Classical Laefêvëši nouns: Difference between revisions

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The second declension applies to those noun that end on a consonant which can be geminated. The consonant in the suffix changes accordingly to the last consonant of the stem.  
The second declension applies to those noun that end on a consonant which can be geminated. The consonant in the suffix changes accordingly to the last consonant of the stem.  


Geminate consonants are: '''-m, -p, -b, -f, -v, -n, -t, -d, -r, -þ, -ð, -s, -z, -l, -k and -g'''.
Word-final geminate consonants are: '''-m, -p, -f, -n, -t, -r, -þ, -s, -l and -k (and -w)'''.


{| class="wikitable" align=center
{| class="wikitable" align=center
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|-
|-
| Miristive (12) || šéntalot || šéntalote || šéntalotte
| Miristive (12) || šéntalot || šéntalote || šéntalotte
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ '''Masculine Second Declension - Complete'''
! || colspan="11" align="center"| '''Singular'''
|-
! Case
! -F !! -K !! -L !! -M !! -N !! -P !! -R !! S !! -Þ !! -T !! ''-W''
|-
| Nominative (1) || Níf || râk  || tħél  || eâm || viên ||  sôēp ||  klýr || éas ||  ljöîþ || Vát || ''nómiw''
|-
| Genitive (2) || Nífau || râkau || tħélau || eâmau || viênau ||  sôēpau ||  klýrau || éasau ||  ljöîþau || Vátau || ''nomívvau''
|-
| Terminative (13) || Níf'''fy''' || râk'''ky'''  || tħél'''ly''' || eâm'''my''' || viên'''ny''' ||  sôēp'''py''' ||  klýr'''ry''' || éas'''sy''' ||  ljöîþ'''þy''' || Vát'''ty''' || ''nomív'''vy'''''
|-
| Egressive (14) || Níf'''fo''' || râk'''ko''' || tħél'''lo''' || eâm'''mo''' || viên'''no''' ||  sôēp'''po''' ||  klýr'''ro''' || éas'''so''' ||  ljöîþ'''þo''' || Vát'''to''' || ''nomív'''vo'''''
|-
| Elative (15) || Níf'''fu''' || râk'''ku''' || tħél'''lu''' || eâm'''mu''' || viên'''nu''' ||  sôēp'''pu''' ||  klýr'''ru''' || éas'''su''' ||  ljöîþ'''þu''' || Vát'''tu''' || ''nomív'''vu'''''
|-
| Abessive (16) || Níf'''fā'''  || râk'''kā'''  || tħél'''lā''' || eâm'''mā'''  || viên'''nā'''  ||  sôēp'''pā'''  ||  klýr'''rā'''  || éas'''sā'''  ||  ljöîþ'''þā'''  || Vát'''tā''' || ''nomív'''vā'''''
|-
| Dative (3) || Nífiu || râkiu || tħéliu || eâmiu || viêniu ||  sôēpiu ||  klýriu || éasiu ||  ljöîþiu || Vátiu || ''nomívviu''
|-
| Lative (17) || Níf'''fī''' || râk'''kī''' || tħél'''lī''' || eâm'''mī''' || viên'''nī''' ||  sôēp'''pī''' ||  klýr'''rī''' || éas'''sī''' ||  ljöîþ'''þī''' || Vát'''tī''' || ''nomív'''vī'''''
|-
| Accusative (4) || |Nífeu || râkeu || tħéleu || eâmeu || viêneu ||  sôēpeu ||  klýreu || éaseu ||  ljöîþeu || Váteu || ''nomívveu''
|-
| Illative (18) || Níf'''fø''' || râk'''kø'''  || tħél'''lø''' || eâm'''mø''' || viên'''nø''' ||  sôēp'''pø''' ||  klýr'''rø''' || éas'''sø''' ||  ljöîþ'''þø''' || Vát'''tø''' || ''nomív'''vø'''''
