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Nordaþ verbs: Difference between revisions

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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Indicative'''||'''''ic'''''||'''''du'''''||'''''oic'''''||'''''ver'''''||'''''ïr'''''||'''''er, si, lec'''''||'''''läc'''''
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Indicative'''||'''''ici/ä/e'''''||'''''þuïï/a/ï'''''||'''''heä, sie, heti'''''||'''''vien'''''
|-
|-
|Subject||-e/ï||-(e/ï)s||-(e/ï)t||-(e/ï)n||-(e/ï)m||-(e/ï)k||-(e/ï)v
|Subject||-e/ï||-(e/ï)st||-(e/ï)þ||-(e/ï)em
|}
|}
Respectively, they all mean "I", "you", "he, she, it", and "we" (inclusive). Ic, þu, and het can take on plurals. Even as plurals, they all retain the same verb endings. Ic pluralised becomes "we" in the exclusive sense. Þu pluralised takes on the meaning "you all" and "het" pluralised becomes "they".


=== Indicative *e*- ===
=== Indicative *e*- ===
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!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Indicative'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Indicative'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
|-
|-
|Present||er/ïï-||eidekäse||I help
|Present|| ||dekäse||I help
|-
|-
|Present Perfect||er/ïr-||erdekäse||I have helped
|Present Perfect||er/ïr-||erdekäse||I have helped
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=== Subjunctive ===
=== Subjunctive ===
The subjunctive mood has a separate conjugation table with fewer tenses. It is used to express the speaker's opinion or judgement, such as doubts, possibilities, emotions, and events which may or may not occur.
The subjunctive mood is a complex one and is classified into six patterns. All use the particle "se" to indicate the subjunctive.
 
==== Hypothetical ====
Also referred to by the term "second conditional", the hypothetical has two forms. They are structured in much the same way as English, with the main difference being that whilst one can invert word order and omit "if" in English, in Nordaþ this is required to prevent ambiguosity.
 
Present
 
If + subjunctive, would + verb (English)<br />
Si + se + praeterite, se + present tense (Nordaþ)
 
:''Si se desene þua, se puhuaï siäte.''
:If I were you, I would talk to her.
 
Present II
 
If + were + present participle, would + verb (English)<br />
Si + se + present progressive, se + present tense (Nordaþ)


{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
:''Si se ïïmatjaï, se istyäe.''
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Jussive'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
:Were I eating, I should sit.
|-
|Present||te/tï-||tedekäse||I demand that Francisco help others
|}


=== Hypothetical ===
The hypothetical mood states an ability to take an action.


{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
==== Jussive ====
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Hypothetical'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
The jussive carries three forms. These forms all use "se", but "si" cannot be used in conjunction with these forms of the subjunctive.
|-
|&nbsp;||le||le eidekäse||I can help
|}


=== Conditional ===
I. Subordinate
The conditional mood takes on a separate inflection and express an ability to have taken action, but with a condition.
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Conditional'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
|-
|&nbsp;||se||se bedekäse||I would help
|}


:''Se eidekäse icä duïïta, den dua se iceitä bedekäses.''
that + subjunctive (English)<br />
:Were I helping you, then you would help me.
that + se + present tense (Nordaþ)


:''Se bedekäse si...''
:''Vaatjaï, þäs Napolïona se selenk.''
:I'd help if...
:I demand that Napoleon surrender.


:''Si se desene kyningäi...''
II. Present
:If I were king...


:''Si se dematjas, den se iceitä bedekäses''
se + present tense (Nordaþ)
:If you ate, then you'd help me


:''Dekdekäse'' vs. ''Se dekdekäse''
:''Se senk loïï esgeki se senk.''
:I had used to help. vs. Had I used to help.
:Be that as it may (be).


:''Se le erdekäse. Le se erdekäse.''
:''Kibene yt se kibenst.''
:I could have helped.
:I give so that you may give.


In English, the second and third conditionals are differentiated with conjugations of "to be" and "to have", respectively. In Nordaþ, this does not occur. Instead, the conditional is automatically understood depending on the tense of the verb - All but the praeterite would be second conditional in English. The progressives in English would have "to be" conjugated to "would", the non-progressives would have "to be" conjugated to "were", and the third conditional would be "had". The progressive praeterites do not take on conditionals.
III. Praeterite


'''Formulae''':
se + praeterite tense (Nordaþ)


In English, the conditional is formed as such:
:''Se desenk esgeki''
:As it were


Second Conditional: If + simple past/subjunctive, would + verb
==== Third Conditional ====
Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + past participle


In addition, in English if "if" is not present then the word order changes (If I had to Had I, etc.)
If + past perfect, would have + past participle (English)<br />
Si + se + pluperfect, se + praeterite (Nordaþ)


Nordaþ does the following:
:''Si se derlieme ereenmïþii Elisebeþise, se dïhoita alasïï pleiisen Šëkspirisä.''
:If I had lived during the Elizabethan era, I would have attended all of Shakespeare's plays.


If + conditional marker + indicatively declined verb. If, like in English, is not needed. Since word order doesn't exist as such, no changing in word order needs occur if "if" is not used.


=== Imperative ===
=== Imperative ===
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!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Imperative'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|'''Imperative'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
|-
|-
|Present||re/rï-||reeidekäses||You help
|Present||re/rï-||reeidekäsest||You help
|-
|-
|Future||re/rï-||rebedekäses||You will help
|Future||re/rï-||rebedekäsest||You will help
|-
|-
|Future Progressive||re/rï-||rebedekäsesi||You will be helping
|Future Progressive||re/rï-||rebedekäsesti||You will be helping
|}
|}


:''Rebedekäsesi. Nuvlïïs.''
:''Rebedekäsesti. Nuvlïïs.''
:You will be helping. Now.
:You will be helping. Now.


