|-
| III plur. || sôt || erôt || fuyerôt || fuyerêt
|}
{|
! colspan=5| Subjunctive
|-
!Person
! Present
! Imperfect
! Perfect
! Pl.perfect
|-
| I sing. || sê || eserê || fuyerê || fuyisê
|-
| II sing. || ses || eseris || fuyers || fuyisis
|-
| III sing. || set || eseri || fuyer || fuyisi
|-
| I plur. || sem || eserim || fuyerim || fuyisim
|-
| II plur. || sez || eseriz || fuyeriz || fuyisiz
|-
| III plur. || sêt || eserêt || fuyerêt || fuyisêt
|}
Other compound tenses and moods are formed according to the usual grammar rules.
===Other irregular verbs===
====I conjugation====
* '''dar''': do, das, da, dam, daz, dôt
* '''star''': sto, stas, sta, stam, staz, stôt
====II conjugation====
* '''aber''': ao, as, a, avyim, avyiz, ôt, ''perf.'': aviy, avyust...
* '''poser''': posô, podes, pode, W:posom/E:posome, podez, posôt, ''imperf.'': poderô, poders...; ''perf.'': podiy, podyust..; ''subj. pres.'': posê, poses, pose, posem, posez, posêt; ''subj. imperf.'': poserê, posers...
* '''tener''': tenye, tens, tê, tenyim, tenyiz, W: tenyêt/E: têt
* '''voler''': volye, vows, vut, volyim, volyiz, volyôt
====III conjugation====
* '''facer''': facye, W: facs/E: fac, W: fac/ E: fa, facim, faciz, facyôt
* '''noscer''': nosce, noscis, nos, noscim, nosciz, noscôt
====IV conjugation====
==Syntax==
Novelatine has retained a large part of the vast Latin syntax, while has created some new innovations, some of them shared with other Romance languages, while some other under the influence of the surrounding Italian language.
===Constituent order===
Novelatine is a typical SOV language. It retained the ancient Latin word order, in which the verb usually comes at the end of the sentence. As it still make a large of use of its case, the constituent order can be considered as '''free''', but the position of the various parts of the sentences is ruled by semantic, more than syntactic, rules.
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (''subject'') '''<span style="color:blue">Siwvyô</span>''' (''object'') '''<span style="color:green">vid</span>''' (''verb''): ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">sees</span> <span style="color:blue">Siwvya</span>''
The position of the ''indirect object'' (marked with D) is not compulsorily fixed, like the other parts of the sentence, but it usually tends to respect these rules:
- it usually comes before the direct object (O):
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:orange">azô docêtê</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô si</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">the teacher</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his own book</span>''
- if the indirect object is a pronoun, it moves immediately before the verb:
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô si</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:orange">luy</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">him</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his own book</span>''
but if the object (or another part) of the sentence is followed by an identical dative possessive pronoun, it moves back before the object:
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:orange">luy</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô luy</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">him</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his book</span>''
if the possessive pronoun is different the pronoun remains in the position before the verb:
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô luy</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:orange">mi</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">me</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his book</span>''
If there is an imperative form, the verb usually comes first in the sentence:
* '''<span style="color:green">Di</span><span style="color:orange">mi</span>''' (V) (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô veritadê</span>''' (O): ''<span style="color:green">Tell</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">me</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">the truth</span>''
====Negation and question====
An entire sentence is negated by inserting '''nô''' ('''non''' before a vowel), before the conjugated verb:
* '''Azô mar vasyerôt''': ''They went to the beach'' → '''Azô mar ''nô'' vasyerôt''': ''They didn't go to the beach''
* '''Eo ses parvowes ti êtêde''': ''I understand your words'' → '''Eo ses parvowes ti ''non'' êtêde''': ''I don't understand your words''
There is no particular way to express a question. Words do not change their order, nor a specific particle or auxiliary verb (like English ''do'') is added; only the pitch (usually rising towards the end of the question) can express the question, or the question mark ('''?''') in written text:
* '''Sô novô awtomobilê mi vyidyerôt?''': ''Did they see my new car?'' / '''Sô novô awtomobilê mi vyidyerôt''': ''They saw my new car''
===Nominal syntax===
Novelatine nouns do '''decline''', i.e. they change themselves (in this case they change their own endings), to show their syntactic role in the sentence.
If a noun has the role of the subject ('''''Marce''' ôvi pwelô am'', Mark loves that girl) it will show a definite ending, different from those used for other roles (''Avi pwela '''Marcô''' am'', That girl loves Mark; ''Eo sa pwela '''Marcyi''' sô'', I am the girl of Mark).
====Cases====
Novelatine has three cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''' and '''Accusative'''
=====Nominative=====
The '''nominative case''' has the only but very important role of representing the sentence's '''''subject'''''. As it plays this primary role, it is the form we always find in dictionaries.
Contrary to English, the verb '''eser''' (''to be'') has no direct object, but its possible object is treated like an adjective to the subject, and it is declined in the nominative case:
* ''Eo '''se nove docês''' vob sô'': I am your new teacher
=====Accusative=====
The '''accusative case''' has the primary role of representing the sentence's '''''direct object'''''.
* '''''Sô novô docêtê''' nô vyidyist?'': Didn't you see the new teacher?
It is also used with various prepositions:
* '''circô''': ''around'' (indicating motion)
* '''côtre''': ''against''
* '''ê''': ''in, into'' (indicating motion)
* '''être/êfre''': ''among, between'' (indicating motion)
With the preposition '''ad''' it plays two roles:
* the ''indirect object''
* the preposition ''to, into'' (indicating motion)
* '''''Azô novô docêtê''' sô libelô mi dedyi'': I gave the new teacher my book/I gave my book to the new teacher.
=====Genitive=====
The '''genitive case''' has the primary role of representing '''''possession'''''.
* ''Se lewcyons '''sies novyi docêz''' facils sô'': The lessons of the new teacher are easy
It is also used with many prepositions:
* '''circô''': ''around'' (indicating state)
* '''cô''': ''with''
* '''ad''': ''in, into'' (indicating state)
* '''ê''': ''in, into'' (indicating state)
* '''être/êfre''': ''among, between'' (indicating state)
With the preposition '''de''' it plays two roles:
* the preposition ''from'' (indicating motion)
* the preposition ''by'' (agent of the sentence)
A particular use of the genitive case is the '''absolute genitive'''. The absolute genitive is a syntactic construct which consists of a noun or pronoun and either a past participle, a present participle, an adjective, or an appositive noun, all in the genitive.
The genitive absolute indicates the time, condition, or attending circumstances of an action being described in the main sentence. It takes the place of, and translates, many phrases that would require a subordinate clause in English. However, the noun in the genitive case cannot recur in the same sentence, hence the name absolute, which means ''not related'', ''not linked''.
This construction is built with both present and past particles of every verb, even if the past participle of some intransitive verbs cannot be used. The present particle is used when the action is contemporary to the main clause, while the past participle is used when the action is in the past of the main clause:
* '''''Sies sols oryêz'', adiyim''': ''We left, when the sun was rising''/''We left at sunrise''
* '''''Syor documêterô vyiserô'', avyim decret''': ''After we saw the documents/As we saw the documents/Having seen the documents, we made a decision''
=====Dative=====
The '''dative case''' has completely disappeared from the modern language, being replaced by the construction of the preposition '''ad''' + ''accusative case'', for its main role of representing the '''''indirect object''''':
* '''Ad madrê mi ses cwaves dedyi''': ''I gave the keys to my mother''
Nonetheless the personal pronouns still retain independent dative forms:
* '''La ses cwaves mi dedyit''': ''She gave me the keys''
In some remote villages of the Eastern valley the nouns, the adjectives and the article still retain their dative forms, but these forms are gradually disappearing:
* '''pwela''' → sing. ''pwele'', plur. ''pwels''
* '''vyice''' → sing. ''vyico'', plur. ''vyics''
* '''pader''' → sing. ''padryi'', plur. ''padribe''
* '''dome''' → sing. ''domwi'', plur. ''domwibe''
* '''se''' → sing. ''syi'', plur. ''syis''
* '''ivi''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''yivi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''yisvi''
* '''ste''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''styi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''styis''
* '''bone''' → sing. ''bono'', ''bone'', ''bono'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''bons''
* '''fewi''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''fewicyi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''fewicibe''
====Gender====
Novelatine nouns can belong to three genders: '''Masculine''', '''Feminine''' and '''Neuter'''. Gender is a typical feature of Romance languages, which usually lost the neuter gender, except for Romanian which has a few neuter nouns, and some very scant traces in Italian. It is usually not a problem for speakers of German and of Slavic languages. Also Scandinavian languages still have gender. Some European languages with no gender are Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and, obviously, English.
English has lost all signs of gender for its nouns and adjectives, but it still retains a small trace in the third singular person pronouns, ''he'' usually refers to male people, ''she'' refers to female people, and ''it'' to abstract or concrete things.
Novelatine nouns can belong to each gender: Usually nouns which refer to male people are masculine ('''pader''', '''vyiwter'''), while nouns which refer to female people are feminine ('''mader''', '''vyiwtri'''), as they belong to their "logical" gender.
