Finnic languages/isoglosses: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Isogloss !! South Estonian !! colspan="8"| Coastal Finnic !! Notes
! !! South Estonian !! [[Livonian]] !! Gulf Finnic
|-
|-
| *čk || tsk || colspan="8"| *tk
| *tk || kk || kk || tk || (Liv. OR)
|-
|-
| *kc, *pc || ts || colspan="8"| *ks, *ps
| *ðk || kk || tk || tk || SE/Liv. only *pið-ka "long"?
|-
|-
| *kt, *pt || tt  || colspan="8"| *ht / V[+STR]_, *tt / V[-STR]_ || Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
| *čk || tsk || tk || tk
|-
|-
| 3PS || -∅ || colspan="8"| *-pi
| *kc, *pc || ts || *ks, *ps || *ks, *ps
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! [[Livonian]] !! colspan="7"| Gulf Finnic
| *kt, *pt || tt  || colspan="2"| *ht / V[+STR]_, *tt / V[-STR]_ || Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
|-
|-
| *nc || *ns || *nc || colspan="7"| *ns
| 3PS || -∅ || *-pi || *-pi
|-
|-
| *-ks# || || -ks || colspan="7"| *-s
| *nc || ts || *nc || *ts || Only *onca "forehead"
|-
|-
| "forest" || *metsa || *metsa || colspan="7"| *metsä || ← Baltic *medja
| *nt / _i || *nc → ːc || *nc || *ns
|-
|-
| "wall" || *saina || *saina || colspan="7"| *seinä || ← Baltic *saina
| *-ks# || -s || -ks || *-s
|-
|-
| "hay" || *haina || *haina || colspan="7"| *heinä || ← Baltic *šaina
| *š || *h || *h || *h || Postdates *t → *c / _i
|-
|-
| "people" || '''*heimo''' || *haimo || colspan="7"| *heimo || ← Baltic *šaima
| "forest" || *mëtsa || *mëtsa || *metsä || ← Baltic *medja
|-
|-
| "thigh" || *raici || - || colspan="7"| *reici || ← Baltic *rait
| "wall" || *saina || *saina || *seinä || ← Baltic *saina
|-
|-
| "excess" || '''*liika''' || *leika || colspan="7"| *liika || vs. Baltic #leika?
| "hay" || *haina || *haina || *heinä || ← Baltic *šaina
|-
|-
| "back" || *sälkä || *sälkä || colspan="7"| *selkä || Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
| "people" || '''*heimo''' || *haimo || *heimo || ← Baltic *šaima
|-
|-
| "shoe" || *känkä || *känkä || colspan="7"| *kenkä || ← Gmc *skenka
| "thigh" || *raici || - || *reici || ← Baltic *rait
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! colspan="2"| Estonic !! colspan="5"| North Finnic
| "excess" || '''*liika''' || *leika || *liika || vs. Baltic #leika?
|-
| "shoe" || *känkä || *känkä || *kenkä || ← Gmc *skenka
|-
|-
| *ns || ːs || ːs || colspan="2"| *ːs || colspan="5"| *ns || NB *nc [[counterfeeding]] in Liv.
| "back" || *sälkä || *sälkä || *selkä || origin unknown; Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
|-
|-
| *e_B || ɤ || ɨ || colspan="2"| *ɤ || colspan="5"| *e
| "nose" || *nana || *nana || *nenä || origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! colspan="2"| Estonic !! colspan="5"| North Finnic
|-
| *ns || ːs || ːs || colspan="2"| *ːs || colspan="5"| *ns || NB *nc [[counterfeeding]] in Liv.
|-
| *e_B || ɤ || ɨ || colspan="2"| *ɤ || colspan="5"| *e
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! colspan="5"| North Finnic
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! colspan="5"| North Finnic
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| "to rise" || *touse- || *nuuse- || *touse- || *noise- || colspan="5"| *nouse- || origin unknown
| "to rise" || *touse- || *nuuse- || *touse- || *noise- || colspan="5"| *nouse- || origin unknown
|-
|-
| "to sleep" || || *tukkV- || *tukku- || colspan="6"| *nukku- || origin unknown; Samic *nukki- → *nokkë-
| "to sleep" || *nukk- || *tukk- || *tukku- || colspan="6"| *nukku- || origin unknown; Samic *nukkə- → *nokkë-
|-
| "nose" || *nana || *nana || *nena, *ninä ||colspan="6"| *nenä || origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē
|-
|-
| "pole" || *saibas || *taibas || *teibäs || colspan="6"| *seibäs || ← Baltic *staibas
| "pole" || *saibas || *taibas || *teibäs || colspan="6"| *seibäs || ← Baltic *staibas
|-
|-
| "to remember" || || *moista- || *moista- || || colspan="5"| *muista- || ← PU *moja-
| "to remember" || *moista- || *moista- || *moista- || || colspan="5"| *muista- || ← PU *moja-
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! colspan="4"| East Finnic
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! colspan="4"| East Finnic
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| Pl. gen. || *-ten || *-ten || *-ten, *-jten || *-jten || *-ten || colspan="4"| *-jten
| Pl. gen. || *-ten || *-ten || *-ten, *-jten || *-jten || *-ten || colspan="4"| *-jten
|-
|-
| "to go" || || || mine- || mene- || mene- || colspan="4"| *mäne- || PU *meni-
| "to go" || mine- || || mine- || mene- || mene- || colspan="4"| *mäne- || PU *menə-; raising in SE regular
|-
|-
| "crow" || || || vares || vares || vares, varis ||colspan="4"| *varis || rowspan="2"| possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-
| "crow" || varõs || varīks || vares || || vares, varis ||colspan="4"| *varis || rowspan="2"| possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-?
|-
|-
| "hare" || || || jänes || || jänes, jänis ||colspan="4"| *jänis
| "hare" || jänes || Sal. '''jänds''' || jänes || || jänes, jänis ||colspan="4"| *jänis
|-
|-
| "home" || || || koto || || koto || colspan="4"| *koti || cf. *kota "hut"
| "home" || *koto || - || *koto || || koto || colspan="4"| *koti || cf. *kota "hut"
|-
|-
| "otter" || *sagarva || *sagarva || *sagarmas || || *sa(g)ukko || colspan="4"| *sagarva || or WF ← *sapa "tail"
| "otter" || *sagarva || *sagarva || *sagarmas || || *sa(g)ukko || colspan="4"| *sagarva || or WF ← *sapa "tail"