|-
| Benefactive (19) || Níf'''faa''' || râk'''kaa''' || tħél'''laa''' || eâm'''maa''' || viên'''naa''' ||  sôēp'''paa''' ||  klýr'''raa''' || éas'''saa''' ||  ljöîþ'''þaa''' || Vát'''taa''' || ''nomív'''vaa'''''
|-
| Sublative (20) || Níf'''fū'''  || râk'''kū'''  || tħél'''lū''' || eâm'''mū'''  || viên'''nū'''  ||  sôēp'''pū'''  ||  klýr'''rū'''  || éas'''sū'''  ||  ljöîþ'''þū'''  || Vát'''tū''' || ''nomív'''vū'''''
|-
| Locative (5) || Nífui || râkui || tħélui || eâmui || viênui ||  sôēpui ||  klýrui || éasui ||  ljöîþui || Vátui || ''nomívvui''
|-
| Superessive (21) || Níf'''fi''' || râk'''ki'''  || tħél'''li''' || eâm'''mi''' || viên'''ni''' ||  sôēp'''pi''' ||  klýr'''ri''' || éas'''si''' ||  ljöîþ'''þi''' || Vát'''ti''' || ''nomív'''vi'''''
|-
| Inessive (22) || Níf'''fē''' || râk'''kē'''  || tħél'''lē''' || eâm'''mē''' || viên'''nē''' ||  sôēp'''pē''' ||  klýr'''rē''' || éas'''sē''' ||  ljöîþ'''þē''' || Vát'''tē'''|| ''nomív'''vē'''''
|-
| Temporal (23) || Níf'''fō''' || râk'''kō''' || tħél'''lō''' || eâm'''mō''' || viên'''nō''' ||  sôēp'''pō''' ||  klýr'''rō''' || éas'''sō''' ||  ljöîþ'''þō''' || Vát'''tō'''|| ''nomív'''vō '''''
|-
| Instrumental (6) || Nífou || râkou || tħélou || eâmou || viênou ||  sôēpou ||  klýrou || éasou ||  ljöîþou || Vátou || ''nomívvou''
|-
| Antesive (24) || Níf'''fö''' || râk'''kö''' || tħél'''lö''' || eâm'''mö''' || viên'''nö''' ||  sôēp'''pö''' ||  klýr'''rö''' || éas'''sö''' ||  ljöîþ'''þö''' || Vát'''tö''' || ''nomív'''vö'''''
|-
| Instcomitative (25) || Níf'''fë'''  || râk'''kë'''  || tħél'''lë''' || eâm'''më'''  || viên'''në'''  ||  sôēp'''pë'''  ||  klýr'''rë'''  || éas'''së'''  ||  ljöîþ'''þë'''  || Vát'''të''' || ''nomív'''vë'''''
|- |
| Vocative (7) || |Nífo || râko || tħélo || eâmo || viêno ||  sôēpo||  klýro || éaso ||  ljöîþo || Váto || ''nomívvo''
|-
| Partitive (8) || Nífea || râkea || tħélea || eâmea || viênea ||  sôēpea ||  klýrea || éasea ||  ljöîþea || Vátea || ''nomívvea''
|-
| Nepartitive (9) || Nífena,<br>Níføn || râkena,<br>râkøn || tħélena,<br>tħéløn || eâmena,<br>eâmøn || viênena,<br>viênøn ||  sôēpena,<br>sôēpøn ||  klýrena,<br>klýrøn || éasena,<br>éasøn ||  ljöîþena,<br>ljöîþøn || Vátena,<br>Vátøn || ''nomívvena'',<br>''nomívvøn''
|-
| Equative (10) || Nífana,<br>Nífan || râkana,<br>râkan || tħélana,<br>tħélan || eâmana,<br>eâman || viênana,<br>viênan ||  sôēpana,<br>sôēpan ||  klýrana,<br>klýran || éasana,<br>éasan ||  ljöîþana,<br>ljöîþan || Vátana,<br>Vátan || ''nomívvana'',<br>''nomívvan''
|-
| Amarative (11) || Nífy || râky || tħély || eâmy || viêny ||  sôēpy ||  klýry || éasy ||  ljöîþy || Váty || ''nomívvy''
|-
| Miristive (12) || Níföt || râköt || tħélöt || eâmöt || viênöt ||  sôēpöt ||  klýröt || éasöt||  ljöîþöt || Vátöt || ''nomívvöt''
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 16:09, 23 March 2011