On the contrary of English, nouns of things, action, ideas, and other non-living nouns can belong to each gender rather arbitrarily. There is no real logical motivation, which explain why '''acwa''', ''water'', is feminine, while '''foce''', ''fire'', is masculine and '''pomô''', ''apple'', is neuter.
Usually it is a matter of endings and declension patterns:
* Nouns ending in '''-a''', at the nominative case, are usually ''feminine'' (except for a small number of masculine nouns like ''poeta'' and ''artista'')
* Nouns ending in '''-e''', at the nominative case, are usually ''masculine'' in the second and in the forth conjugation, but can be ''feminine'' or ''neuter'' in the third.
* Nouns ending in '''-ô''' in the second declension, '''-ê''', and the few nouns in '''-o''', at the nominative case, are ''neuter'', while nouns ending in '''-ô''' in the third conjugation are predominantly ''feminine'', but they can also be ''masculine''.
* Nouns ending in other vowels or consonant, at the nominative case, can belong to any gender, and their gender should be learnt together with the word itself.
One use to be noted is that if we want to indicate a group of humans of mixed sex, we have to use the masculine plural forms:
* '''Ed syi viwters sôt..''': ''And the winners are...''
* '''Syi amicyi mi fesyi sôt''': ''My friends are tired''
These sentences could refer both to groups of only males or of mixed sex. Only the context could account for the right meaning.
The feminine plural forms can refer only to a group of only females:
* '''Se amice mi fese sôt''': ''My (female) friends are tired''
=====Gender agreement=====
The main feature of the gender is '''agreement''': it means that words, which are linked with a noun, like articles, adjectives, pronouns, and verbal forms like the participles, must agree with their noun. In Novelatine these words agree with their nouns in ''number'' and ''case'', as well as ''gender'':
* '''Unô bonô côsilyô''', ''a good advice'': the noun is neuter, and so we have to use the neuter forms of the article and of the adjective.
* '''Syi documêtyi lewtyi fuyerôt''', ''the documents were read'': the nouns is masculine plural, and so we have to use the masculine plural forms of the article and of the past participle.
The agreements works this way obviously also when the endings are not the same, or the nouns belongs to an apparently "wrong" gender:
* '''Se bone artist''a''''': ''the good artist''
* '''Syi poet''e'' bonyi sôt''': ''the poets are good''
===Verbal syntax===
Novelatine verbs do '''conjugate''', i.e. they change themselves (in this case they change their own endings), to show their agreement with their subject in number and gender, and according to the mood and tense of the action or status they represent.
====Infinitive====
The '''infinitive form''' is the basic form of every verb, the form enlisted in dictionaries. It covers most of the roles of English ''infinitive form'':
It is used with ''modal verbs'':
* '''Venyir nô posô''': ''I cannot come''
* '''Cwo facer volyivs?''': ''What did you want to do?''
It is used in the same way with ''verbs of motion'':
* '''Sô panê emer vade''': ''I'm going to buy some bread''
* '''Tecô studer venye''': ''I'm coming to study with you''
====Indicative====
=====Present=====
The '''present tense''' conveys an action which takes place in the moment during which the sentence is created. In this case it covers also the role of English ''present progressive'':
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locwôt''': ''The boys talk with their parents''/''The boys are talking with their parents''
* '''Esede''': ''I am eating''/''I eat''
* '''Fese sô''': ''I am tired''
It also conveys actions which are always present, recurring or continuous:
* '''Sa Tera circô sô Solê movyiter''': ''The Earth moves around the Sun''
=====Imperfect=====
The '''imperfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense refers to actions during their implementation, or status during their development. In this case it covers also the role of English ''past progressive'':
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locwivêt''': ''The boys were talking with their parents''
* '''Esedyivô''': ''I was eating''/''I ate''
* '''Fese erô''': ''I was tired''
It also conveys actions which are recurring in the past, covering also the role of English form ''used to..''
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis onyê diê locwivêt''': ''The boys used to talk with their parents every day''
* '''Todes ses dies sô panê emyivô''': ''I used to buy the bread every day''
=====Perfect=====
The '''perfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense simply refers to past actions without referement to their implementation, or development (instead, it implies that the action had an end). It covers the role of English ''simple past'':
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locuyerôt''': ''The boys talked with their parents''
* '''Esedyi''': ''I ate''
* '''Fese fuyi''': ''I was tired''
=====Plusquamperfect=====
The '''plusquamperfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense simply refers to actions happened before another past action. It covers the role of English ''past perfect'':
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locuyerêt''': ''The boys had talked with their parents''
* '''Esedyerô''': ''I had eaten''
* '''Fese fuyerô''': ''I had been tired''
=====Future=====
The '''future tense''' conveys an action which takes place after the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its future. It covers the role of English ''future'' and ''future continous'':
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis ôt locwer''': ''The boys will be talking with their parents''
* '''Ao eseder''': ''I'm going to eat''
* '''Fese ao eser''': ''I will be tired''
====Subjunctive====
Primarily subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses, as it is linked with most conjunctions. Nonetheless it can be found also in main clauses:
It is used, with present tense forms, as an '''exhortatory imperative''', mainly in the first and third persons (it should be noted that, since the imperative mood has only the 2nd person forms, this is the only way to give a direct, informal or unkind order to somebody for these persons:
* '''Vadyem!''': ''Let's go!''
* '''Stô paginô legêt!''': ''Let them read this page!''
It is also used, with '''all person''' (except, obviously, the first singular one), to give '''negative orders''' (negative imperative forms '''''do not exist!'''''):
* '''Nô me tawtis!''': ''Don't touch me!''
* '''Ad domô nô vadyez!''': ''Don't go home!'' (to many people)
* '''Stô paginô nô legêt!''': ''Don't let them read this page!''
===Subordinative syntax===
====Comud====
The conjunction '''comud''' opens a dependent clause, with the meaning of ''because'', ''since'', ''as''. It is built using all tenses of the '''subjunctive mood''':
* '''Comud lô nô yuvis, le a decret co..''', ''As you don't help him, he has decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô nôcwô yuvarers, le decreyit co..''', ''As you never used to help him, he decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô yuvayeris, le decreyit co..''', ''As you didn't help him, he decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô yuvayisis, le decreyer co..''', ''As you hadn't helped him, he had decided that..''
* '''Comud lô non abyes yuvar, le a decret co..''', ''As you won't help him, he has decided that..''
====Perud====
The conjunction '''perud''' opens a dependent clause, with the meaning of ''in order to''. It is built using only three tenses of the '''subjunctive mood''':
With the ''imperfect'' tense, when speaking in the past:
* '''Lo fecyi, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I did it, in order to help him''
* '''Lo fecyerô, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I had done it, in order to help him''
* '''Lo ao fawt, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I've just done it, in order to help him''
With the ''present'' tense, when speaking in the present:
* '''Lo facye, perud lô yuvê''', ''I do it, in order to help him''
With the ''future'' tense, when speaking in the future:
* '''Lo ao facer, perud lon abyô yuvar''', ''I'll do it, in order to help him''
====Conditional sentences====
Conditional sentences are opened by the conjunction '''si''', with the meaning of ''if''. It is built, using many moods and tenses, depending on their meaning:
Conditional sentences are divided in three types: ''certain'', ''possible'' and ''impossible'':
'''Certain''' or '''implicative''' conditional sentences indicate that both facts are certain, or simply logical but sure deductions. These sentences are built using the '''indicative mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''indicative''' or the '''imperative mood''' in the main clause:
* '''Si pluy, nô venye''', ''If it rains, I don't come'' (<small>''and I'm sure it will rain''</small>)
* '''Si lo noscis, dic mi lo!''', ''If you know, tell me about it!''
* '''Si sô portô nô clawsyist, syi ladrons ê domô êgredyir posôt''': ''If you didn't close the door, thiefs may come inside home''
* '''Si pluy/a pluyer, syi fôgi ôt nasceri''', ''if it rains, mushrooms will grow''
'''Possible''' or '''predictive''' conditional sentences indicate that a situation is dependent of an hypothetical but possible fact. These sentences are built using the '''subjunctive mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''indicative''' or the '''conditional mood''' in the main clause:
The ''present subjunctive'' is used for present possible conditions, the ''future subjunctive'' is used for future possible conditions, and the ''perfect subjunctive'' is used for the (rare) past possible conditions.
In the main sentences ''indicative tenses'' (mainly present and future tense) are used, but if the condition is future also the ''conditional present'' can be used, expecially if the possibility is not great.
* '''Si abye pluyer, non ao venyir''', ''If it rains, I won't come'' (<small>''but I'm not sure if it will rain''</small>)
* '''Si abye pluyer, non avyi venyir''', ''If it rains, I won't come'' (<small>''I'm not sure if it will rain, but I think it will do''</small>)
'''Impossible''' or '''counterfactual''' conditional sentences indicate that a situation is dependent of an hypothetical but impossible, unlikely or certainly false fact. These sentences are built using the '''subjunctive mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''conditional mood''' in the main clause:
The ''imperfect subjunctive'' is used for future impossible conditions, the ''plusquamperfect subjunctive'' is used for past impossible conditions.
