Nordaþ verbs

Nordaþ verbs are the fusional part of the synthetic language Nordaþ. They conjugate according to the indicative, conditional, subjunctive, potential, and imperative moods. Verbs have infinitive forms, but unlike many other languages, they do not have participle or gerund forms. They are also conjugated by two declensions which match Nordaþ nouns, wherein front-vowelled and middle-vowelled words will take a front-vowel affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a middle-vowel and back-vowel affix are available, and a back-vowelled word will take a back-vowelled affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a front-vowel and middle-vowel affix are present.

Mood, tense, and aspect - forms of the verb

Nordaþ language
Pronunciation Writing system Grammar Determiners Nouns Cases Affixes Pronouns Adjectives Verbs

To illustrate the behaviour of verb conjugations in Nordaþ, let us use dekäsäm "to help". First, here is the non-finite conjugation of the verb:

Infinitive

Front-vowel: dekäsäm

(Middle-vowelled words take front-vowel affixes over middle-vowel affixes, so they will follow the front-vowel example. Thus, a back-vowel infinitive will use the -am suffix.)

Ignoring momentarily the -i suffix part of progressive verbs, the following table represents the endings of verbs according to their subject.

Indicative	ici/ä/e	þuïï/a/ï	heä, sie, heti	vien
Subject	-e/ï	-(e/ï)st	-(e/ï)þ	-(e/ï)em

Respectively, they all mean "I", "you", "he, she, it", and "we" (inclusive). Ic, þu, and het can take on plurals. Even as plurals, they all retain the same verb endings. Ic pluralised becomes "we" in the exclusive sense. Þu pluralised takes on the meaning "you all" and "het" pluralised becomes "they".

Indicative

Next, there is the indicative mood with its eleven tenses. The indicative mood is used to describe factual events.

Indicative	Affixes	Example	English usage
Present		dekäse	I help
Present Perfect	er/ïr-	erdekäse	I have helped
Present Progressive	ei/ïï- + -i/ï	eidekäsei	I am helping
Present Perfect Progressive	er/ïr- + -i/ï	erdekäsei	I have been helping
Praeterite	de/dï-	dedekäse	I helped
Pluperfect	der/dïr-	derdekäse	I had helped
Praeterite Progressive	de/dï- + -i/ï	dedekäsei	I was helping
Pluperfect Progressive	der/dïr- + -i/ï	derdekäsei	I had been helping
Future	be/bï-	bedekäse	I will help
Future Perfect	ber/bïr-	berdekäse	I will have helped
Future Progressive	be/bï- + -i/ï	bedekäsei	I will be helping
Future Perfect Progressive	ber/bïr- + -i/ï	berdekäsei	I will have been helping
Imperfect	ke/kï-	kedekäse	I used to help
Imperfect Perfect	ker/kïr	kerdekäse	I have used to help
Imperfect Pluperfect	dek(e)/k(ï)-	dekdekäse	I had used to help
Imperfect Progressive	ke/kï- + -i/ï	kedekäsei	I used to be helping
Imperfect Perfect Progressive	ker/kïr- + -i/ï	kerdekäsei	I have used to be helping
Imperfect Pluperfect Progressive	dek(e)/k(ï)-	dekdekäsei	I had used to be helping

Subjunctive

The subjunctive mood is a complex one and is classified into six patterns. All use the particle "se" to indicate the subjunctive.

Hypothetical

Also referred to by the term "second conditional", the hypothetical has two forms. They are structured in much the same way as English, with the main difference being that whilst one can invert word order and omit "if" in English, in Nordaþ this is required to prevent ambiguosity.

Present

If + subjunctive, would + verb (English)
Si + se + praeterite, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Si se desene þua, se puhuaï siäte.

If I were you, I would talk to her.

Present II

If + were + present participle, would + verb (English)
Si + se + present progressive, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Si se ïïmatjaï, se istyäe.

Were I eating, I should sit.

Jussive

The jussive carries three forms. These forms all use "se", but "si" cannot be used in conjunction with these forms of the subjunctive.

I. Subordinate

that + subjunctive (English)
that + se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Vaatjaï, þäs Napolïona se selenþ.

I demand that Napoleon surrender.

II. Present

se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Se senþ loïï esgeki se senþ.

Be that as it may (be).

Kibene yt se kibenst.

I give so that you may give.

III. Praeterite

se + praeterite tense (Nordaþ)

Se desenþ esgeki

As it were

Third Conditional

If + past perfect, would have + past participle (English)
Si + se + pluperfect, se + praeterite (Nordaþ)

Si se derlieme ereenmïþii Elisebeþise, se dïhoita alasïï pleiisen Šëkspirisä.

If I had lived during the Elizabethan era, I would have attended all of Shakespeare's plays.

Imperative

The imperative mood states a command. It only exists in present form.

The imperative is formed by a prefix attaching to other prefixes in the indicative. The imperative can attach to the present, the future, and the future progressive. The prefix is re/rï-

Imperative	Affixes	Example	English usage
Present	re/rï-	redekäsest	You help
Future	re/rï-	rebedekäsest	You will help
Future Progressive	re/rï-	rebedekäsesti	You will be helping

Rebedekäsesti. Nuvlïïs.

You will be helping. Now.

Passive

The passive is formed by a prefix attaching to the other prefixes in the indicative. The passive attaches to all but the imperfect progressives. The prefix is "fe/fï".

Heeitä fededekäseþ Toda.

He was helped by Tod.

Negation

To express negativity, the nän/nan prefix is used regardless of mood or aspect/tense. If the verb is imperative, the negating prefix attaches before it. If the verb isn't, the negative prefix attaches directly to the inflected verb.

Nänredekäsest!

Don't help!