Proto-Uralic/U

F. *u, S. & Mo. *o, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, H. o/uu, Kh. *oo / _C, *o / _CC

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
FSM *u_a, Ms. *å/a, Smy. *ə
"to plait"	*puno-	*ponē-	pona-	*pʊnə-	*pɨn-	fon-	*pån-	*poon-	*pən-
"facing down"	*kumo/a-	*komō-	koma-	*kʊmə-	*kɨm-	hom-	*kåm-	*koom-	*kəmə-
"egg"	*muna	*monē	mona	*mʊnə	-	moń	*man	*moon	*mənå
"to squeeze"	*puserta-	*počē-	-	*pʊnćə-	*pɨdźɨrt-	fačar-	*pås-	*poosər-	-
"to melt, molten"	*sula(-)	-	sola(-)	*šʊlə-	*sɨl(-)	ol(vad)	*talaa-	*ɬoɬaa-	-
"to extinguish"	*kus-tu-	*kopsē-	-		*kus-	-	-	*kopəɬ-	*kəptå-
"feather"	*sulka	*tolkē	tolga	-	*tɨl(ɨ)	toll	*tåwəl	*toɣəɬ	-	Cf. *tuxli
"crook'd"	*kura, *kurja	-	-	-	*kɨr-	-	-	*kor	*kərå	-rj- fits Kh. better
"to blink"	-	-	*końa-/ə-	*kʊmə-	*kuń-	huń-	*kåń-	*koń-	*kəń-	F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear". No clear cluster?
"land"	*muta	*moðē	moda	-	-	-	-	-	*məjå
"to become happy"	F. muju?	*mojē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*məjə-
"stream"	*voo	*uvē ~ *ɤvē	-	-	-	-	*åw-	*ooɣ-	-
"to hang"	-	*ko/ɤcō-	-	*kečə-	*kɨš-	-	*kaš-	*kooč-	-
"mud"	*kura	-	-	-	-	-	*kår-	*koor	-
"ice crust"	-	*čoðē	-	-	-	-	*šaĺ	*sooj	-
"cloud(y)"	F. kumuri	-	kovol	-	-	homaaĺ	*kåm-	-	-
"back"	*muka-	-	-				-	-	*məjå-	Check AASmy
"to tell"	-	-	jovta-				-	-	*jəptə-	…
"cloudberry"	*muura-	-	-				*mår-aak	*moor-ək	*mərå-ŋkå	Check AASmy
"to hit"	*puto-	*poðō-	-	puðə-	U. pɨĺ- ~ K. peĺ		*påĺ-	-	*pəjä-	Smy *-ä after *ðʲ
"block of wood"	*luta	*lotē	-	-	-	-	-	-	*jəčə	*-t- or *-č-?
"wide"	-	*komtē	-	*kʊmda	-	-	-	*komət	-
"narrowing"	-	*čorō	-	-	*śuur	sor-	*sarɯɯ	*sart	-
"spear"	*ota	-	-				*aɣtaa	*ooɣət	-
"male"	*uros	*orēs	-	-	-	uur	-	-	-
"hill"	*kumpa/u	*kompō	komba	-	*gɨb	-	-	-	-	← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
"outside"	*ulko-	*olkō-	-	-	K. ɨlɤ-	-	-	-	-
"lazy"	*tuhma	*tosmē	-	-	K. dɨš	-	-	-	-	← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
"hair, bundle"	*tukka/u	-	-	#čuka	*čɨk-	-	-	-	-	also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
"to rummage"	*purka-	*porkē-	Er. purga-	*pʊrɣə-	-	-	-	-	-	F. "dismantle"
"to strangle"	*poo-	*pūvē-	pova-	-	*pɤd(ɨ)-	fuul-	-	*pɯɯk-	-
"to fish with a net"	-	*koltē-	-	-	-	-	*kult-	*kåål-	Se. qoldɛi-	*kulk(i)-ta- ?
"stern"	*tuhto	*totkō	-	Hi. tɤktɤ	K. tɨk	tat	#tOɣət	*toɣət	*tətə	F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn
"to cross water"	-	*mokcē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*məčå-
"dew"		*lɤpsē	ĺe/akš	*lʊpš	K. lɨs				*jəptå-	S. *o → ɤ / _p
"(to) crumble"	*mure/u-	*morē, *moarrɤ-	-	-	-	mar	*mur-	*moor-	*mərə
"soft"	-	*loančē	-	-	-	laaɟ	*lanćəɣ	*loonťəɣ	-	Or *o_a?
"major river"	*juka	*jokɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	*jəkå	+ Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki?