Nouns in Laefêvëši are marked for both case and number. There are 25 cases divided into three groups and 3 numbers (singular, dual and plural). Nouns are also divided into two genders: masculine and feminine. Articles are not used any more, however, under some conditions they can be used but they do not mark definiteness in usual sense.

Gender

In Laefeveshi, nouns belong to one of the two genders: masculine or feminine. There used to be a neutral gender but its usage slowly decreased and it's nowadays not used any more. The grammatical gender of nouns is generally indicated by the ending of the noun. Adjectives, pronouns and verbal forms expressing gender normally agree in gender with the noun they qualify.

Masculine nouns

Most nouns ending in a consonant are masculine. Of masculine gender are also nouns that naturally indicate male persons or male animals. However, some nouns (male names mainly) end in a vowel but are masculine gender.

Feminine nouns

Most nouns ending in a vowel are feminine. Nouns that naturally indicate female persons or female animals are feminine. Some nouns that end in a consonant (female names mainly) are also of feminine gender.

Animacy

Both feminine and masculine nouns are divided into two subtypes:

  • animate nouns: they denote animate beings
  • inanimate nouns: they denote inanimate objects

This feature is also reflected in the first declensions; the animate nouns have a different suffix in accusative and genitive than the inanimate nouns.

Certain nouns have the animacy feature even though they represent inanimate objects.

Number

Three numbers are distinguished in Laefeveshi: singular, dual and plural. Numbers are marked with suffixes.

Case

Main article: Cases in Laefêvëši

Laefeveshi nouns have 25 cases in the singular, dual and plural. Cases are divided into three groups.

Groups are:

  1. Basic or main cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental
  2. Sub-cases: terminative, egressive, elative, abessive, lative, illative, benefactive, sublative, superessive, inessive, temporal, antensive, instcomitative
  3. Additional cases: vocative, partitive, nepartitive, equative, amarative, miristive


The basic cases can replace any of the sub-cases and additional cases. The cases are arranged in the so-called case hierarchy which shows which case can replace another case.

  • 1. Nominative
  • 2. Genitive
    • 13. Terminative
    • 14. Egressive
    • 15. Elative
    • 16. Abessive
  • 3. Dative
      • 17. Lative
  • 4. Accusative
    • 18. Illative
    • 19. Benefactive
    • 20. Sublative
  • 5. Locative
    • 21. Superessive
    • 22. Inessive
    • 23. Temporal
  • 6. Instrumental
    • 24. Antensive
    • 25. Instcomitative
  • 7. Vocative
  • 8. Partitive
  • 9. Nepartitive
  • 10. Equative
  • 11. Amarative
  • 12. Miristive

The additional cases (marked in italics) are replaced by nominative, except partitve which is replaced by genitive in most examples.

The number before the cases is the number the particular case is generally referred to. The cases are normally presented by those numbers, i. e. nominative is the 1st case, genitive is the 2nd case, terminative is the 13th case, etc.

Locative and instrumental are prepositional cases and are always used with prepositions.

Case cohesiveness

Cases are also divided into two groups, called open cases and closed cases, this feature is called case cohesiveness. The difference between them is that open cases can be combined with other cases while closed cases cannot combine.

