Kala Verbs: Difference between revisions
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== | = verbs = | ||
* A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). Most verbs can be reused without change as a noun. | |||
== tense == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px;" | ||
! | ! tense || suffix || gloss || example | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | remote past || '''-yeha''' || REM || '''nam inayeha'''<br>We ate a long while ago. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | recent past || '''-yehi''' || REC || '''nam inayehi'''<br>We just ate. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | past || '''-ye''' || PST || '''nam inaye'''<br>We ate. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | present || ''not marked'' || || '''nam ina'''<br>We eat. / We are eating. / We do eat. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | future || '''-tli''' || FUT || '''nam inatli'''<br>We will eat. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | immediate future || '''-tlihi''' || IMM || '''nam inatlihi'''<br>We will eat soon/now. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | distant future || '''-tliha''' || DIS || '''nam inatliha'''<br>We will eat a long while from now. | ||
|} | |} | ||
* Kala does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. "I ate", "I used to eat", "I have eaten", "I had eaten"). | |||
* If a temporal adverb is used, the tense suffix may be omitted. | |||
:Example: '''yomaye nam ina''' - <small>yesterday 1pl eat</small> - We ate yesterday. | |||
== modifiers == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:600px;" | |||
! usage || suffix || from || example | |||
|- | |||
| ability, can || '''-pa''' || '''pala'''<br>to be able, can || '''na yalapa'''<br>I am able to go. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |- | ||
! ''''' | | attempt, try || '''-pya''' || '''upya'''<br>to attempt; to try || '''na yalapya'''<br>I am trying to leave. | ||
|- | |||
| negation || '''-k''' || '''nke'''<br>no, not; negative || '''na yalak'''<br>I am not going. | |||
|- | |||
| beginning, initiate || '''-mu''' || '''mula'''<br>start; begin || '''na yalamu'''<br>I begin to go. / I'm starting to leave. | |||
|- | |||
| permission; allow || '''-myo''' || '''myonta'''<br>to allow; permit || '''na yalamyo'''<br>I am allowed to go. | |||
|- | |||
| should, ought to || '''-ne''' || '''neya'''<br>should, to ought to || '''na yalane'''<br>I should go. | |||
|- | |||
| need, necessity || '''-he''' || '''heya'''<br>to need; require || '''na yalahe'''<br>I need to go. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | deintensify || '''-hi''' || '''ahi'''<br>small; little || '''na inahi'''<br>I am snacking. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | appear, seem || '''-tse''' || '''tse'e'''<br>to seem; appearance || '''ha yalatse'''<br>He seems to be going. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | want, desire || '''-ue''' || '''ueha'''<br>to want; desire || '''na yalaue'''<br>I want to go. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| intention, volition || '''-ue''' || '''ueyo'''<br>to intend to || '''na yalaue'''<br>I intend to go. | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 05:32, 23 March 2013
verbs
- A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). Most verbs can be reused without change as a noun.
tense
| tense | suffix | gloss | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| remote past | -yeha | REM | nam inayeha We ate a long while ago. |
| recent past | -yehi | REC | nam inayehi We just ate. |
| past | -ye | PST | nam inaye We ate. |
| present | not marked | nam ina We eat. / We are eating. / We do eat. | |
| future | -tli | FUT | nam inatli We will eat. |
| immediate future | -tlihi | IMM | nam inatlihi We will eat soon/now. |
| distant future | -tliha | DIS | nam inatliha We will eat a long while from now. |
- Kala does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. "I ate", "I used to eat", "I have eaten", "I had eaten").
- If a temporal adverb is used, the tense suffix may be omitted.
- Example: yomaye nam ina - yesterday 1pl eat - We ate yesterday.
modifiers
| usage | suffix | from | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ability, can | -pa | pala to be able, can |
na yalapa I am able to go. |
| attempt, try | -pya | upya to attempt; to try |
na yalapya I am trying to leave. |
| negation | -k | nke no, not; negative |
na yalak I am not going. |
| beginning, initiate | -mu | mula start; begin |
na yalamu I begin to go. / I'm starting to leave. |
| permission; allow | -myo | myonta to allow; permit |
na yalamyo I am allowed to go. |
| should, ought to | -ne | neya should, to ought to |
na yalane I should go. |
| need, necessity | -he | heya to need; require |
na yalahe I need to go. |
| deintensify | -hi | ahi small; little |
na inahi I am snacking. |
| appear, seem | -tse | tse'e to seem; appearance |
ha yalatse He seems to be going. |
| want, desire | -ue | ueha to want; desire |
na yalaue I want to go. |
| intention, volition | -ue | ueyo to intend to |
na yalaue I intend to go. |