In the main sentences both 'present conditional'' is used for future impossible conditions, the ''past conditional'' is used for past impossible conditions.
* '''Si pluyer, non avyi venyir''', ''If it rained, I wouldn't come'' (<small>''I think it is impossible that it will rain while I'm coming''</small>)
* '''Si pluyise, non avyerô venyir''', ''If it had rained, I wouldn't have come'' (<small>''I think of something, that could have happened while I was coming''</small>)
==Lexycon==
===A===
* '''Aber''', ''ao'', ''avyi'', ''avute'', verb, II, ''to have'' (<small>auxiliary</small>)
* '''Acwa''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''water''
* '''Adicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''departure''
* '''Advenyir''', ''advenye'', ''advinyi'', ''advête'', verb, IVr, ''to happen''
* '''Adyir''', ''adye'', ''adiyi'', ''adite'', verb, IV, ''to leave'', ''to depart''
* '''Ager''', ''agrerô'', noun, m., ''field''
* '''Agiw''', ''-ilyô'', adj., II, ''agile'', ''nimble''
* '''Alcwi''', ''alcwe'', ''alcwo'', pron., ''someone'', ''somebody'', ''something''
* '''Amar''', ''ame'', ''amay'', ''amate'', verb, I, ''to love''
* '''Amica''', ''-carô'', noun, f., ''friend'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Amice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''friend'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Ane''', ''anerô'', noun, m., ''year''; '''cwôtyi anyi ti sôt?''', ''how old are you?''
* '''Animaw''', ''-alyô'', noun, n., ''animal''
* '''Aragnyowa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''spider''
* '''Arber''', ''arberô'', noun, f., ''tree''
* '''Arder''', ''ardye'', ''arsyi'', ''arse'', verb, IIr, ''to burn'' (<small>intransitive</small>)
* '''Awa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''wing''
* '''Awbe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''white''
* '''Awr''', ''-ryô'', noun, f., ''ear''
* '''Awter''', ''-tra'', ''-trô'', adj., I, ''other''
* '''Awtomobiw''', ''-ilyô'', noun, f., ''car''
* '''Aycwe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''equal''
* '''Aycwita''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''equality'', ''parity''
===B===
* '''Benedicer''', ''-dice'', ''-dicsyi'', ''-diwte'', verb, III, ''to bless''
* '''Benedicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''blessing''
* '''Biver''', ''bive'', ''bivyi'', ''bivite'', verb, III, ''to drink''
* '''Bone''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''good''
* '''Bôba''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''bomb''
* '''Brachyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., ''arm''
* '''Brev''', ''-vyô'', adj., II, ''short'', ''brief''
===C===
* '''Calde''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''warm'', ''hot''
* '''Can''', ''-nô'', noun, m., ''dog''
* '''Caner''', ''cane'', ''cecinyi'', ''côte'', verb, III, ''to sing''
* '''Capo''', ''-pitô'', noun, n., ''head'', ''mind''
* '''Capyir''', ''capye'', ''cepyi'', ''cawte'', verb, IVr, ''to take'', ''to catch''
* '''Casye''', ''-yerô'', noun, m., ''cheese''
* '''Cawefacer''', ''-facye'', ''-fecyi'', ''-fawte'', verb, III, ''to heat (up)'', ''to warm up''
* '''Cawtive''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''captive'', ''captured'', ''caught''; adject. noun., ''prisoner'', ''captive''
* '''Cayder''', ''cayde'', ''cecyidyi'', ''cayse'', verb, III, ''to cut''
* '''Caysyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''cut''
* '''Ceweber''', ''-bryô'', adj., II, ''famous'', ''noted''
* '''Cine''', ''cinerô'', noun, f., ''ash''
* '''Ciwta''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''city''
* '''Cocwer''', ''cocwe'', ''cocsyi'', ''cowte'', verb, III, ''to cook''
* '''Cogidar''', ''cogide'', ''cogiday'', ''cogidate'', verb, I, ''to think''
* '''Cor''', ''cordô'', noun, n., ''heart''
* '''Corno''', ''-nwô'', noun, n., ''horn''
* '''Cô''', ''con'' (<small>before a vowel</small>), prep., ''with'' + GEN.
* '''Côcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''song''
* '''Côfin''', ''-nyô'', noun, m., ''border''
* '''Côsilyar''', ''-lye'', ''-lyay'', ''-lyate'', verb, I, ''to advise'', ''to give an advice'', ''to suggest''
* '''Côsilyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., 1. ''advice''; 2. ''council''
* '''Cras''', adv, ''tomorrow''
* '''Creder''', ''crede'', ''cridyi'', ''credute'', verb, III, ''to believe''
* '''Cru''', ''-ucô'', noun, f., ''cross''
* '''Curer''', ''cure'', ''cocuryi'', ''curse'', verb, III, ''to run''
* '''Cwav''', ''-vyô'', noun, f., ''key''
* '''Cwayrer''', ''cwayre'', ''cwaysyi'', ''cwaysyite'', verb, III, ''to ask'' (<small>to know something</small>), '''ad alchies''', ''to ask someone'', '''cwayreri''', ''to wonder'', '''cwayrer, sin..''', ''I wonder if..''
* '''Cwomod''', adv., ''how''
* '''Cwôd''', adv., ''when''
* '''Cwôte''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''how much, how many''
* '''Cyewô''', ''-werô'', noun, n., ''sky''
===D===
* '''Dar''', ''do'', ''dedyi'', ''date'', verb, Ir, ''to give''
* '''Debiter''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''debtor'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Debitô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''debt''
* '''Debitri''', ''-ricô'' noun, f., ''debtor'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Decerner''', ''decerne'', ''decreyi'', ''decrete'', verb, III, ''to decide''
* '''Decrecyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''decision''
* '''Dester''', ''-tra, -trô'', adj., I, ''right'' (<small>direction, side</small>)
* '''Dês''', ''dêtyô'', noun, m., ''tooth''
* '''Dicer''', ''dice'', ''dicsyi'', ''diwte'', verb, III, ''to say'', ''to tell''
* '''Docer''', ''docye'', ''docyi'', ''dowte'', verb, II, ''to teach''
* '''Docês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m/f., ''teacher''
* '''Documête''', ''-terô'', noun, m., ''document''
* '''Dome''', ''-mwô'', noun, f., ''house'', ''home''
* '''Dormyir''', ''dormye'', ''dormiyi'', ''dormyite'', verb, IV, ''to sleep''
* '''Du''', ''ducô'', noun, m., ''leader''
* '''Ducer''', ''duce'', ''ducsyi'', ''duwte'', verb, III, ''to lead'', ''to guide''
===E===
* '''Ecwesya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''church''
* '''Ed''', part., ''and''
* '''Elewcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''election'', ''choice''
* '''Ewiger''', ''ewige'', ''ewecsyi'', ''elewte'', verb, III, ''to elect'', ''to choose''
* '''Emer''', ''eme'', ''imyi'', ''êwte'', verb, III, ''to buy'', ''to purchase''
* '''Emergêcya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''emergency''
* '''Eo''', ''mey'', ''mi'', ''me'', pron., ''I'', '''Eo sô!''', ''It's me!''