"finger"	-	*sūvðē	-	-	-	ujj	*tuĺaa'	*ɬååj	*təjå
"(to) bore"	*pura	*porē	-	-	*pɨr	fuur	#pOr	*por	*pər-	Cf. IE
"deep spot"	-	*jormē	-	-	K *jɨr	-	-	*jorəm	*jorä
"bubble"	*kupla	*koplē	-	*kʊwəl	-	hoĺag	*kɯɯwl	*komḷəŋ	-	*-ml-?
"to bewitch"	*lumot-	*lomō-	-	*lʊmə-	-	-	-	-	-
"bowl"	*kuppV	*skoppē	kopo	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to yelp, sob"	-	*noskē-	Er. noska-	-	-	-	-	-	-	F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
"axe; knife"	-	*čorkkō	-	-	-	-	N. śoxri	*ćo(o)kər	-	OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
""
FSM *u_i, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC
"pole"	*ulku	*olkɤ	olga	-	K. ɨl	-			*uj
"to go"	*kulke-	*kolkɤ-	koĺge-	-	K. kɨlal-	halad-	-	*koɣəɬ-	*kəj-	Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
"to pee"	*kuse-	*końčɤ-	-	*kʊźa-	*kudź-	huuɟ-	*kunć-	*kos-	*kunsə-
"marten"	Es. nugis	-	-	*n/ńiź		ńust	*ńåks	*ńoɣəs	TN noxo
"tube"	*pucki	*pockɤ	počko	*pʊč	-	-	-	-	*pučə
"flurry"	*purku	*porkɤ	Er. porga- ~ Mk. purga-	Me. purɣə-	K. pɨra	forr	*pårkɯɯj	*porkaaj	*purət-	or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
"skis"	*suksi	-	soks	-	-	-	*tåw(ə)t	*ɬoɣ	*tutə
"to kno"	*tunte-	*tomtɤ-	-	-	*tod-	tud-	-	-	*tumtə-
"20"	-	-	komś	-	*kɨź	huus	*kuus	*koos	-	*ms → *ws in Ug.?
"grass"	*nurmi	*ńormɤ	-	-	-	-	*ńuurəm	*ńåårəm	-
"crane"	*kurki	*kōrkɤ	*kargo	-	-	-	-	-	*kərə
""
FSM *u_i, Kh. *o/*oo, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
"to get lost"	-	*jorɤ-	-	-	U. jɨromɨ-	jaar-	Pl. joor-	*jor-	jü/urə-	*ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk?
"to spawn"	*kute-	*koðɤ-	-	-	K. kuĺmɨ-		*kuĺ-	*kååj-	-
"to wear"	*kulu-	*kolɤ-	-	-	K. gɨlal-	-	*kål-	*kolaa-	-
"cleft"	*kuru/i-	-	-	*kʊrək	K. kɨr	hor-	-	*koor	-	S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong
"(to) coff"	-	*kosɤ-	koz(o-)	-	*kɨz(ɨ)-	-	-	*koɬ-	*kot-
"10"	*luke-/u	*lokɤ/ē-	Er. lovo- ~ Mk. luvə-	*lu	*lɨd	olvaš-	*låw	*loŋət- ?	-	F, Mo "to read", P. "number" (suffix'd?), H. metathesis?
"sno"	*lumi	*lomɤ	lov	*lʊm	*lɨmɨ	lom	-	-	*jom-
"bone"	*luu	-	lovaža	*lu	*lɨ	-	*luw	*ɬoɣ	*lɤ	Ms. *u near labials?
"to pass by"	-	*molɤ-	mole-	-	-	muul-	*mul-	-	-	Ms. *u near labials?
"to bite"	*pure-	*porɤ-	poŕe-	*pʊra-	*puur(ɨ)-	-	*pur-	*por-	*por-	Ms. *u near labials?
"to blo"	*puhu-	*posō-	-	-	K. puškɨ-	fuu-	*put-	*poɬaa-	Se. puttu?	Ms. *u near labials?
"side"	-	-	-	-	K vɨj	-	*wujəl	-	-	Ms *u near labial? Tv wɤjəl
"summer"	*suvi	*sɤŋɤ-	-	-	-	-	*tuj	*ɬoŋ	*təŋ	Ms. *u ?!
"to come"	*tule-	*tolɤ-	-	*tola-	-	talaal-	-	-	*toj-
"fire"	*tuli	*tolɤ	tol	*tʊl	*tɨl	-	-	-	*tuj
"to learn"	-	-	tona-	*tʊnə-	*tun(a)-	*tanul-	-	-	*təntå-	see AASmy
"morning"	-	-	-	-	-	hol-	#kOl-	*kol-	SSm *kər
"new"	*uuci	*oðɤ	*od	*u	*vɨĺ	uuj	-	-	-	F. length from *wu-?