Open cases are:

  • vocative (7)
  • partitive (8)
  • nepartitive (9)
  • equative (10)
  • amarative (11)
  • miristive (12)
  • temporal (23)

Declensions

Masculine declensions

First masculine declension

Masculine Inanimate First Declension
Number
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative (1) láih láihie láihā
Genitive (2) láihau láihiau láihasa
Terminative (13) láihalu láihialu láihasla
Egressive (14) láihalo láihialo láihaslu
Elative (15) láihatu láihiatu láihasta
Abessive (16) láihazu láihiazu láihazza
Dative (3) láihiu láihiue láihasi
Lative (17) láihicu láihiacu láihači
Accusative (4) láiheu láihieu láihase
Illative (18) láihelu láihielu láihasle
Benefactive (19) láihelo láihielo láihasli
Sublative (20) láiheru láihieru láihasre
Locative (5) láihui láihiui láihasu
Superessive (21) láihuki láihiuki láihasku
Inessive (22) láihuli láihiuli láihaslu
Temporal (23) láihuko láihiuko láihasko
Instrumental (6) láihou láihiou láihaso
Antesive (24) láiholu láihiolu láihaslo
Instcomitative (25) láihodu láihiodu láihasto
Vocative (7) láiho láihoma láihova
Partitive (8) láihea láiheni láihevi
Nepartitive (9) láihena láihenni láihenvi
Equative (10) láihana láihiana láihasna
Amarative (11) láihy láihyne láihyve
Miristive (12) láihot láihote láihotte
Masculine Animate First Declension
Number
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative (1) Lêmōš Lêmōšie Lêmōšā
Genitive (2) Lêmōšye Lêmōšiye Lêmōšysë
Terminative (13) Lêmōšalu Lêmōšialu Lêmōšasla
Egressive (14) Lêmōšalo Lêmōšialo Lêmōšaslu
Elative (15) Lêmōšatu Lêmōšiatu Lêmōšasta
Abessive (16) Lêmōšazu Lêmōšiazu Lêmōšazza
Dative (3) Lêmōšiu Lêmōšiue Lêmōšasi
Lative (17) Lêmōšicu Lêmōšiacu Lêmōšači
Accusative (4) Lêmōšēi Lêmōšiēi Lêmōšēsy
Illative (18) Lêmōšelu Lêmōšielu Lêmōšasle
Benefactive (19) Lêmōšelo Lêmōšielo Lêmōšasli
Sublative (20) Lêmōšeru Lêmōšieru Lêmōšasre
Locative (5) Lêmōšui Lêmōšiui Lêmōšasu
Superessive (21) Lêmōšuki Lêmōšiuki Lêmōšasku
Inessive (22) Lêmōšuli Lêmōšiuli Lêmōšaslu
Temporal (23) Lêmōšuko Lêmōšiuko Lêmōšasko
Instrumental (6) Lêmōšou Lêmōšiou Lêmōšaso
Antesive (24) Lêmōšolu Lêmōšiolu Lêmōšaslo
Instcomitative (25) Lêmōšodu Lêmōšiodu Lêmōšasto
Vocative (7) Lêmōšo Lêmōšoma Lêmōšova
Partitive (8) Lêmōšea Lêmōšeni Lêmōševi
Nepartitive (9) Lêmōšena Lêmōšenni Lêmōšenvi
Equative (10) Lêmōšana Lêmōšiana Lêmōšasna
Amarative (10) Lêmōšy Lêmōšyne Lêmōšyve
Miristive (12) Lêmōšot Lêmōšote Lêmōšotte

Irregularities:

  • when the noun end in -w in nominative singular, the -w changes into geminate -vv and the stress is placed on the syllable before the geminate -vv: nómiw (nom. sg.) -> nomívvie (nom. dual). This change applies for all declined cases.
  • when the noun ends in -va in nominative singular, the -va changes into -tv, to which is then added the appropriate suffix.
  • when the noun ends in -j or -i in nominative singular, the -j changes into -ð and the -i changes into -z when declined.
  • when a male personal name ends in -i in nominative singular, the stem is lengthened with -nt when declined: Ásti -> Ástintiu.

Second masculine declension

The second declension applies to those noun that end on a consonant which can be geminated. The consonant in the suffix changes accordingly to the last consonant of the stem.

