Novial

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Novial is an international auxiliary language designed by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, published in 1928. Novial is thus the only major auxlang designed by an academic linguist. It is a moderately naturalistic a posteriori language based on the major languages of Europe, mainly the Romance languages.

Novial never had a large speaker base, but a small international community exists.

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stops	p b	t d	tʃ~ʃ dʒ~ʒ	k g
Fricatives	f v	s~z			h
Nasals	m	n
Liquids and Semivowel		l r	j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e		o
Low		a

Morphology

The grammar of Novial largely follows Standard Average European patterns. Nouns are inflected only for plural (suffix -s, -es after consonant). Nouns denoting males end in -o, nouns denoting females end in -a, nouns denoting beings of either sex end in -e.

The definite article is an indeclinable li. The personal pronouns are:

	Singular	Plural
1st person	me	nus
2nd person	vu	vus
3rd person, masculine	lo	los
3rd person, feminine	la	las
3rd person, common	le	les
3rd person, neuter	lu	lus
Impersonal	on

Verbs form tenses with auxiliary verbs:

Tense	Auxiliary
Past	did
Future	sal
Conditional	vud
Perfect	ha

The past tense can also be expressed by a suffix -(e)d.

There are two passives. The "become" passive is formed by the auxiliary bli and the uninflected verb. The "be" passive is formed by the auxiliary es and the past participle (suffix -(e)t.