Revision as of 15:53, 5 May 2012

After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)

A ~ B marks conditional developments; A, B marks dialectal developments.

Old changes

South Estonian Livonian Gulf Finnic
*tk kk kk tk (Liv. OR)
*ðk kk tk tk SE/Liv. only *pið-ka "long"?
*čk tsk tk tk
*kc, *pc ts *ks, *ps *ks, *ps
*kt, *pt tt *ht / V[+STR]_, *tt / V[-STR]_ Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
3PS -∅ *-pi *-pi
*nc ts *nc *ts Only *onca "forehead"
*nt / _i *nc → ːc *nc *ns
*-ks# -s -ks *-s
*š *h *h *h Postdates *t → *c / _i
"forest" *mëtsa *mëtsa *metsä ← Baltic *medja
"wall" *saina *saina *seinä ← Baltic *saina
"hay" *haina *haina *heinä ← Baltic *šaina
"people" *heimo *haimo *heimo ← Baltic *šaima
"thigh" *raici - *reici ← Baltic *rait
"excess" *liika *leika *liika vs. Baltic #leika?
"shoe" *känkä *känkä *kenkä ← Gmc *skenka
"back" *sälkä *sälkä *selkä origin unknown; Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
"nose" *nana *nana *nenä origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē

Dialectal period

South Estonian Livonian Estonic North Finnic
*ns ːs ːs *ːs *ns NB *nc counterfeeding in Liv.
*e_B ɤ ɨ *ɤ *e
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic North Finnic
"to rise" *touse- *nuuse- *touse- *noise- *nouse- origin unknown
"to sleep" *nukk- *tukk- *tukku- *nukku- origin unknown; Samic *nukkə- → *nokkë-
"pole" *saibas *taibas *teibäs *seibäs ← Baltic *staibas
"to remember" *moista- *moista- *moista- *muista- ← PU *moja-
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic West Finnish East Finnic
Pl. gen. *-ten *-ten *-ten, *-jten *-jten *-ten *-jten
"to go" mine- mine- mene- mene- *mäne- PU *menə-; raising in SE regular
"crow" varõs varīks vares vares, varis *varis possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-?
"hare" jänes Sal. jänds jänes jänes, jänis *jänis
"home" *koto - *koto koto *koti cf. *kota "hut"
"otter" *sagarva *sagarva *sagarmas *sa(g)ukko *sagarva or WF ← *sapa "tail"
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic West Finnish Ingrian Karelian East Finnish Veps
*ʦː ts ts ʦː θː, tː ʧː *θː → ht ʦ
*kj kj jg j dʲː ːj ki, gi ːj gj, gdʲ
*kr ʔgr er gr wr kr, gr kr gr
*br ʔbr pr br pr, br pr br
*tr tr ʔdr tr dr tr tr, dr tr dr in loanwords only
*str *sr → hr sr, zr *sr → zr
*st st st st sː st sː sː st st
*rg r rg r r r ~ rj r r, rr r rg similarly for *lg
*-P- -P- -B- -B̥- -P- -P- -P- -P-, -B- -P- -B-
*Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː I, Iː long close vowels *iː *yː *uː
*ɑː ɑː ɔː ɑː, oɑ ɑː ɑː ɑː oɑ uɑ ɑ
*æː æː æː æː, eæ æː æː æː eæ iæ æ
*oː oː uˑo ~ oː oː oː uɔ, uɑ oː ? ← *uo uo uo o Possibly secondary monofthongization in Estonian, Votic, Ingrian (as *ugo → oː etc.)
*øː øː iˑe ~ eː øː øː yœ, yæ øː ? ← *yø yø yø ø
*eː eː eː eː iɛ, iæ eː ? ← *ie ie ie e front environment
ɤː ɨː ɤː ɤː iɛ, iɑ back environment
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