Word-final geminate consonants are: -m, -p, -f, -n, -t, -r, -þ, -s, -l and -k (and -w).

Masculine Second Declension
Number
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative (1) šéntal šéntalie šéntalā
Genitive (2) šéntalau šéntaliau šéntalasa
Terminative (13) šéntally šéntalialu šéntalasla
Egressive (14) šéntallo šéntalialo šéntalaslu
Elative (15) šéntallu šéntaliatu šéntalasta
Abessive (16) šéntallā šéntaliazu šéntalazza
Dative (3) šéntaliu šéntaliue šéntalasi
Lative (17) šéntallī šéntaliacu šéntalači
Accusative (4) šéntaleu šéntalieu šéntalase
Illative (18) šéntallø šéntalielu šéntalasle
Benefactive (19) šéntallaa šéntalielo šéntalasli
Sublative (20) šéntallū šéntalieru šéntalasre
Locative (5) šéntalui šéntaliui šéntalasu
Superessive (21) šéntalli šéntaliuki šéntalasku
Inessive (22) šéntallē šéntaliuli šéntalaslu
Temporal (23) šéntallō šéntaliuko šéntalasko
Instrumental (6) šéntalou šéntaliou šéntalaso
Antesive (24) šéntallö šéntaliolu šéntalaslo
Instcomitative (25) šéntallë šéntaliodu šéntalasto
Vocative (7) šéntalo šéntaloma šéntalova
Partitive (8) šéntalea šéntaleni šéntalevi
Nepartitive (9) šéntalena šéntalenni šéntalenvi
Equative (10) šéntalana šéntaliana šéntalasna
Amarative (11) šéntaly šéntalyne šéntalyve
Miristive (12) šéntalot šéntalote šéntalotte
Masculine Second Declension - Complete
Singular
Case -F -K -L -M -N -P -R S -Þ -T -W
Nominative (1) Níf râk tħél eâm viên sôēp klýr éas ljöîþ Vát nómiw
Genitive (2) Nífau râkau tħélau eâmau viênau sôēpau klýrau éasau ljöîþau Vátau nomívvau
Terminative (13) Níffy râkky tħélly eâmmy viênny sôēppy klýrry éassy ljöîþþy Vátty nomívvy
Egressive (14) Níffo râkko tħéllo eâmmo viênno sôēppo klýrro éasso ljöîþþo Vátto nomívvo
Elative (15) Níffu râkku tħéllu eâmmu viênnu sôēppu klýrru éassu ljöîþþu Váttu nomívvu
Abessive (16) Níffā râkkā tħéllā eâmmā viênnā sôēppā klýrrā éassā ljöîþþā Váttā nomívvā
Dative (3) Nífiu râkiu tħéliu eâmiu viêniu sôēpiu klýriu éasiu ljöîþiu Vátiu nomívviu
Lative (17) Níffī râkkī tħéllī eâmmī viênnī sôēppī klýrrī éassī ljöîþþī Váttī nomívvī
Accusative (4) Nífeu râkeu tħéleu eâmeu viêneu sôēpeu klýreu éaseu ljöîþeu Váteu nomívveu
Illative (18) Níffø râkkø tħéllø eâmmø viênnø sôēppø klýrrø éassø ljöîþþø Váttø nomívvø
Benefactive (19) Níffaa râkkaa tħéllaa eâmmaa viênnaa sôēppaa klýrraa éassaa ljöîþþaa Váttaa nomívvaa
Sublative (20) Níffū râkkū tħéllū eâmmū viênnū sôēppū klýrrū éassū ljöîþþū Váttū nomívvū
Locative (5) Nífui râkui tħélui eâmui viênui sôēpui klýrui éasui ljöîþui Vátui nomívvui
Superessive (21) Níffi râkki tħélli eâmmi viênni sôēppi klýrri éassi ljöîþþi Vátti nomívvi
Inessive (22) Níffē râkkē tħéllē eâmmē viênnē sôēppē klýrrē éassē ljöîþþē Váttē nomívvē
Temporal (23) Níffō râkkō tħéllō eâmmō viênnō sôēppō klýrrō éassō ljöîþþō Váttō nomívvō
Instrumental (6) Nífou râkou tħélou eâmou viênou sôēpou klýrou éasou ljöîþou Vátou nomívvou
Antesive (24) Níffö râkkö tħéllö eâmmö viênnö sôēppö klýrrö éassö ljöîþþö Váttö nomívvö
Instcomitative (25) Níffë râkkë tħéllë eâmmë viênnë sôēppë klýrrë éassë ljöîþþë Váttë nomívvë
Vocative (7) Nífo râko tħélo eâmo viêno sôēpo klýro éaso ljöîþo Váto nomívvo
Partitive (8) Nífea râkea tħélea eâmea viênea sôēpea klýrea éasea ljöîþea Vátea nomívvea
Nepartitive (9) Nífena,
Níføn		 râkena,
râkøn		 tħélena,
tħéløn		 eâmena,
eâmøn		 viênena,
viênøn		 sôēpena,
sôēpøn		 klýrena,
klýrøn		 éasena,
éasøn		 ljöîþena,
ljöîþøn		 Vátena,
Vátøn		 nomívvena,
nomívvøn
Equative (10) Nífana,
Nífan		 râkana,
râkan		 tħélana,
tħélan		 eâmana,
eâman		 viênana,
viênan		 sôēpana,
sôēpan		 klýrana,
klýran		 éasana,
éasan		 ljöîþana,
ljöîþan		 Vátana,
Vátan		 nomívvana,
nomívvan
Amarative (11) Nífy râky tħély eâmy viêny sôēpy klýry éasy ljöîþy Váty nomívvy
Miristive (12) Níföt râköt tħélöt eâmöt viênöt sôēpöt klýröt éasöt ljöîþöt Vátöt nomívvöt

