Proto-Uralic/N: Difference between revisions
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| *čama "direct", *emä "mother", *jama- "be sick", *kama "peel", *kuma "turned", *kämä "hard", *ĺümä "glue", *ńo(xə)ma- "hare", *oma "old", *śuma "cap"<!--FP *kämä "shoe", *lama weak", *oma "own"; FV *luma "to bewitch"; SU *juma "god", *lom̆a "split", *lämä "scab"; *šum̆ar "mortar", *tomma "oak"; WU *jam̆a "joint", *lama "many", *šamarɜ "back of knife"--> | | *čama "direct", *emä "mother", *jama- "be sick", *kama "peel", *kuma "turned", *kämä "hard", *ĺümä "glue", *ńo(xə)ma- "hare", *oma "old", *śuma "cap"<!--FP *kämä "shoe", *lama weak", *oma "own"; FV *luma "to bewitch"; SU *juma "god", *lom̆a "split", *lämä "scab"; *šum̆ar "mortar", *tomma "oak"; WU *jam̆a "joint", *lama "many", *šamarɜ "back of knife"--> | ||
| *(ń)imə- "suck", *jëmə "gruel" (?), *komɜ "hollow" (?) *lumə "snow", *lämə "broth", *ĺëmə "bird cherry", *nimə "name", *śëmə "scales"<!--#kämmən "palm", #nemə "midge"; ECU *śomə "thirst"; WU *kümmən "10", *sum̆ə "fog", *śämə- "drink"; CU *numə "midge"; EU *jomə- "to go", #nuumə "heaven"--> | | *(ń)imə- "suck", *jëmə "gruel" (?), *komɜ "hollow" (?) *lumə "snow", *lämə "broth", *ĺëmə "bird cherry", *nimə "name", *śëmə "scales"<!--#kämmən "palm", #nemə "midge"; ECU *śomə "thirst"; WU *kümmən "10", *sum̆ə "fog", *śämə- "drink"; CU *numə "midge"; EU *jomə- "to go", #nuumə "heaven"--> | ||
| *amɜ- "to scoop", *imɜ "grandmother", *ku(xə)mɜ "snow", *kumɜ "cloud", *śomɜ "sorrow"<!--#Omɜ "hollow", #kOmɜra "palm", #Nämɜ "soft"; ECU *ämɜ- "to scoop", *čEmɜ- "sour", *komɜ "trout", *kämɜ "potonym", *lamɜ "warmth", *lomɜ "midge", *ńumɜ- "press together", *tEmɜ "full | | *amɜ- "to scoop", *imɜ "grandmother", *ku(xə)mɜ "snow", *kumɜ "cloud", *śomɜ "sorrow"<!--#Omɜ "hollow", #kOmɜra "palm", #Nämɜ "soft"; ECU *ämɜ- "to scoop", *čEmɜ- "sour", *komɜ "trout", *kämɜ "potonym", *lamɜ "warmth", *lomɜ "midge", *ńumɜ- "press together", *tEmɜ "full"; SU *kOm̆ɜ "loft"; WU *omɜ-- "apple", *šamɜ "shape"; CU *rEmɜ "color", #siGɜmɜ "rust"; EU *amɜ- "to sit"--> | ||
| 9.5 | | 9+1 : 6+2 ≈ 1.5 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-n- | ! *-n- | ||
| *enä "big", *ona "short", #kana "armpit", *muna "egg", *puna "hair", *puna- "to plait" *śona "sleigh" (?), *tana "birch bark"<!--FP *enä "mother"--> | | *enä "big", *ëna "mother-in-law", *ona "short", #kana "armpit", *mana- "to say" (?), *muna "egg", *puna "hair", *puna- "to plait", #śEnä "mushroom", *śona "sleigh" (?), *tana "birch bark"<!--FP *enä "mother", *penä "dog"; FV *rInä "frost"--> | ||
| *kanə- "to carry", *tonə- "to know" | | *änə "sound", *kanə- "to carry" *menə- "to go", *monə "many", *panə- "to put", *sënə "vein", *śinə "coal", *tonə- "to know", *wenə- "to stretch"<!-- #jännə "string", *ńiGənə "bast", #śɜnə- "to tie"; FP *čänə "fine"; WU *śinə "blue", *unə "sleep"; EU *kAnə- "to call"--> | ||
| *konɜ "on back", #mEnɜ "curve", *mänɜ- "to get free"<!--CFU *onɜ "big", *ćInɜ- "to diminish", *kAnɜ "side", *kAnɜ- "throw", *kunɜ "belly", *pänɜ "whetstone", *tEnɜ "price", *wEnɜ "old"; FP *kUnə "ash"; CU *kEnɜ "hamp"; EU *kunɜ- "to flee", *pOnɜ- "to fart"--> | |||
| 9+2 : 9 ≈ 1 | |||
|- | |||
! *-ń- | |||
| *ańa "older F relat", *kuńa- "to blink", *küńä "elbow", *leńä "soft", *mińä "daughter-in-law", *pańa- "to press" <!--FP *küńä "round vessel"; WU *mańa "clear weather", *wińä "slanted"--> | |||