* '''Erba''', ''-barô'', noun, f., ''grass''
* '''Esarder''', ''esardye'', ''esarsyi'', ''esarse'', verb, IIr, ''to catch (on) fire''
* '''Eseder''', ''esede'', ''esedyi'', ''eseste'', verb, III, ''to eat''
* '''Eser''', ''sô'', ''fuyi'', ''fute'', verb, -, ''to be''
* '''Esurer''', ''esure'', ''esusyi'', ''esuste'', verb, III, ''to burn'' (<small>transitive</small>), ''to burn down''
===Ê===
* '''Ê''', ''in'' (<small>before a vowel</small>), part., ''in'' + GEN. (<small>state</small>)/ + ACC. (<small>motion</small>)
* '''Êcêder''', ''êcêde'', ''êcêsyi'', ''êcêse'', verb, III, ''to set fire'', ''to set ablaze'', ''to set on fire''
* '''Êcowa''', ''-warô'', noun, m., ''inhabitant''
* '''Êdic''', adv., ''from here''
* '''Êgredyir''', ''êgredye'', ''êgresyi'', ''êgrese'', verb, IVr, ''to enter''
* '''Êgrese''', ''-wô'', noun, m., ''entry''
* '''Êgwê''', ''-inô'', noun, n., ''groin''
* '''Êposibiw''', ''êposibilyô'', adj. II, ''impossible''
* '''Êsuwa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''island''
* '''Êtervenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to intervene''
* '''Êtervêcyô''', ''-yô'', noun, f, ''intervention''
* '''Êtêder''', ''êtêde'', ''êtêsyi'', ''êtêse'', verb, III, ''to understand''
* '''Êvenyir''', ''êvenye'', ''êvinyi'', ''êvête'', verb, IVr, ''to find'', ''to discover''
* '''Êvêcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., 1. ''discover'' 2. ''invention''
* '''Êwcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''purchase''
===F===
* '''Facer''', ''facye'', ''fecyi'', ''fawte'', verb, III, ''to do'', ''to make''
* '''Faciw''', ''-ilyô'', adj., II, ''easy''
* '''Fegadô''', ''-derô'', noun, n., ''liver''
* '''Fese''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''tired''
* '''Few''', ''felyô'', noun, f., ''cat''
* '''Fewi''', ''-cyô'', adj., II, ''happy''
* '''Fewicita''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''happyness''
* '''Fêger''', ''fêge'', ''fêsyi'', ''fiwte'', verb, III, ''to pretend'', ''to feign'', ''to fake''
* '''Fin''', ''-nô'', noun, f., ''end'', ''finish'', ''ending''
* '''Finyir''', ''finye'', ''finiyi'', ''finyite'', verb, IV, ''to end'', ''to finish'', ''to cease''
* '''Foce''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''fire'', ''flame'', '''focô côciper''', ''to catch (on) fire''
* '''Formose''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''beautiful''
* '''Flumê''', ''-inô'', noun, n., ''river''
* '''Fryigde''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''cold''
* '''Fruwte''', ''-terô'', noun, m., ''fruit''
* '''Fumar''', ''fume'', ''fumay'', ''fumate'', verb, I, ''to smoke''
* '''Fume''', ''-merô'', noun, m., ''smoke''
* '''Fwave''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''yellow''
* '''Fwe''', ''fworô'', noun, f., ''flower''
===G===
* '''Galice''', ''-cerô'', noun, n., ''French language''
* '''Galice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''French''; adject. noun, ''French'', '''syi galicyi''', ''French people''
* '''Galya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., 1. ''France'', 2. ''Gallia'' (<small>ancient name, usually with '''vetra''', ''old''</small>)
* '''Geno''', ''-nwô'', noun, n., ''knee''
* '''Germane''', ''-nerô'', noun, n. ''German man'', '''syi germanyi''', ''German people''
* '''Germanice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''German language''
* '''Germanice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''German'';
* '''Germanya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., 1. ''Germany''
* '''Gês''', ''gêtyô'', noun, f., ''people'', ''folk'', ''population''
* '''Gracya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''grace''
* '''Grôd''', ''-dyô'', adj., II, ''great'', ''big''
* '''Gwacyar''', ''-cye'', ''-cyay'', ''-cyate'', verb, I, ''to freeze'', ''to ice''
* '''Gwacyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., ''ice''
* '''Gwera''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., ''war''; '''ducer gwerô''', ''to go at war'' (côtre alcwê, ''against someone''); '''êdicer (sô) gwerô''', ''to declare war''
===H===
===I===
* '''Ic''', adv., ''here''
* '''Ida''', adv., ''so'', ''this way''
* '''Igider''', adv., ''therefore'', ''so''
* '''Isvi''', ''avi'', ''ivi'', adj., ''that''; pron., ''that one''
* '''Italya''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''Italy''
* '''Italyane''', ''-nerô'', noun, m., ''Italian language''
* '''Italyane''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''Italian''; adject. noun, ''Italian'', '''syi italyanyi''', ''Italian people''
===L===
* '''La''', ''lawtô'', noun, n., ''milk''
* '''Lader''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''brick''
* '''Lavacyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''washing'', ''cleansing''
* '''Lavar''', ''lave'', ''lavay'', ''lavate'', verb, I, ''to wash'', ''to clean''
* '''Lawdar''', ''lawde'', ''lawday'', ''lawdate'', verb, I, 1. ''to praise''; 2. ''to boast''
* '''Leger''', ''lege'', ''legsyi'', ''lewte'', verb, III, ''to read''
* '''Lewcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''lesson''
* '''Lêgwa''', ''-warô'', noun, m., 1. ''tongue''; 2. ''language''
* '''Libelô''', ''-lerô'', noun, n., ''book''
* '''Locwer''', ''locwe'', ''locuyi'', ''locute'', verb, III, ''to speak''
* '''Lude''', ''-derô'', noun, m., ''play'', ''toy''
* '''Luder''', ''lude'', ''lusyi'', ''luse'', verb, III, ''to play'' (<small>with a toy, football</small>)
* '''Luna''', ''-narô'', noun, m., 1. ''the Moon''; 2. ''moon'', ''natural satellite''
* '''Lupe''', ''-perô'', noun, m., ''wolf''
* '''Luse''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''game'', ''(act of) play''
* '''Lyiber''', ''-era'', ''-erô'', adj., I, ''free''
* '''Lyiberar''', ''-re'', ''-ray'', ''-rate'', verb, I, ''to set free''
* '''Lyiberta''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''freedom''
===M===
* '''Mader''', ''-drô'', noun, f., ''mother''
* '''Mawe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''bad'', ''evil''
* '''Mawedicer''', ''-dice'', ''-dicsyi'', ''-diwte'', verb, III, ''to curse''
* '''Mawedicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''curse''
* '''Mawô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''evil''
* '''Mane''', ''-nwô'', noun, f., ''hand''
* '''Mar''', ''-ryô'', noun, n., 1. ''sea''; 2. ''seaside'', ''beach'', '''azies mars eser''', ''to be at seaside'', '''azô mar vader''', ''to go to the beach''
* '''Maryide''', ''-derô'', noun, m., ''husband''
* '''Meridyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, m., ''south''
* '''Mesime''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''same''
* '''Mês''', ''mêtyô'', noun, f., ''mind'', ''tought'', ''head''
* '''Mode''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''manner'', ''mode'', ''way''
* '''Moner''', ''monye'', ''monyi'', ''monite'', verb, II, ''to warn'', ''to inform''
* '''Monicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''warning''
* '''Mor''', ''mortô'', noun, f., ''death''
* '''Morder''', ''morde'', ''mordyi'', ''morse'', verb, III, ''to bite''
* '''Morse''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''bite''
* '''Moryiri''', ''moryer'', ''mortwe fuyi'', verb, IV pas, ''to die''
* '''Mover''', ''movye'', ''movyi'', ''mote'', verb, II, ''to move'' (<small>transitive</small>); '''moveri''', ''to move'' (<small>intransitive</small>)
* '''Môde''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''world''
* '''Môdyaw''', ''-alyô'', adj., II, ''worldwile'', ''global'', ''world''; '''sa Secunda Gwera Môdyaw''', ''World War II''
* '''Môgyar''', ''môgye'', ''môgyay'', ''môgyate'', verb, I, ''to dinner'', ''to have (a) dinner''
* '''Môgya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''dinner''
* '''Mulyer''', ''-rô'', noun, f., ''woman''
* '''Mus''', ''muryô'', noun, f., ''mouse''
===N===
* '''Nase''', ''-serô'', noun, m., ''nose''
* '''Nav''', ''navyô'', noun, f., ''ship'', ''boat''
* '''Natura''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., ''nature''
* '''Naturaw''', ''alyô'', noun, adj., II, ''natural''
* '''Nebuwa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''fog''
* '''Nemê''', ''nemins'', pron., ''nobody''
* '''Nêger''', ''nêg'', ''nêsyit'', ''nête'', verb, III, ''to snow''
* '''Niger''', ''-gra'', ''-grô'', adj., I, ''black''
* '''Ni''', ''nivô'', noun, f., ''snow''
* '''Niw''', ''nulriy'', pron., ''nothing''
* '''No''', ''nowtô'', noun, f., ''night''
* '''Nomê''', ''-minô'', noun, n., ''noun'', ''name''
* '''Nos''', ''nestri'', ''nob'', ''nos'', pron., ''we''
* '''Nove''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''new''
* '''Nô''', part., ''not'', ''no''
* '''Nôc''', adv., ''now'', ''in this moment''
* '''Nôcyar''', ''nôcye'', ''nôcyay'', ''nôcyate'', verb, I, ''to announce'', ''to disclose''
* '''Nôcyô''', ''nôcyerô'', noun, n., ''news'', '''sa nôcya''', ''the news''
* '''Nub''', ''nubyô'', noun, f., ''cloud''
===O===
* '''Ocwe''', ''ocwerô'', noun, m., ''eye''
* '''Odôtoyatria''', noun, f., ''dentistry''
* '''Odôtoyatrice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I,  ''relative to dentistry''
* '''Omcwi''', ''omcwe'', ''omcwo'', pron., ''everyone'', ''everybody'', ''everything''
* '''Omuvi''', adv., ''everywhere''
* '''Opyinyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''opinion'', ''viewpoint''
* '''Oracyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''pray''
* '''Ora''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''hour''
* '''Orar''', ''ore'', ''oray'', ''orate'', verb, I, ''to pray''
* '''Os''', ''oryô'', noun, n., ''mouth''
* '''Osô''', ''oserô'', noun, n., ''bone''
===Ô===
* '''Ôde''', adv., ''from where'', '''ôde vens?''', ''where are you from?''