Third masculine declension

The third masculine declension is like the first, only that it has contracted suffixes. It is interchangeable with the first masculine declension.

Masculine Inanimate First Declension
Number
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative (1) láih láihie láihā
Genitive (2) láihau láihiau láihas
Terminative (13) láihal láihial láihisk
Egressive (14) láihol láihiol láihist
Elative (15) láihat láihiat láihast
Abessive (16) láihaþ láihiaþ láihāþ
Dative (3) láihiu láihiue láihis
Lative (17) láihik láihiak láihask
Accusative (4) láiheu láihieu láihes
Illative (18) láihel láihiel láihest
Benefactive (19) láihøl láihiøl láihøst
Sublative (20) láiher láihier láihers
Locative (5) láihui láihiui láihus
Superessive (21) láihuk láihiuk láihusk
Inessive (22) láihil láihiil láihust
Temporal (23) láihok láihiok láihosk
Instrumental (6) láihou láihiou láihos
Antesive (24) láihul láihiul láihost
Instcomitative (25) láihot láihiot láihust
Vocative (7) láiho láihom láihof
Partitive (8) láihea láihen láihef
Nepartitive (9) láihøn láihiøn láihøf
Equative (10) láihan láihian láihans
Amarative (11) láihy láihyn láihyf
Miristive (12) láihot láihiøt láihøt