Revision as of 12:50, 4 January 2006

Nordaþ verbs are the fusional part of the synthetic language Nordaþ. They conjugate according to the indicative, conditional, subjunctive, potential, and imperative moods. Verbs have infinitive forms, but unlike many other languages, they do not have participle or gerund forms. They are also conjugated by two declensions which match Nordaþ nouns, wherein front-vowelled and middle-vowelled words will take a front-vowel affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a middle-vowel and back-vowel affix are available, and a back-vowelled word will take a back-vowelled affix over a middle-vowel affix, unless only a front-vowel and middle-vowel affix are present.

Mood, tense, and aspect - forms of the verb

Nordaþ language

Pronunciation
Writing system
Grammar

To illustrate the behaviour of verb conjugations in Nordaþ, let us use dekäsäm "to help". First, here is the non-finite conjugation of the verb:

Infinitive

Front-vowel: dekäsäm

(Middle-vowelled words take front-vowel affixes over middle-vowel affixes, so they will follow the front-vowel example. Thus, a back-vowel infinitive will use the -am suffix.)

Ignoring momentarily the -i suffix part of progressive verbs, the following table represents the endings of verbs according to their subject.

Indicative ici/ä/e þuïï/a/ï heä, sie, heti vien
Subject -e/ï -(e/ï)st -(e/ï)þ -(e/ï)em

Respectively, they all mean "I", "you", "he, she, it", and "we" (inclusive). Ic, þu, and het can take on plurals. Even as plurals, they all retain the same verb endings. Ic pluralised becomes "we" in the exclusive sense. Þu pluralised takes on the meaning "you all" and "het" pluralised becomes "they".

Indicative *e*-

Next, there is the indicative mood with its eleven tenses. The indicative mood is used to describe factual events.

Indicative Affixes Example English usage
Present   dekäse I help
Present Perfect er/ïr- erdekäse I have helped
Present Progressive ei/ïï- + -i/ï eidekäsei I am helping
Present Perfect Progressive er/ïr- + -i/ï erdekäsei I have been helping
Praeterite de/dï- dedekäse I helped
Pluperfect der/dïr- derdekäse I had helped
Praeterite Progressive de/dï- + -i/ï dedekäsei I was helping
Pluperfect Progressive der/dïr- + -i/ï derdekäsei I had been helping
Future be/bï- bedekäse I will help
Future Perfect ber/bïr- berdekäse I will have helped
Future Progressive be/bï- + -i/ï bedekäsei I will be helping
Future Perfect Progressive ber/bïr- + -i/ï berdekäsei I will have been helping
Imperfect ke/kï- kedekäse I used to help
Imperfect Perfect ker/kïr kerdekäse I have used to help
Imperfect Pluperfect dek(e)/k(ï)- dekdekäse I had used to help
Imperfect Progressive ke/kï- + -i/ï kedekäsei I used to be helping
Imperfect Perfect Progressive ker/kïr- + -i/ï kerdekäsei I have used to be helping
Imperfect Pluperfect Progressive dek(e)/k(ï)- dekdekäsei I had used to be helping

Subjunctive

The subjunctive mood is a complex one and is classified into six patterns. All use the particle "se" to indicate the subjunctive.

Hypothetical

Also referred to by the term "second conditional", the hypothetical has two forms. They are structured in much the same way as English, with the main difference being that whilst one can invert word order and omit "if" in English, in Nordaþ this is required to prevent ambiguosity.

Present

If + subjunctive, would + verb (English)
Si + se + praeterite, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Si se desene þua, se puhuaï siäte.
If I were you, I would talk to her.

Present II

If + were + present participle, would + verb (English)
Si + se + present progressive, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Si se ïïmatjaï, se istyäe.
Were I eating, I should sit.


Jussive

The jussive carries three forms. These forms all use "se", but "si" cannot be used in conjunction with these forms of the subjunctive.

I. Subordinate

that + subjunctive (English)
that + se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Vaatjaï, þäs Napolïona se selenk.
I demand that Napoleon surrender.

II. Present

se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Se senk loïï esgeki se senk.
Be that as it may (be).
Kibene yt se kibenst.
I give so that you may give.

III. Praeterite

se + praeterite tense (Nordaþ)

Se desenk esgeki
As it were

Third Conditional

If + past perfect, would have + past participle (English)
Si + se + pluperfect, se + praeterite (Nordaþ)

Si se derlieme ereenmïþii Elisebeþise, se dïhoita alasïï pleiisen Šëkspirisä.
If I had lived during the Elizabethan era, I would have attended all of Shakespeare's plays.


Imperative

The imperative mood states a command. It only exists in present form.

The imperative is formed by a prefix attaching to other prefixes in the indicative. The imperative can attach to the present, the future, and the future progressive. The prefix is re/rï-

Imperative Affixes Example English usage
Present re/rï- reeidekäsest You help
Future re/rï- rebedekäsest You will help
Future Progressive re/rï- rebedekäsesti You will be helping
Rebedekäsesti. Nuvlïïs.
You will be helping. Now.

Passive

The passive is formed by a prefix attaching to the other prefixes in the indicative. The passive attaches to all but the imperfect progressives. The prefix is "fe/fï".

Negation

To express negativity, the nän/nan prefix is used regardless of mood or aspect/tense. If the verb is imperative, the negating prefix attaches before it. If the verb isn't, the negative prefix attaches directly to the inflected verb.

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