* '''Ôguste''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''narrow'', ''tight''
* '''Ôpwe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''wide''
===P===
* '''Pa''', ''pacô'', noun, f., ''peace''
* '''Pader''', ''-drô'', noun, m., ''father''
* '''Parês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m., ''parent''
* '''Parve''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''little, small''
* '''Parvowa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''word''
* '''Pase''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''step''
* '''Pecar''', ''peche'', ''pecay'', ''pecate'', verb, I, ''to sin''
* '''Pecator''', ''-rô'', noun, m., ''sinner''
* '''Pe''', ''pedô'', noun, m., ''foot''
* '''Peder''', ''pede'', ''pedyi'', ''pedyite'', verb, III, ''to ask'' (<small>to get something</small>), '''ad alchies alcwo''', ''to ask someone for something''
* '''Percuter''', ''-cutye'', ''-cusyi'', ''-cuse'', verb, IIr, ''to hit'', ''to beat'', ''to strike''
* '''Perder''', ''perde'', ''pirdyi'', ''perdute'', verb, III, ''to lose''
* '''Persona''', ''-narô'', noun, f., ''person'', '''se persone''', ''the people''
* '''Pertawtar''', ''-tawte'', ''-tawtay'', ''-tawtate'', verb, I, ''to come to touch'', ''to physically reach''
* '''Pervenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to arrive'', ''to come''
* '''Pervête''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''arrival''
* '''Pew''', ''pelyô'', noun, f., ''skin'', ''leather''
* '''Pêsar''', ''pêse'', ''pêsay'', ''pêsate'', verb, I, ''to think''
* '''Pome''', ''-merô'', noun, m., <small>EAST</small>, ''apple''
* '''Pomô''', ''-merô'', noun, n., ''apple''
* '''Porce''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''pork'', ''pig'', ''swine''
* '''Poser''', ''posô'', ''podiy'', ''podute'', verb, II, ''to can'', ''to be able''
* '''Posibiw''', ''posibilyô'', adj. II, ''possible''
* '''Pôs''', ''pôtyô'', noun, m., ''bridge''
* '''Praysidês''', ''-dêtyô'', noun, m., ''president''
* '''Prayvenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to avoid'', ''to prevene''
* '''Prayvêcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''prevention''
* '''Prelyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., ''fight''
* '''Prosime''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''near'', ''close'', + '''ad''' + ACC ; adject. noun, 1. ''one who is close to someone'', 2. ''neighbour'', '''syi prosimyi mi''', ''my neighbours''
* '''Pulcher''', ''-cra'', ''-crô'', adj., I, ''beautiful'', ''nice''
* '''Punya''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''battle''
* '''Punyar''', ''punye'', ''punyay'', ''punyate'', verb, I, ''to fight''
* '''Pwela''', ''-larô'', noun, f., ''girl''
* '''Pwene''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''full'' + GEN.
* '''Pwer''', ''-rerô'', noun, m., ''boy''
===R===
* '''Radi''', ''-dicô'', noun, f., ''root''
* '''Re''', ''regô'', noun, m., ''king''
* '''Regnô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''kingdom''; '''so Regnô Unitô Grônz Britanye ed Irlande Sewtêtryonals''', ''the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''
* '''Remote''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''far'', ''distant''
* '''Rena''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''sand''
* '''Respewtar''', ''-wte'', ''-wtay'', ''-wtate'', verb, I, ''to respect''
* '''Respewte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''respect''
* '''Respyiracyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''breathing'', ''respiration''
* '''Respyirar''', ''-ire'', ''-iray'', ''-irate'', verb, I, ''to breathe''
* '''Respyirô''', ''-rerô'', noun, n., ''breath''
* '''Rosa''', ''-sarô'', noun, m., ''rose''
* '''Rôper''', ''rôpe'', ''rupyi'', ''ruwte'', verb, III, ''to break''
* '''Ruber''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''red''
* '''Ruraw''', ''ruralyô'', adj. II, ''rural'', ''country''
* '''Rus''', ''ruryô'', noun, f., 1. ''hill'', 2. ''countryside''
* '''Ryider''', ''ryidye'', ''ryisyi'', ''ryise'', verb, IIr, ''to laugh'', ''to smile''
===S===
* '''Sateli''', ''-litô'', noun, m., 1. ''natural satellite'', ''moon'', 2. ''artificial satellite'', '''sateli naturaw''', ''natural satellite'', '''sateli artificyaw''', ''artificial satellite''
* '''Saw''', ''salyô'', noun, m., ''salt''
* '''Sawte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''jump''
* '''Sawtar''', ''sawte'', ''sawtay'', ''sawtate'', verb, I, ''to jump''
* '''Sawutacyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''greeting''
* '''Sawutar''', ''sawute'', ''sawutay'', ''sawutate'', verb, I, ''to greet''
* '''Scryiber''', ''scryibe'', ''scryipsyi'', ''scryiwte'', verb, III, ''to write''
* '''Se''', ''sa'', ''sô'', article, ''the''
* '''Sed''', part., ''but''
* '''Sen''', prep., ''without'' + GEN.
* '''Serpês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m., ''snake''
* '''Sewtêtryô''', ''-yonô'', noun, m., ''north''
* '''Sêpre''', adv., ''always''
* '''Si''', part., ''if''
* '''Sin''', conj., ''if'', ''whether''
* '''Sice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''dry''
* '''Sigareta''', ''-tarô'', noun, f., ''cigarette''
* '''Sinister''', ''-tra, -trô'', adj., I, ''left'' (<small>direction, side</small>)
* '''Siwva''', ''-varô'', noun, f., ''forest'', ''wood''
* '''Sortyir''', ''sortye'', ''sortiyi'', ''sortyite'', verb, IV, ''to exit'', ''to go out'', ''to come out''
* '''Sortyita''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''exit'', '''sortyita emergêcye''', ''emergency exit''
* '''Sow''', ''solyô'', noun, m., ''sun'', ''the Sun''
* '''Sôgwê''', ''-winô'', noun, m., ''blood''
* '''Sôwte''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''saint''
* '''Sôwtificar''', ''-fice'', ''-ficay'', ''-ficate'', verb, I, ''to hollow'', ''to sanctify''
* '''Spewtar''', ''spewte'', ''spewtay'', ''spewtate'', verb, I, ''to look at'', ''to watch''
* '''Spwêder''', ''spwêdye'', ''spwêdyi'', ''spwêdite'', verb, II, ''to shine'', ''to sparkle''
* '''Spiyar''', ''spiye'', ''spiyay'', ''spiyate'', verb, I, ''to spy''
* '''Star''', ''sto'', ''stetyi'', ''state'', verb, Ir, ''to stay'', ''to stand'', ''to stand up'', ''to be''
* '''State''', ''staterô'', noun, m., ''state'' (<small>as a political entity</small>); '''syi Statyi Unyiti Americhe''', ''the United States of America''
* '''State''', ''statwô'', noun, m., 1. ''condition'', ''state'', 2. ''position'', ''place''
* '''Ste''', ''sta'', ''sto'', adj., ''this''; pron., ''this one''
* '''Studer''', ''studye'', ''studyi'', ''studite'', verb, II, ''to study''
* '''Subsecwês''', ''-êtyô'', adj., II, ''next''
===T===
* '''Tawtar''', ''tawte'', ''tawtay'', ''tawtate'', verb, I, ''to touch''
* '''Tawte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''touch''
* '''Têpe''', ''-perô'', noun, n., 1. ''time''; 2. ''tense''
* '''Tener''', ''tenye'', ''tinyi'', ''tête'', verb, II, ''to have'', ''to keep'', ''to own''
* '''Tera''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., 1. ''earth'', ''ground''; 2. ''Earth''
* '''Timer''', ''timye'', ''timyi'', ''timute'', verb, II, ''to fear'', '''timye ud''' + SUBJ., ''I fear that...''
* '''Tode''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''all''
* '''Tu''', ''tuy'', ''ti'', ''te'', pron., ''you'' (<small>only singular</small>)
* '''Tur''', ''-ryô'', noun, f., ''tower''
===U===
* '''Ucser''', ''ucserô'', noun, f., ''wife''
* '''Unyir''', ''unye'', ''uniyi'', ''unite'', verb, IV, ''to unite''
* '''Unyô''', ''unyonô'', noun, f., ''union''
* '''Utyir''', ''utye'', ''utiyi'', ''use'', verb, IV, ''to use'', ''to make use of'' + GEN.
* '''Uvi''', adv., ''where''
===V===
* '''Vader''', ''vade'', ''vasyi'', ''vase'', verb, III, ''to go''
* '''Vêcer''', ''vêce'', ''vyicyi'', ''vyiwte'', verb, III, ''to win'', ''to conquer''
* '''Venenar''', ''venene'', ''venenay'', ''venenate'', verb, I, ''to poison''
* '''Venenô''', ''-nerô'', noun, n., ''poison''
* '''Venyir''', ''venye'', ''vinyi'', ''vête'', verb, IVr, ''to come''
* '''Verbô''', ''-berô'', noun, n., ''verb''
* '''Vespera''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., ''evening''
* '''Vesper''', ''-prerô'', noun, m., <small>EAST</small>, ''evening''
* '''Veter''', ''-tra'', ''-trô'', adj., I, ''old''
* '''Vidrô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''glass (substance)''
* '''Vider''', ''vidye'', ''vyidyi'', ''vyise'', verb, IIr, ''to see''
* '''Viri''', ''-dyô'', adj., II, ''green''
* '''Vowar''', ''vowe'', ''voway'', ''vowate'', verb, I, ''to fly''
* '''Vyice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''village''
* '''Vyinô''', ''-nerô'', noun, n., ''wine''
* '''Vyiver''', ''vyive'', ''vyicsyi'', ''vyiwte'', verb, III, ''to live''
* '''Vyiwter''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''winner'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Vyiwtri''', ''-ricô'' noun, f., ''winner'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Vocar''', ''voce'', ''vocay'', ''vocate'', verb, I, ''to call''; '''cwomod vocers?''', ''What's your name?''