Feminine declensions

First feminine declension

Feminine Inanimate First Declension
Number
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative (1) lâne lânesk lâneš
Genitive (2) lânede lâneske lâneše
Terminative (13) lânele lânesle lânešle
Egressive (14) lânene lânesne lânešne
Elative (15) lânete lâneste lânešte
Abessive (16) lâneze lânezze lâneže
Dative (3) lânedo lânesko lânešo
Lative (17) lâneco lânecħo lânedžo
Accusative (4) lâneda lâneska lâneša
Illative (18) lânela lânesla lânešla
Benefactive (19) lânelja lânesja lânešja
Sublative (20) lânera lânesŗa lânešŗa
Locative (5) lânedi lâneskø lâneši
Superessive (21) lâneki lâneski lâneške
Inessive (22) lâneli lânesli lâneški
Temporal (23) lâneko lânesto lâneško
Instrumental (6) lânedu lânesku lânešu
Antesive (24) lânelu lâneslu lânešlu
Instcomitative (25) lâneku lânesnø lânešnø
Vocative (7) lânexo lânexø lâneȝø
Partitive (8) lânedei lâneskei lâneȝei
Nepartitive (9) lânetnei lânestnei lânežnei
Equative (10) lânezo lâneʒo lâneco
Amarative (11) lânexī lânexē lâneźē
Miristive (12) lânegë lânege lânekše
Feminine Animate First Declension
Number
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative (1) kínoo kínoosk kínooš
Genitive (2) kínoodē kínooskē kínoošē
Terminative (13) kínoole kínoosle kínoošle
Egressive (14) kínoone kínooske kínoošne
Elative (15) kínoote kínooste kínoošte
Abessive (16) kínooze kínoozze kínoože
Dative (3) kínoodo kínoosko kínoošo
Lative (17) kínooco kínoocħo kínoodžo
Accusative (4) kínoodø kínooskø kínoošø
Illative (18) kínoola kínoosla kínoošla
Benefactive (19) kínoolja kínoosja kínoošja
Sublative (20) kínoora kínoosŗa kínoošŗa
Locative (5) kínoodi kínooske kínooši
Superessive (21) kínooki kínooski kínooške
Inessive (22) kínooli kínoosli kínooški
Temporal (23) kínooko kínoosto kínooško
Instrumental (6) kínoodu kínoosku kínoošu
Antesive (24) kínoolu kínooslu kínoošlu
Instcomitative (25) kínooku kínoosnø kínoošnø
Vocative (7) kínooxo kínooxø kínooȝø
Partitive (8) kínoodei kínooskei kínooȝei
Nepartitive (9) kínootnei kínoostnei kínoožnei
Equative (10) kínoozo kínooʒo kínooco
Amarative (11) kínooxī kínooxē kínooźē
Miristive (12) kínoogë kínooge kínookše

Second feminine declension

This declension includes feminine nouns that end on -d (pronounced as /t/). When the suffix begins on a voiceless consonant, the stem -d is pronounced as /t/, when the suffix begins on a voiced consonant, it is pronounced as /d/. There are several other irregularities within the declension, they're marked in bold. Words in italics indicate that -d- is silent.

Feminine Second Declension
Number
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative (1) Xolléad Xolléaþk Xolléaź
Genitive (2) Xolléadde Xolléaþke Xolléaźe
Terminative (13) Xolléadle Xolléaþle Xolléaźle
Egressive (14) Xolléadne Xolléaþne Xolléaźne
Elative (15) Xolléadte Xolléaþte Xolléaśte
Abessive (16) Xolléadze Xolléadzze Xolléadže
Dative (3) Xolléaddo Xolléaþko Xolléaźo
Lative (17) Xolléadco Xolléadcħo Xolléaddžo
Accusative (4) Xolléadda Xolléaþka Xolléaźa
Illative (18) Xolléadla Xolléaþla Xolléaźla
Benefactive (19) Xolléadlja Xolléaþja Xolléaźja
Sublative (20) Xolléadra Xolléaþŗa Xolléaźŗa
Locative (5) Xolléaddi Xolléaþkø Xolléaźi
Superessive (21) Xolléadki Xolléaþki Xolléaśke
Inessive (22) Xolléadli Xolléaþli Xolléaśki
Temporal (23) Xolléadko Xolléaþto Xolléaśko
Instrumental (6) Xolléaddu Xolléaþku Xolléaźu
Antesive (24) Xolléadlu Xolléaþlu Xolléaźlu
Instcomitative (25) Xolléadku Xolléaþnø Xolléaźnø
Vocative (7) Xolléadxo Xolléadxø Xolléaddźø
Partitive (8) Xolléaddei Xolléaþkei Xolléaddźei
Nepartitive (9) Xolléadtnei Xolléaþtnei Xolléadžnei
Equative (10) Xolléadzo Xolléaððo Xolléadco
Amarative (11) Xolléadxī Xolléadxē Xolléadźē
Miristive (12) Xolléadgë Xolléadge Xolléadkše