| *ëńə "tame", *peńə "spoon", *puńə- "to twist"<!--#ńuńə "diver"--> | |||
| *mińɜ "sky" | |||
| 6 : 3 ≈ 2 | |||
|- | |||
! *-ŋ- | |||
| *ëŋa- "to open", *müŋä "behind" <!--FP *keŋäč "warm season", šeŋä "good"(?); SU *tuŋwa "kernel"--> | |||
| *oŋə "mouth", *jäŋə "ice", *kaŋərə "bow", *kuŋə "moon", *loŋə- "to throw", *peŋərä "wheel", *piŋə "tooth", *poŋə "breast", *päŋə "head", *püŋə "hazelhen", *soŋə- "to come in", *soŋə- "to wish", *suŋə "summer", *säŋə "air", *śiŋə "corner", *šiŋərə "mouse", *šoŋə "ghost", *tüŋə "base", *wiŋə "end" <!--FP *riŋəšə "threshing floor", *säŋə "thread", *toŋwə- "to patch"--> | |||
| #wiŋü "son-in-law"<!--CEU *śäKɜ "hair"--> | |||
| 2 : ≈ | |||
|- | |||
! *-mp- | |||
| *kompa "wave"<!--FP *sompa "stick" ← IE--> | |||
| *lämpə "warm"<!--FP *umpə "closed" ← IE--> | |||
| *ćumpɜ "vessel", *lëmpɜ "bog"<!--FP *ampɜ- "to shoot"; CEU *lämpɜ- "to fly"; EU *lëmpɜ "blade"--> | |||
| 1 : 1 ≈ 1 | |||
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! *-mt- | |||
| *ëmta- "to give", *lëmta "land"<!--FP *komta "lid"--> | |||
| *omtə "hollow", *kumtə "wide", *tumtə- "to feel" | |||
| - | |||
| 2 : 3 ≈ 0.7 | |||
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! *-nt- | |||
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! *- | ! *-nč- | ||
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! *-nś- | |||
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! *- | ! *-ŋk- | ||
| | | <!--FP *moŋka ~ Ug *moɣa "curve"--> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*äjmä "needle"<!-- ECU *śojma "valley", #wojmɜ "to conjure"--> | |||
*ajŋə "brain", *wajŋə "soul"<!--#ńiŋjə "worm"--> | |||
Revision as of 18:35, 28 February 2013
| A-stems | ə-stems | Unclear | Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *-m- | *čama "direct", *emä "mother", *jama- "be sick", *kama "peel", *kuma "turned", *kämä "hard", *ĺümä "glue", *ńo(xə)ma- "hare", *oma "old", *śuma "cap" | *(ń)imə- "suck", *jëmə "gruel" (?), *komɜ "hollow" (?) *lumə "snow", *lämə "broth", *ĺëmə "bird cherry", *nimə "name", *śëmə "scales" | *amɜ- "to scoop", *imɜ "grandmother", *ku(xə)mɜ "snow", *kumɜ "cloud", *śomɜ "sorrow" | 9+1 : 6+2 ≈ 1.5 |
| *-n- | *enä "big", *ëna "mother-in-law", *ona "short", #kana "armpit", *mana- "to say" (?), *muna "egg", *puna "hair", *puna- "to plait", #śEnä "mushroom", *śona "sleigh" (?), *tana "birch bark" | *änə "sound", *kanə- "to carry" *menə- "to go", *monə "many", *panə- "to put", *sënə "vein", *śinə "coal", *tonə- "to know", *wenə- "to stretch" | *konɜ "on back", #mEnɜ "curve", *mänɜ- "to get free" | 9+2 : 9 ≈ 1 |
| *-ń- | *ańa "older F relat", *kuńa- "to blink", *küńä "elbow", *leńä "soft", *mińä "daughter-in-law", *pańa- "to press" | *ëńə "tame", *peńə "spoon", *puńə- "to twist" | *mińɜ "sky" | 6 : 3 ≈ 2 |
| *-ŋ- | *ëŋa- "to open", *müŋä "behind" | *oŋə "mouth", *jäŋə "ice", *kaŋərə "bow", *kuŋə "moon", *loŋə- "to throw", *peŋərä "wheel", *piŋə "tooth", *poŋə "breast", *päŋə "head", *püŋə "hazelhen", *soŋə- "to come in", *soŋə- "to wish", *suŋə "summer", *säŋə "air", *śiŋə "corner", *šiŋərə "mouse", *šoŋə "ghost", *tüŋə "base", *wiŋə "end" | #wiŋü "son-in-law" | 2 : ≈ |
| *-mp- | *kompa "wave" | *lämpə "warm" | *ćumpɜ "vessel", *lëmpɜ "bog" | 1 : 1 ≈ 1 |
| *-mt- | *ëmta- "to give", *lëmta "land" | *omtə "hollow", *kumtə "wide", *tumtə- "to feel" | - | 2 : 3 ≈ 0.7 |
| *-nt- | ||||
| *-nč- | ||||
| *-nś- | ||||
| *-ŋk- |
- äjmä "needle"
- ajŋə "brain", *wajŋə "soul"