* '''Voler''', ''volye'', ''volyi'', ''volute'', verb, II, ''to want'', ''to desire''; '''volye ud''' + SUBJ., ''I want that...''
* '''Voluwta''', ''-adô'', noun, f., ''will''
* '''Vos''', ''vestri'', ''vob'', ''vos'', pron., ''you'' (<small>only plural</small>)
===W===
===X===
===Y===
* '''Yacer''', ''yacye'', ''yacyi'', ''yacyute'', verb, II, ''to lie'', ''to lie along''
* '''Yawtar''', ''yawte'', ''yawtay'', ''yawtate'', verb, I, ''to throw'', ''to toss'', ''to cast''
* '''Yus''', ''yuryô'', noun, n., 1. ''right'', ''law'', 2. ''jurisprudence''
* '''Yuvacyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''help''
* '''Yuvar''', ''yuve'', ''yuvay'', ''yuvate'', verb, I, ''to help''
* '''Yuven''', ''-enyô'', adj., II, ''young''
* '''Yuvêtu''', ''-udô'', noun, f., ''youth''
===Z===
==Sectorial lexycon==
===Everyday lexycon===
* '''Cyao!''': ''Hi, Hello'' (<small>informal</small>)
* '''Sawve''': ''Hi, Hello'' (<small>formal</small>)
* '''Bonô diê!''' (<small>formal full form</small>) - '''Bôdiê!''' (<small>informal short form</small>): ''Good morning''/''Good day'' (<small>until 14:00/2:00 pm</small>)
* '''Bonô vesperô!''' (<small>formal full form</small>) - '''Bôvesprô!''' (<small>informal short form</small>):  ''Good evening'' (<small>from 14:00/2:00 pm until leaving</small>)
* '''Bonô nowtê!''' (<small>formal full form</small>) - '''Bônowtê!''' (<small>informal short form</small>): ''Good night'' (<small>only when leaving at night</small>) 
* '''Ad revideri!''' (<small>formal full form</small>) - '''Arevider!''' (<small>informal short form</small>): ''Good  bye''
* '''Cyao!''': ''Bye!'' (<small>informal</small>)
* '''Bêvête!''' (<small>sing. m.</small>) - '''Bêvêta!''' (<small>sing. f.</small>): ''Welcome'' - '''Bêvêtyi!''' (<small>plur. m. or mixed</small>) - '''Bêvête!''' (<small>plur. f.</small>)
* '''Cwomod ti e?''': ''How are you?'' (<small>informal</small>)
* '''Cwomod vob e?''': ''How are you?'' (<small>formal</small>)
** '''Bê!''': ''Fine''
* '''Ti/Vob gracyage!''': ''Thank you'', ''Thanks'' (1st person of verb '''gracyager''', ''to thank'')
* '''Muwtô ti/vob gracyage!''': ''Thank you very much''
** '''Ore''': ''You're welcome'' (1st person of verb '''orar''', ''to pray'', fixed form)
* '''Cwomod vocers?''': ''What's your name?'' (<small>informal</small>)
* '''Cwomod vocemnyi?''': ''What's your name?'' (<small>formal</small>)
** '''.... vocer!''': ''My name is ....''
* '''Cwôtyi anyi ti sôt?''': ''How old are you?''
This fixed expression are used in both dialects, but in the Eastern dialect only some forms are used. For example only the informal forms '''Bôdiê''', '''Bôvesprô''', '''Bônowtê''', '''Arevider''' are used in greetings, while the usual form for thanking someone is '''Gracyage'''/'''Muwtô gracyage!''' without the pronouns.
In the Western dialect it's common to ask '''Cwomod (ti) vad?''', for ''How are you?'', while in the Eastern dialect an usual question is '''Cwomod es/ez?'''.
===The days of the week - Syi dies sies sewtimane ===
{|
!English || Novelatine
|-
| ''Monday'' || W: '''Lunedie''' E: '''Lundie'''
|-
| ''Tuesday'' || '''Mardie'''
|-
| ''Wednesday'' || '''Mercurdie'''
|-
| ''Thursday'' || '''Yowdie'''
|-
| ''Friday'' || '''Venerdie'''
|-
| ''Saturday'' || '''Sabadô'''
|-
| ''Sunday'' || '''Dominca'''
|}
===The months of the year - Syi mêses sies anyi===
{|
!English || Novelatine || English || Novelatine
|-
| ''January'' || '''Yanwarye''' || ''July'' || '''Yulye'''
|-
| ''February'' || '''Fevrwarye''' || ''August'' || '''Awguste'''
|-
| ''March'' || '''Marcye''' || ''September'' || '''Sewtêber'''
|-
| ''April'' || '''Apriw''' || ''October'' || '''Owtober'''
|-
| ''May'' || '''Maye''' || ''November'' || '''Novêber'''
|-
| ''Juny'' || '''Yunye''' || ''December'' || '''Decêber'''
|}
===The seasons of the year - Se stagyons sies anyi===
{|
!English || Novelatine
|-
| ''Spring'' || '''primver'''
|-
| ''Summer'' || '''aysta'''
|-
| ''Autumn''<br>''Fall'' || '''awtumne'''
|-
| ''Winter'' || '''yem'''
|}
==Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Article 1===
Todyi omins lyiberyi ed aycwi per dyignitadê ed yurya nascôter. Lyi praydityi cô sies racyons ed sies côscyêcye sôt ed sa fradernita de unyi azon awtrô de lyis avêda e.
===Lord's prayer===
* Pader nob, cwi ê sies cyelyi es,
* sô nomê ti sôwtificeter
* sô regnô ti venye
* sa voluwta ti faceter
* ida ê sies cyelyi, ida ê se tere
* danob sô panê cotyidyanô nob
* ed ad nob dyimiti sa debita nob
* ida nos ad debiteres nob dyimitim
* ed nos ê têtacyonê non êduces
* sed lyiberanos de sies malyi.
* amê.
===Hail Mary===
* Ave Maria, gracye pwena,
* se Domine tecô e
* tu êter mulyerô benediciter
* ed se fruwte sies vêtris ti benediciter, Jesus
* Sôwta Maria, mader Dyi
* ora per nob, pecatorô
* nôc ed ê sies ore sies morz nob
* amê
===Babel text===
* Er ê tode sies Tere una sowa lêgwa ed se mesime parvowe
* Domud de sied oryêz provenyirêt, unô pwanô ê sies tere Senaar êvinyerôt ed ic êcowayerôt
* ed omcwi azô prosimô si dicsyit: "Venyid, facyem laderes ed cocwem les cô sies focyi ed utyem syor laderô pro syar pedrarô ed sies bitumins pro sies cemêtyi"
* ed dicsyerôt: "Venyid, facyem nob unô ciwtadê ed unô turê sô chies cuwmê sô cyelô pertawti ed cewebrim sô nomê nob, andecud ê todô sô terô abyem dyivideri"
* ed se Domine descendyit perud vider sô ciwtadê ed sô turê, cwô syi filyi Adamyi aydificavêt.
* Ed se Domine dicsyit "Ecô, lyi une sowe vuwge sôt ed une sowe lêgwe utyôt, ida lo facere êcipyerôt ed de syor proyewterô si non ôt desister, donecud son operô si abyôt finyir"
* "venyid, igider, descendem ed côfôdem sô lêgwô lyis, perud sô você sies prosimyi si non abyôt êtêder".
* Ida se Domine de iesvi locyi ê todô sô terô les dyivisyit, ed lyi sô ciwtadê aydificar desistyerôt
* et sa ciwta Babel vocata fuyit, comud ic se Domine sô lêgwô tode sies tere côfusyer ed êdic se Domine ê todô sô terô les dyivisyit.