Partitive suffixes

Number Masculine Feminine
three -eli -ȝia
four -emi -ȝai
five -elvi -ȝøi
six -eni -ȝie
seven -avi -ȝeli
eight -evji -ȝeji
nine -eri -ȝeri
ten -eśi -ȝeśi
eleven -eviśa -ȝesi
twelve -eviva -ȝeva
thirteen -evila -ȝela
fourteen -evima -ȝema
fifteen -evela -ȝila
sixteen -evina -ȝena
seventeen -evena -ȝina
eighteen -evele -ȝele
nineteen -evere -ȝere

Escalation of nouns

The escalation of nouns has two types: diminutives and augmentatives.

Diminutives

There are two basic diminutive degrees (besides the basic or zeroth degree), however, it is possible to create even smaller degrees by combining the suffixes.

Degree Masculine Feminine
singular dual plural singular dual plural
long short long short long short long short long short long short
Zeroth -/
First -ifi -fi -ife -fe -ifa -fa -iki -kħi -ike -kħe -ika -kħa
Second -iwi -wi -iwe -we -iwa -wa -ihi -hi -ihe -he -iha -ha
Third -iwfi -ufi -iwfe -ufe -iwfa -ufa -ihki -hki -ihke -hke -ihka -hka


Examples:

Degree Masculine Feminine
singular dual plural singular dual plural
long short long short long short long short long short long short
Zeroth Êlir vásna
First Êlirifi Êlirfi Êlirife Êlirfe Êlirifa Êlirfa vásnaiki vásnakħi vásnaike vásnakħe vásnaika vásnakħa
Second Êliriwi Êlirwi Êliriwe Êlirwe Êliriwa Êlirwa vásnaihi vásnahi vásnaihe vásnahe vásnaiha vásnaha
Third Êliriwfi Êlirufi Êliriwfe Êlirufe Êliriwfa Êlirufa vásnaihki vásnahki vásnaihke vásnahke vásnaihka vásnahka

Augmentatives

There are two basic augmentative degrees (besides the basic or zeroth degree), however, it is possible to create even greater degrees by combining the suffixes.

Degree Masculine Feminine
singular dual plural singular dual plural
long short long short long short long short long short long short
Zeroth -/
First -iþi -þi -iþe -þe -iþa -þa -ipi -pħi -ipe -pħe -ipa -pħa
Second -iti -ti -ite -te -ita -ta -iši -ši -iše -še -iša -ša
Third -iþti -iþte -iþta -išpi -špi -išpe -špe -išpa -špa

Examples:

Degree Masculine Feminine
singular dual plural singular dual plural
long short long short long short long short long short long short
Zeroth Êlir vásna
First Êliriþi Êlirþi Êliriþe Êlirþe Êliriþa Êlirþa vásnaipi vásnapħi vásnaipe vásnapħe vásnaipa vásnapħa
Second Êliriti Êlirti Êlirite Êlirte Êlirita Êlirta vásnaiši vásnaši vásnaiše vásnaše vásnaiša vásnaša
Third Êliriþti Êliriþte Êliriþta vásnaišpi vásnašpi vásnaišpe vásnašpe vásnaišpa vásnašpa

Declensions

Masculine Feminine
singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nom. -/ -/
Gen. -no -ne -ni -ru -ŗa -ŗa
Dat. -ŗo -ŗe -ŗi -tu -ta -ta
Acc. -mo -me -mi -nu -na -na
Loc. -zo -te -ti -lu -la -la
Inst. -šo -še -ši -dźu -dźa -dźa


Classical Laefêvëši pages (obsolete)
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