""
"moon"	*kuu	Lu. kuojijti-	*koŋ	-	-	hoov	-	*kow	*kïj
"mouth"	*suu	*čovɤ, *čontɤk	-	šu	-	saaj	*suup, *saw?	*sooɣaa	*so
"ghost"	*huu	-	*čo(v)	-	K. šɤn	-	*tɤɤw	*ɬuuŋk	-
*u_i, FP only
"to cram"	*cuŋki-	*coŋkɤ-	toŋgo-	*čʏŋɣər	K. čɨgəm	-	-	-	-	H. dug "to squeeze" ← Trc *dïg "id."
"to press"	-	*norɤ-	-	-	*nɨr-	-	-	-	-
"to sharpen"	-	*čokɤ-	śuvo-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"sleep"	*uni	-	on	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE?
"to depart"	*urke-	-	orgo-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to enquire"	*utele-	*ocɤ-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Long (?)
"to hear"	*kuule-	*kūlɤ-	kuĺe-	*kola-	*kɨl-	hall-	*kaal-	*kåål-	-	Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
"wind; feather"	*tuuli	-	-	Me. tul	*tɤl	-	-	-	*tuəj
"to ro"	*sowta-	*sūkɤ-	-	*šua-	K. sɨn-	-	*tåw-	*ɬaaɣ-	*tu-	*suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
"sheep"	*uuhi ~ *utti	-	uča	*ʊžɣa	*ɨž	-	*aaš	*aač	-	← IE *owis, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
"to swim"	*uj-	*vōjɤ-	uje-	*iä-	*uuj-	uus-	*uj-	*uj-	*u-
Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu
"6"	*kuuci	*kūtɤ	koto	*kut	*kwat	hat	*kaat	*kuut	-
"to call"	*kuccu-	*koččō-	-	-	-	-	-	*kuuť-	-
"herd of reindeer"	-	*čorɤk	-	-	-	-	*šaar-	*suur	-
"eyebrows; temple"	*kulma	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kuuĺəm	-	S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
"birch"	-	-	-	-	*kɨdź	-	*kåš-	*kuuńć	-	If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es-
""
""
F u ~ M u (probably adstratal)
"stem"	*runko	*roŋkē	Er. rungo ~ Mk ronga	-	-	-	-	-	-	← Gmc *skrunkaz
"bump"	*muhka	*mokšē	Er. muška	-	-	-	-	-	-	~ Ru. myška "mousie"?
"wood"	*huhta	-	*šuftə	-	-	-	-	-	-
"broken"	*luhVj	-	*luža-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"lichen"	*luppV	*lɤppō	-	nupəń
To sort
"to go"	-	*jotē-	juta-, Mk. jota-	-	-	-	-	-	*jåtə-	Rather *o with S. irregular; also cf. B. *jude-
"sack"	-	*pūðā	-	-	-	-	-	-	*påtə
"top"	F. sukka	*čokkɤ	-	-	*ćuuk	-	*ćak-	*ćäk	*sok
"body"	-	*korōntē	-	-	-	-	*kur-	*kor	#kər	Check Smy.
"tin, lead"	-	-	-	*wulnə	-	oon	*ålən	*oolnə
"curve"	*mutka	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*måcə
"frost"	*kuura	*korā	-	-	*gɤɤr	har	-	-	-
"pole"	-	*sosō	*šočko	-	*džadž	-	-	-	Se. čoočə
"him/her"	*hän	*son	son	-	U. so ~ K. sɨ	öö	*täw	*ɬöɣ	-	*u ~ *ü
"prod"	*tutka-	*tūðkē	Er. totka (!!)	-	U. tuĺɨm	tööɟ	*täĺək	*töj	-	*u ~ *ü
"(to) shit"	*paska	*pɤškɤ	*pəśkiźe-	*pʊškəða-	-	foš	*påć	*påť	-	S. *o→ ɤ / p_
"clump"	*puŋka	*pūŋkē	pokoĺ	-	U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ	-	*paak	#pooŋkəḷ	-	H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle"
"reindeer knee"	-	*pūnčēs	-	-	U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs	-	-	-	*punsV	K. M > F /_Ć ?