==States of the world==
===States of Europe===
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''English'' !! Novelatine !! Adjective !! Inhabitant
|-
| ''Albania'' || Awbania ||colspan=2| awbanês
|-
| ''Andorra'' || Andora ||colspan=2| andorane
|-
| ''Armenia'' || Armenya ||colspan=2| armene
|-
| ''Austria'' || Awstrya ||colspan=2| awstriace
|-
| ''Azerbaijan'' || Azerbaygyan ||colspan=2| azere
|-
| ''Belarus'' || Rusya Awba ||colspan=2| awboruse
|-
| ''Belgium'' || Bewgyô || bewgice || bewge
|-
| ''Bosnia and Herzegovina'' || Bosnya ed Erzegovina ||colspan=2| bosniace
|-
| ''Bulgaria'' || Buwgaria ||colspan=2| buwgare
|-
| ''Croatia'' || Croacya ||colspan=2| croate
|-
| ''Cyprus'' || Cipre ||colspan=2| ciprice
|-
| ''Czech Republic'' || Cechya<br>Respublica Ceca ||colspan=2| ceche
|-
| ''Denmark'' || Danya ||colspan=2| danês
|-
| ''Estonia'' || Estonya ||colspan=2| estonês
|-
| ''Finland'' || Finya ||colspan=2| finice
|-
| ''France'' || Galya ||colspan=2| galice
|-
| ''Georgia'' || Georgya ||colspan=2| georgyane
|-
| ''Germany'' || Germanya || germanice || germane
|-
| ''Greece'' || Graycya ||colspan=2| grayce
|-
| ''Hungary'' || Ungarya || ungarês || ungare
|-
| ''Iceland'' || Islandya ||colspan=2| islandês
|-
| ''Ireland'' || Ibernya ||colspan=2| ibernês
|-
| ''Italy'' || Italya ||colspan=2| italyane
|-
| ''Kazakhstan'' || Kazakistania ||colspan=2| kazake
|-
| ''Latvia'' || Letonya ||colspan=2| letonês
|-
| ''Liechtenstein'' || Liechtenstein ||colspan=2| liechtensteinês
|-
| ''Lithuania'' || Litwanya ||colspan=2| litwane
|-
| ''Luxembourg'' || Luxemburg || colspan=2| luxemburghês
|-
| ''Republic of Macedonia'' || Respublica Macedonya ||colspan=2| macedon
|-
| ''Malta'' || Mawta ||colspan=2| maltês
|-
| ''Moldova'' || Moldova ||colspan=2| moldovês
|-
| ''Monaco'' || Monace ||colspan=2| monachês
|-
| ''Montenegro'' || Môs Niger ||colspan=2| nigromôtês
|-
| ''Netherlands'' || Nederlandya || nederlandês || olôdês
|-
| ''Norway'' || Norvegya ||colspan=2| norvegês
|-
| ''Poland'' || Polonya ||colspan=2| polace
|-
| ''Portugal'' || Portugaw ||colspan=2| lusitane
|-
| ''Romania'' || Romania ||colspan=2| romene
|-
| ''Russia'' || Rusya<br>Federacyô Rusa ||colspan=2| ruse
|-
| ''San Marino'' || Sôwte Marine ||colspan=2| sôwtomarinês
|-
| ''Serbia'' || Serbya ||colspan=2| serbe
|-
| ''Slovakia'' || Swovachya ||colspan=2| swovace
|-
| ''Slovenia'' || Swovenya || swovenice || swovene
|-
| ''Spain'' || Ispanya || ispanice || ispane
|-
| ''Sweden'' || Svecya ||colspan=2| svedês
|-
| ''Switzerland'' || Ewvecya || ewvetice || ewvete
|-
| ''Turkey'' || Turchia ||colspan=2| turce
|-
| ''Ukraine'' || Ucrayna ||colspan=2| ucraynês
|-
| ''United Kingdom'' || Regnô Unyitô ||colspan=2| ôglice
|-
| ''Vatican City'' || Vaticano ||colspan=2| vaticanês
|}
===Other State Names===
: '''Other names''' (other continents, common institions, former countries and unrecognized countries):
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''English'' !! Novelatine !! Adjective !! Inhabitant
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Common institutions'''
|-
| ''European Union'' || Unyô Ewropayca ||colspan=2| ewropayce
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Former countries'''
|-
| ''Czechoslovachia'' || Cecoswovachya ||colspan=2| cecoswovace
|-
| ''Federal Republic of Germany''<br>''West Germany'' || Respublica Federaw Germanica (RFG)<br>Germanya Ocidêtaw ||colspan=2| ocidêtawgermanice
|-
| ''German Democratic Republic''<br>''East Germany'' || Respublica Democratica Germanica (RDG)<br>Germanya Oryêtaw ||colspan=2| oryêtawgermanice
|-
| ''Jugoslavia'' || Yugoswavya ||colspan=2| yugoswave
|-
| ''Soviet Union''<br>''Union of Socialist Sovietic Republics'' || Unyô Sovyetica<br>Unyô syar Socyalisticarô Sovyeticarô Respublicarô ||colspan=2| sovyetice
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Unrecognized countries'''
|-
| ''Abkhazia'' || Abcasya ||colspan=2| abcase
|-
| ''Kosovo'' || Kosovya ||colspan=2| kosovice
|-
| ''Southern Ossetia'' || Osecya Meridyonaw ||colspan=2| meridionalosetice
|-
| ''Turkish Republic<br>of Northern Cyprus'' || Respublica Turca<br>Cipryi Sewtêtryonals ||colspan=2|sewtêtryonawciprice
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Countries in other continents'''
|-
| ''United State of America'' || Statyi Unyiti Americhe ||colspan=2| americane<br>statounyitês
|-
| ''China''<br>''People's Republic of China'' || Syina<br>Respublica Vuwgar Syinês ||colspan=2| syinês
|-
| ''Japan'' || Yaponya ||colspan=2| yaponês
|-
| ''India'' || Êdya ||colspan=2| êdyane
|}
==Sound changes from Latin==
These are the main sound changes that affected the Late Latin spoken in this area, which later became Novelatine. These sound change laws are usually respected, but sometimes there are other results, mainly because of '''analogy''' (for example the uniform masculine/feminine accusative plural ending '''-es''', the actual derived endings should have been very different in each declension, but it spread in every noun class).
Legend: C, any consonant; N, a nasal consonat (n, m); V, any vowel; the sign [:], a long vowel or consonant.
* i: → yi {{IPA|[ji]}} (lupī → lupyi)
* ct → wt
* pt → wt
* VlV → VwV but → VlV if another w is present. (incola → êcowa - voluptas → voluwta)
* ClV → CwV but → ClV if V = u (clavis → cwav - flumen → flumê)
* C: → C (terra → tera)
* tiV → cyV {{IPA|[ʧj]}} (liberatio → lyiberacyô)
* CiV → CyV {{IPA|[j]}}, but not if [i] is stressed.
* eNC, iNC → ê {{IPA|[e◌̃]}}
* aNC, oNC, uNC → ô {{IPA|[o◌̃]}}
* eN_#, iN_# → ê {{IPA|[e◌̃]}}
* aN_#, oN_#, uN_# → ô {{IPA|[o◌̃]}}
* ae_# → e
* ae (stressed or in a syllable before the stressed one) → ay
* us_# → e
==Swadesh list==
{| border=1
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  [[English]]
!c=01|  Novelatine
!c=02|  Latin
!c=03|  Italian
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| eo
|c=02| ego
|c=03| io
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| thou<br><small>(singular)</small>
|c=01| tu
|c=02| tu
|c=03| tu
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he<br>she<br>it
|c=01| le<br>la<br>lo
|c=02| is<br>ea<br>id
|c=03| egli<br>ella<br>esso
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| nos
|c=02| nos
|c=03| noi
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you<br><small>(plural)</small>
|c=01| vos
|c=02| vos
|c=03| voi
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| lyi (m.)<br>le (f.)<br>la (n.)
|c=02| ei (m.)<br>eae (f.)<br>ea (n.)
|c=03| essi (m.)<br>esse (f.)
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| ste
|c=02| iste
|c=03| questo
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| isvi
|c=02| is
|c=03| quello
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| ic
|c=02| hic
|c=03| qui
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| ila
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| cwi
|c=02| quis
|c=03| chi
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| cwo
|c=02| quod
|c=03| cosa
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| uvi
|c=02| ubi
|c=03| dove
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| quhante
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| cwôte
|c=02| quantus
|c=03| quanto
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| nô (non)
|c=02| non
|c=03| non
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| tode
|c=02| totus
|c=03| tutto
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| muolte
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| ni (m.)<br>ne (f., n.)
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| ni (m.)<br>ne (f., n.)
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| awter
|c=02| alter
|c=03| altro
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| une
|c=02| unus
|c=03| uno
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| due
|c=02| duos
|c=02| due
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| tre/ter
|c=02| tres
|c=03| tre
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| quatre/quatre
|c=02| quattuor
|c=03| quattro
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| cwêc
|c=02| quinque
|c=02| cinque
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| grôd
|c=02| grandis
|c=02| grande
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| large
|c=01| grosso
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| ôpwe
|c=02| amplus
|c=03| ampio
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| folto
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| pesante
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| parve
|c=02| parvus
|c=03| piccolo
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| córtho
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| ôguste
|c=02| angustus
|c=03| angusto<br>stretto
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| axutto
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| mulyer
|c=02| mulier
|c=03| donna
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man<br> <small> (male)</small>
|c=01| huomo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| persona
|c=02| persona
|c=03| persona
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child<br> <small> (a youth)</small>
|c=01| bambinno (m.)<br>bambinna (f.)
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| ucser
|c=02| uxor
|c=03| moglie
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| maryide
|c=02| maritus
|c=03| marito
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| mader
|c=02| mater
|c=03| madre
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| pader
|c=02| pater
|c=03| padre
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| animaw
|c=02| animal
|c=03| animale
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| pexa (f.)
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| av
|c=02| avis
|c=03| uccello
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| can
|c=02| canis
|c=03| cane
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| piattolla (f.)
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| serpês
|c=02| serpens
|c=03| serpente
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| verme (n.)
