Nother/Drake phonology: Difference between revisions
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| /o/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|h|k|r}} || ''hokkere'' || /(h)okkère/ || "wisdom" | | /o/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|h|k|r}} || ''hokkere'' || /(h)okkère/ || "wisdom" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /u/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|G|h|s}} || ''ġuhse'' || / | | /u/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|G|h|s}} || ''ġuhse'' || /ɣù(h)se/ || "he pours" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /uː/ || {{x|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|s|v|n}} || ''sūne'' || /sûːne/ || "they" | | /uː/ || {{x|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|s|v|n}} || ''sūne'' || /sûːne/ || "they" |
Revision as of 17:27, 12 September 2011
Vowels
Drake has a fairly standard set of vowel positions, /a e i o u/. The vowels /a i u/ may be short or long.
Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Near-front | Central | Back | |||||||
High | i iː | u uː | ||||||||
High-mid | e | o | ||||||||
Low | a aː |
Any vowel may also have creaky voice applied: /a̰ a̰ː ḛ ḭ ḭː o̰ ṵ ṵː/.
Examples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
/a/ | ṭalā | /θàlaː/ | "into" | |
/aː/ | ḳāneze | /xaːnèze/ | "three" | |
/e/ | ḍeġele | /ðeɣèle/ | "sacrificial animal" | |
/i/ | ni | /ní/ | "and" | |
/iː/ | ġīno | /ɣîːno/ | "wine" | |
/o/ | r | hokkere | /(h)okkère/ | "wisdom" |
/u/ | s | ġuhse | /ɣù(h)se/ | "he pours" |
/uː/ | s | sūne | /sûːne/ | "they" |
Consonants
Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||||
Plosive | t | d | k | g | ||||||||||||
Fricative | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʂ | ʐ | x | ɣ | h | ||||||
Affricate | tʂ | dʐ | ||||||||||||||
Approximants | j | |||||||||||||||
Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l |
It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually does exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/. Many (all?) consonants may be geminated.
Accent
Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R). When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute.