Stilio/Morphology

Parseltongue uses a system of grammatical cases similar to Latin or Estonian. Person, in Parseltongue, is conflated with demonstrativity, deixis, and honor. Nouns and verbs are not marked for number or gender. There are four noun-classes. Verbs also divide into four declensions. Verbs have no tense, only one of two aspects. Verbs have complicated forms for independent clauses and simple forms for dependent clauses. Independent verbs must be marked for evidentiality, although it is often metaphorically. There are two additional moods: imperative and illocutionary.

Case

There are four "core" cases - Nominative, Accusative, Agentive and Patientive - and five "oblique" cases - Dative, Possessive, Partitive, Genitive, and Ablative. The core cases interact with lexical aspects of the verb to distinguish the subject and object. A few verbs take Dative, Partitive, or Ablative objects.

Core

All verbs have a lexically contained expectation for which case the subject will be in. Hence, all verbs are active or passive and volitional or non-volitional by default, which will also indicate which paradigm it follows. When given an unexpected case, intentionality or casuality is signified:

	Active Non-Volitional	Passive Non-Volitional	Active Volitional	Passive Volitional
Nominative	Involuntary Agent	Involuntary Cause	Unintentional Agent	Unintentional Cause
Accusative	Direct Object	Descriptive	Unintentional Patient	Pseudo-Passive Object
Agentive	Agent!	Cause!	Ergative Subject	Intentional Cause
Patientive	Intentional Direct Object	Pseudo-Passive Agent	Absolutive Object	Stative

Oblique

The oblique cases function generally like Indo-European cases, but with some notable exceptions.

Dative

Some linguistics prefer to call this the "topico-dative" because it can function similarly to the Japanese は/wa, or the Korean 는/은. These instances are typically best translated as "in regards to" or "as for". Otherwise, the Dative is often equivalent to the English prepositions "to, for, by, with, from" and/or indicates the Indirect Object.

The other four cases fall under the 'genitive' rubric in many languages

Partitive

Like the Uralic languages, the partitive means "some of" or "part of" or "any". It can also be used for the object of an atelic actions or sensing/perceiving verbs. 'Half of my possessions’; ‘some of the branches’; ‘the poor among of the people’, 'partake of my meal', 'I saw some of him'.

Possessor

Like the English 's. This is the subjective genitive. "Love of God" would have to mean (in this case) "God's love", not "my love for God"

Genitive

This can be Epexegetical or Attributive/Descriptive. e.g. "the horcrux of his body", "words of wisdom (i.e. wise words)"

Ablative

Objective Genitive, "concerning, against, about, on, from", separation, adverbial

Person

Parseltongue has an unbelievable eight persons:

#	Name	Person	Demon.	Time	Discourse
-1	Negative	No one	None	Never	Nothing
0	Indefinite	Someone/anyone	Some	Some time	Something
½	Dim. Proximal	"Royal We"	This (dim)	Any second now	This (already mentioned, dim)
1	Proximal	I	This	Now	This (already mentioned)
1½	Mesioproximal	We (you and I)	This*	"Just now"	This (forthcoming)
2	Mesiodistal	You	That	Then	That
3	Distal	He/She/It	Yon	"That time"	That (previously mentioned)
4	Obviative	Him	Other	"That other time"	That (other previously mentioned)

Notice, however, that "token-reflexive" deixis is not possible in Parseltongue. A snake could not say, "This is my apology," but would have to say, "I apologize (illoc.)" (i.e. \aloqæmadassa)

Nouns

The definite article is a prefixed /s/, while indefiniteness is marked in the verb.

Pronouns

'Measure words' can also be used as pronouns, with or without numbers attached.

1st person

Case	Form	Ex.
N
A
A
P
D	madas
P
P
G
A

2nd person

Case	Form	Ex.
N	gasas	tzoægasas // You fell.
Acc	gasgg	kxvgasgg // You are green.
Abs	gassi	sayhagassi hœd / You (will) Leave him (alone)!
Pat	gassa	haceagassa cig / You (will) go away!
D	gassaas	to you
Par	gashh
Pos	gasy
G	gas	/She is longer than you
Abl	gasswa
V	gass	/ You who rattle, rattle!

Verbs

As with nouns, Parseltongue verbs do not mark number. Tense is assumed or conveyed via adverbs.

Aspect is either imperfective or perfective. There are four mood: Indicative - for independent clauses; Subjunctive - for dependent clauses; Imperative - for commands; and Illocutionary - for magical or pronouncement/promissory clauses. The subjunctive is very plain, conjugating only for aspect, but not person or evidentiality. The imperative and conjugates for aspect and person only. The illocutionary is always perfective and conjugates for person.

Evidentiality

All indicative/independent verbs in Parseltongue must be marked for evidentiality. Snakes senses are (in decreasing order of assuredness):

Taste/Smell

Snakes extend their tongues into the air/water and pull "smells" into their mouths, where their "noses" (Jacobsen's organs) are. This gives them a very refined and directional sense. Knowledge obtained this way is the most certain and so is most analogous to human's "I see" or "I know".

Heat/IR

Snakes have special sensors where other animals' "noses" would be which detect heat or Infra-red radiation. Snakes report not "seeing" a field - as humans do with sight - but "feeling" the nearness and/or warmth of things. This is most akin to a human saying "I feel like you are ..." or "I sense not everyone in the room agrees with ...".

Hear/Vibration

A snake's entire body functions like an "ear", sensing vibrations. This knowledge is very accurate, but because it comes from their whole body (not just their head) it is more like "gut knowledge". Magic causes snakes internal ear to hear external speech. Only a Parselmouth magician may speak to a snake and be heard. For the rest of us (Muggles and non-Parselmouth magicians) Parseltongue may be learned and spoken amongst ourselves only.

Sight

Most snakes have poor vision, with a majority not being binocular. This mood is used metaphorically as a person would say, "I suppose" or "I guess".

Perfective

	-1	0	½	1	1½	2	3	4
Smell
IR
Hear
Sight
Imperative
Illocutionary			\a-

To be at

Imperfective

	-1	0	½	1	1½	2	3	4
Smell
IR
Hear	tsæ	tsv	mæ		mœ		sa
Sight
Imperative						saa

Adjective

Parseltongue is "verb-centric" language. Adjectives are often expressed via stative verbs in relative clauses. There are a few, common, dedicated adjectives which must match the noun they modify in case and class. These need not be anywhere near the noun they modify. All known examples of this type seem to have evolved from stative verbs that have sense passed out of usage.

Adverbs

There is no dedicated morphology to turn a verb into an adverb. Instead, the relative clause is used in the ablative case. When this matches something in the sentence, there is some ambiguity.

There are many dedicated adverbs in Parseltongue, all of which relate to "person". Since "person" is such broad concept in Parseltongue, this can also mean directional, temporal, respectful or referential.

Adpositions

Most adpositions in Parseltongue are enclitic, that is, prepositional. A minority are postclitic, that is, postpositional. Two are circumpositions.