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| arber
|c=02| arbor
|c=03| albero
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| siwva
|c=02| silva
|c=03| foresta
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick<br> <small> (of wood)</small>
|c=01| bastô
|c=02| clava
|c=03| bastone
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| fruwte
|c=02| fructus
|c=03| frutto
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| semê
|c=02| semen
|c=03| seme
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| follia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| radicciu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark<br> <small> (of tree)</small>
|c=01| corteccia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| fwe
|c=02| flos
|c=03| fiore
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| erba
|c=02| herba
|c=03| erba
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| cortta (f.)
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin<br> <small> (of a person)</small>
|c=01| pew
|c=02| pellis
|c=03| pelle
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat<br> <small> (as in flesh)</small>
|c=01| car
|c=02| caro
|c=03| carne
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| sôgwê
|c=02| sanguen
|c=03| sangue
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| osô
|c=02| os
|c=03| osso
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat<br> <small> (noun)</small>
|c=01| attipe (n.)
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| ovô
|c=02| ovum
|c=03| uovo
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| corno
|c=02| cornu
|c=03| corno
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| settre (m.)
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather<br> <small> (rather not down)</small>
|c=01| pluma (f.)
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| xappellu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| capo
|c=02| caput
|c=03| testa<br>capo
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| awr
|c=02| auris
|c=03| orecchio
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| ocwe
|c=02| oculus
|c=03| occhio
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| nase
|c=02| nasus
|c=03| naso
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| os
|c=02| os
|c=03| bocca
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth<br> <small> (rather not molar)
|c=01| dês
|c=02| dens
|c=03| dente
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| lêgwa
|c=02| lingua
|c=03| lingua
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| uonghia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| pe
|c=02| pes
|c=03| piede
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| zampa (f.)
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| geno
|c=02| genu
|c=03| ginocchio
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| mane
|c=02| manus
|c=03| mano
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| awa
|c=02| ala
|c=03| ala
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| vêter
|c=02| ventris
|c=03| ventre<br>pancia
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts<br><small>(as in courage)</small>
|c=01| coraggio (m.)
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| quollo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| diettro (m.)
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| mammelle (f.)
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| cor
|c=02| cor
|c=03| cuore
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| fegadô
|c=02| hepar
|c=03| fegato
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| biver
|c=02| bibere
|c=03| bere
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| eseder
|c=02| edere
|c=03| mangiare
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| morder
|c=02| mordere
|c=03| mordere
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| suger
|c=02| sugere
|c=03| succhiare
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| sputar
|c=02| spuere
|c=03| sputare
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| vomer
|c=02| vomere
|c=03| vomitare
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow<br> <small> (as wind)</small>
|c=01| ventha
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| respyirar
|c=02| respirare
|c=03| respirare
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| ryider
|c=02| ridere
|c=03| ridere
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| vider
|c=02| videre
|c=03| vedere
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| sentendrhi
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know<br> <small> (a fact)</small>
|c=01| noscer
|c=02| noscere
|c=03| sapere
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| pensha
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell<br> <small> (sense odor)</small>
|c=01| uodhe
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| timer
|c=02| timere
|c=03| temere
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| dormyir
|c=02| dormire
|c=03| dormire
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| vyiver
|c=02| vivere
|c=03| vivere
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| moryiri
|c=02| moriri
|c=03| morire
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| uoccidhi
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| punyar
|c=02| pugnare
|c=03| combattere
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt<br> <small> (transitive)</small>
|c=01| cazzha
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| percuter
|c=02| percutere
|c=03| colpire<br>percuotere
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| tagliare
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| dyivider
|c=02| dividere
|c=03| dividere
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab<br> <small> (or stick)</small>
|c=01| accoltellha
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch<br> <small> (an itch)</small>
|c=01| graffha
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| xavha
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| nuotha
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| vowar
|c=02| volare
|c=03| volare
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| passegiha
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| venyir
|c=02| venire
|c=03| venire
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie<br> <small> (as on one's side)</small>
|c=01| yacer
|c=02| iacere
|c=03| giacere
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| si sedhe
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| si alza
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn<br> <small> (change direction)</small>
|c=01| xuoltha
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall<br> <small> (as in drop)</small>
|c=01| cader
|c=02| cadere
|c=03| cadere
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| dar
|c=02| dare
|c=03| dare
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold<br> <small> (in one's hand)</small>
|c=01| tener
|c=02| tenere
|c=03| tenere
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| spemmhe
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| strovinha
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| lavar
|c=02| lavare
|c=03| lavare
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| spuolverha
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| trainha
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| premmhe
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| yawtar
|c=02| iacere
|c=03| gettare
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| ligar
|c=02| ligare
|c=03| legare
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| quoc'i
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| côwtar
|c=02| computare
|c=03| contare
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| dicer
|c=02| dicere
|c=03| dire
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| caner
|c=02| canere
|c=03| cantare
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| luder
|c=02| ludere
|c=03| giocare
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| galleggiha
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| fluyer
|c=02| fluere
|c=03| fluire<br>scorrere
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| gwacyar
|c=02| glaciari
|c=03| ghiacciare
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| gonfiha
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01| sow
|c=02| sol
|c=03| sole
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| luna
|c=02| luna
|c=03| luna
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| stela
|c=02| stella
|c=03| stella
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| acwa
|c=02| aqua
|c=03| acqua
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| pluyer
|c=02| pluere
|c=03| piovere
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| flumê
|c=02| flumen
|c=03| fiume
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| lage
|c=02| lacus
|c=03| lago
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea<br> <small> (as in ocean)</small>
|c=01| mar
|c=02| mar
|c=03| mare
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| saw
|c=02| sal
|c=03| sale
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| pedra
|c=02| petra
|c=03| pietra
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| rena
|c=02| arena
|c=03| sabbia
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=01| puwve
|c=02| polvis
|c=03| polvere
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth<br> <small> (as in soil)</small>
|c=01| tera<br>ume
|c=02| terra<br>humus
|c=03| terra
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| nub
|c=02| nubis
|c=03| nube
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| nebuwa
|c=02| nebula
|c=03| nebbia
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| cyelô
|c=02| coelum
|c=03| cielo
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind<br> <small> (as in breeze)</small>
|c=01| ventwe
|c=02| ventus
|c=03| vento
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| ni
|c=02| nix
|c=03| neve
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| gwacyô
|c=02| glacies
|c=03| ghiaccio
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| fume
|c=02| fumus
|c=03| fumo
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| foce
|c=02| focus
|c=03| fuoco
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ashes
|c=01| cine
|c=02| cinis
|c=03| cenere
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn<br> <small> (intransitive)</small>
|c=01| arder
|c=02| ardere
|c=03| bruciare<br>ardere
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| via
|c=02| via
|c=03| via
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| môs
|c=02| mons
|c=03| monte
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| ruber
|c=02| ruber
|c=03| rosso
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| viri
|c=02| viridis
|c=03| verde
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| fwave
|c=02| flavus
|c=03| giallo
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| awbe
|c=02| albus
|c=03| bianco
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| niger
|c=02| niger
|c=03| nero
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| no
|c=02| nox
|c=03| notte
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day<br> <small> (daytime)</small>
|c=01| die
|c=02| dies
|c=03| giorno
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| ane
|c=02| annus
|c=03| anno
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm<br> <small> (as in weather)</small>
|c=01| calde
|c=02| calidus
|c=03| caldo
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold<br> <small> (as in weather)</small>
|c=01| fryigde
|c=02| frigidus
|c=03| freddo
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| pwene
|c=02| plenus
|c=03| pieno
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| nove
|c=02| novus
|c=03| nuovo
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| veter
|c=02| vetus
|c=03| vecchio
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| bone
|c=02| bonus
|c=03| buono
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| mawe
|c=02| malus
|c=03| cattivo
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten<br> <small> (as, a log)
|c=01| ammuffitto
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| immondo
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| diritto
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| cirocollare
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp<br> <small> (as a knife)</small>
|c=01| affilato
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull<br> <small> (as a knife)</small>
|c=01| xialbo
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| liscio
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| bannatto
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry<br> <small> (adjective)</small>
|c=01| xecco
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right<br> <small> (correct)</small>
|c=01| corrette
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| prosime
|c=02| proximus
|c=03| prossimo<br>vicino
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| remote
|c=02| remotus
|c=03| lontano<br>remoto
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right<br> <small> (side)</small>
|c=01| dester
|c=02| dexter
|c=03| destro
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left<br> <small> (side)</small>
|c=01| sinister
|c=02| sinister
|c=03| sinistro
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| ad<br>ê (in)
|c=02| ad<br>in
|c=03| a<br>in
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| ê (in)
|c=02| in
|c=03| in
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with<br> <small> (accompanying)</small>
|c=01| cô (con)
|c=02| cum
|c=03| con
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| ed
|c=02| et
|c=03| e
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| si
|c=02| si
|c=03| se
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| comud<br>percwo
|c=02| cum<br>ut<br>quare
|c=03| perché
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| nomê
|c=02| nomen
|c=03| nome
|}

Revision as of 07:56, 8 May 2013

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