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| marking the earlier one with the adverbial '''tsa''' (‘already’). | | marking the earlier one with the adverbial '''tsa''' (‘already’). |
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| ===mood=== | | === mood === |
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| ====modal particles====
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| The conditional mood is formed with the particle '''iya'''.
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| * '''iya na ina'''
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| :<tt>COND 1.S eat</tt>
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| :I might be eating.
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| The imperative mood is formed with the particle '''kya'''.
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| * '''kya ina'''
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| :<tt>IMP eat</tt>
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| :Eat!
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| ====modal affixes====
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| The negative mood is formed with the suffix '''-k'''.
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| * '''na inak'''
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| :<tt>1.S eat.NEG</tt>
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| :I do not eat / I am not eating.
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| The volitive mood is formed with the suffix '''-ue''' (from '''ueha''' - to want, desire).
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| * '''na inaue'''
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| :<tt>1.S eat.VOL</tt>
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| :I want to eat.
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| The necessitative mood is formed with the suffix '''-he''' (from '''heya''' - to need, require).
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| * '''na inahe'''
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| :<tt>1.S eat.NEC</tt>
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| :I need to eat.
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| The abilitative mood is formed with the suffix '''-pa''' (from '''pala''' - to be able).
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| * '''na inapa'''
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| :<tt>1.S eat.ABIL</tt>
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| :I am able to eat./ I can eat.
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| The attemptative mood is formed with the suffix '''-pya''' (from '''upya''' - to attempt, try).
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| * '''na inapya'''
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| :<tt>1.S eat.ATT</tt>
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| :I am trying to eat./ I attempt to eat.
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| The permissive mood is formed with the suffix '''-myo''' (from '''myonta''' - to allow, permit).
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| * '''ha inamyo'''
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| :<tt>3.S eat.PERM</tt>
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| :She is allowed to eat. / She may eat.
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| ===voice=== | | ===voice=== |
Revision as of 16:22, 5 November 2012
Verbs
tense / aspect
- Kala does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. ‘I ate’, ‘I used to eat’, ‘I
have eaten’, ‘I had eaten’). However, one can easily clarify the temporal sequence of two actions by
marking the earlier one with the adverbial tsa (‘already’).
mood
voice
The passive voice is formed by attaching the accusative prefix e- to the pronoun or by placing the topic marker ke immediately before the patient of the verb.
- ACC.1.S eat
- I am eaten. / I am being eaten.
- ACC.3.S see.PAST
- She was seen. / He was being watched.
- TOP cat love
- The cat is loved. / The cat is being loved.
Index
grammar outline | sentences | questions | lexicon | thematic lexicon | writing