"narrow, top"	*suppa	*čūppɤ, NS čoppe	-	-	*śoop-, K. ćup	sup-, čuup	-	-	- [ F. suippu from × huippu
"(to) dry"	*kujva(-)	Lu. kuife	-	-	-	-	-	*kojəm-	-
"thin"	*hupa	Er. čova ~ Mk. šuva(ńä)	-	-	-	šovaań	-	-	-	*č-
"to speak"	*jutte-	-	jovta-	-	-	jaat-	-	-	-
"to feel"	*muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə-	-	muje-	*mooa-	*mååď-	-	mu(u)t-	*muuj-	-	Rather *o
"door"	*uksi	*ūksɤ	-	-	*ɤs	-	-	-	-	Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
"groove, path"	*ura	-	ur-	-	-	-	*uuraj	#wuuri	-	Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove"
"udder"	*utar	-	odar	*wadar	-	-	-	-	-	← IE, zero grade vs. full grade
"ash; lye"	-	*kūnɤ	-	*kon	K. kun	-	-	-	-	← IE
"to lose; to spoil; to hide"	*hukkat-	-	-	*čɨk-	-	čuk-	-	-	#təkå-	Or F. ← Gmc *sukka
"pole"	-	L. sosso	*čočkə	-	*džadž	-	-	-	Sk. čoočə
"collar"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*rɤɤkʷ	*rook	-	Rather *o? Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
"to chew, gnaw"	-	-	-	-	-	raag-	"L. rågn-"	-	*luŋkəj-
"lily, onion"	-	-	-	-	-	-	T taŋkəl	E *ɬ`ooɣəɭ	#tokul	*l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh?
"to divide"	-	-	-	-	*šɨr-	irt-, †ort-	-	*ɬort-	*tarV-
"tip"	*hui ~ *hoi	*sōjɤ	-	-	*šɨ ~ *ši	-	-	-	-
"to wash"	*huhto-	-	*kšta-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Probably adstratal, *šukšta-
"mortar"	*huhmar ~ Ka huumar	-	*šovar	*šuar	-	-	-	-	-
"gruel"	F huttu
"lip; mouth"	*huuli	?	-	-	-	-	-	*ɬuuɬ	-	What does does S. *sūlɤ "approximate" have to do with this?
"down; beard"	F untuva	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	#muntV-	Bad. Slk *untə
"be forgotten"	*unV-hta-	-	-	-	*vun(et)-	-	-	-	-	F better from "sleep"
"up"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*num	*nuum, *nååmən	#num, Sk *nom
"up"	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*nuuk	#ńAŋtV	Cf. prev.
"to scrape"	F nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha-	-	-	*nuže-	-	-	-	*noɬ-	*nət-
"moss"	-	-	-	-	K ńɨč(k)	-	-	-	*ńåTA-
"to flay"	-	-	-	-	U ńi/ɨj-	ńuuz-	Tv nooj-, *ńuj-	-	-	"see *ńowə-"
"fir"	-	-	-	*nʊlɣə	*ńɨl		*ńulV	*ńalkə	#ńulkV
"steep"	-	-	-	-	*ńɨl-	-	*ńul-təŋ	-	-
"to rest"	-	-	Er. nuvśe-, Mo. nuva-	-	-	ńug(os)-	*ńuunt-	*ńooɣəɬ-		*ńuŋ(əś)-
"midge"	-	-	-	*lʊməj	U nɨmɨ ~ K nom	-	-	-	-
"midge"	-	-	-	(*lʊmə)	U ĺum	-	*ĺVməj	-	-
"club"	*nuhja ~ *nujja	-	-	nöšle-	U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k)	-	-	-	-
"marten"	-	-	-	*lʊj	-	-	"loisa"	-	Sk lokka, Ma lui
"downstream"	-	*lū-	-	-	-	-	*luuj-	*laŋa
"wet"	Es lopp(a)	-	*lop(a)-	*lʊp-	K lap-	-	-	-	-
"weak"	-	-	-	*lʊš(kə)-	K. lɨškɨd	-	-	-	-
"horse"	-	-	-	-	-	√lov-	*luw	*laaw-, V looɣ-	-	also F. lupo "stallion"?
"path"	F. juntu	-	-	-	-	-	*jåš	*jooč	-
"middle"	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*jäčə	*jončV
"to bind"	-	-	-	-	*jɨt-	-	-	-	FN jūťe-
"pine"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ji(i)w	*juuɣ	*jɤ	best *jëxə?
"fierce; strong"	F julma	-	-	-	*joonm-	-	-	-	-
"god"	*jumala	-	?	*jʊmə	-	-	-	-	-	+ Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ?
"root, base"	*juuri	-	*jur	-	*jur	-	-	-	-
"inside"	-	-	-	-	-	joh, juh	*juw, *jun	*jo(o)ɣ	-
"to come"	-	-	-	-	-	jut-	*jåkt-	*joɣət-	-	Cf. *ju/ota-?
"hump"	*mukula	-	-	*mʊɣəĺ	*mɨĺ(i)	-	-	-	-	-ĺ-??
""