Kala lexicon

Main Article: Kala

See also: Thematic Lexicon

General Lexica

• The majority of lexical units in Kala can have multiple roles.
• Most have a primary role, such as verb, noun or adjective, but almost all can serve in at least two roles.
• Because of this, this list is sorted alphabetically and not by part of speech or category.

• Abbreviations used:

• adj. - adjective
• adv. - adverb
• art. - article
• conj. - conjunction
• det. - determiner
• inter. - interjection
• n. - noun
• num. - number
• part. - particle
• prep. - preposition
• pron. - pronoun
• v. - verb

• Note: All Japanese borrowings are recorded using Hiragana regardless of original reading, i.e. On'yomi, Kun'yomi, or other readings.

p t k m n s h l a

k

• k - -ㄱ - from Nahuatl ah- - suf. indicates negative of any verb or a lack of a noun

Compare: na ke mihu yoha - I have a cat. | na ke mihuk yoha - I have no cat. | na ke mihu yohak - I do not have a cat.

• ka - 가 - from Japanese か - part. interrogative particle, placed at the end of interrogative phrase

Example: mo ta yala ka - Where are you going?

• kala - 가라 - from Arabic كلم - n. language | v. to speak, say, talk

• kam - 감 - from Arabic هم - pron. third person singular

• kampa - 감바 - from Japanese かんぱい - inter. Cheers! | common toast used when drinking in company

• kama - 가마 - from Lithuanian kaimas - n. village, town, borough | city, municipality

• kamala - 가마라 - from Arabic قمر - n. moon, lunar body | any substantially sized natural satellite of a planet

• kamusa - 가므사 - from Arabic قاموس - n. dictionary, lexicon | publication that explains the meanings of an ordered list of words

• kasuma - 가스마 - from Alabama kasooma - n. onion, used as vegetable and spice

• ka'e - 가어 - from Czech k - prep. to, toward(s), at / in the direction of, and arriving at

Example: ha ka'e tsaka yalaye - She went to(ward) the house.

• ka'o - 가오 - (七) - num. cardinal number 7

• kayoma - 가요마 - from Kala ka'o + yoma - n. Wednesday (seventh day of the Kala week)

• kaua - 가우 - from Arabic قهوة - n. coffee

• kya - 갸 - part. jussive particle, used to indicate commands; precedes verb and requires no pronoun

• kyampi - 걈비 - from Swahili kiambishi - n. affix, that which is affixed | linguistics: a bound morpheme added to a word’s stem

• ke - 거 - from multiple que - art. the / a | conj. than / that; connects comparisons and acts as an indefinite pronoun | part. topic marker, accusative case; a grammatical marker preceding the direct object

Examples: ke tsaka - The house. | na ke tsaka anyaye - I saw the house. | ke tsaka nayo - The house is mine. / My house.

• ketla - 거타 - adj./n. red, having red as its color (see also aka'i)

• kye'o - 겨오 - num. cardinal number 100,000

• ko - 고 - from Japanese こ - n. person, human, individual | suf. agentive suffix indicating doer or possessor of trait

• koto - 고도 - from Japanese 鼓 - n. drum (instrument) | v. to beat a drum (beat, top, strike)

• kompo - 곰보 - from Ainu コンボ - n. seaweed, marine plants and algae

• kua - 구 - from Mandarin 侇 - adv./det./n. all / each / every

• kuama - 구마 - from Kala kua + ama - adv. always, forever | eternal

• kuatla - 구타 - from Nahuatl coatl - n. snake, serpent

• kuetsa - 규자 - from Zapotec gueza - n. cigarette

• ku - 그 - n. number / amount / digit, numeral (see also o)

• kuna - 그나 - from multiple kuna - n. excrement, shit, dung | v. to shit, defecate

• kuma - 그마 - from Japanese くま - n. bear, ursine / large mammal of family Ursidae

• kipo - 기보 - from Japanese きぼう - n./v. (to) hope, aspire / aspiration

• kiso - 기소 - from Japanese きそ - adj./n. base / basic / basis / foundation / ground / root

n

• nkata - 은가다 - from Swahili mkataba - n. agreement; understanding between individuals | v. agree, concur, assent

• nkapa - 은가바 - from Warlpiri ngapa - n. alcohol, grog

• nke - 은거 - from Spanish aunque - conj. and though; although; even though

• nkono - 은고노 - from Swahili ngono - n. act of sexual intercourse | v. to have sex with

• ntsompo - 은좀보 - from Chichewa mchombo - n. navel, belly button, remnant of umbilical cord

• na - 나 - from Arabic انا - pro. first person singular | suf. feminine gender

• naka - 나가 - from Hebrew נקבה - n. woman, female

• nasa - 나사 - from Spanish nacer - v. be born / given birth to

• naso - 나소 - v. wolf / lupine

• na'o - 나오 (一) - num. cardinal number 1

• nayoma - 나요마 - from Kala na'o + yoma - n. Thursday (first day of the Kala week)

• natsua - 나주 - from Qatama nojua - v. let go / release [no longer hold on to] / discharge

• naha - 나하 - from Hebrew נהר - n. river, stream | v. to stream, flow in a continuous or steady manner

• nahe - 나허 - from German nach - prep. during / hence / in / inside / into / within

• naho - 나호 - from Arabic نحو - n. grammar [rules for speaking and writing a language]

• nyahi - 냐히 - from Spanish nieve - adj./n. white, having white as its color [reflecting equal quantities of all frequencies of visible light] | n./v. snow / to have snow fall from the sky

• nye - 녀 - adv./conj./n./prep reason / since / because

• nyeli - 녀리 - adj./n. pink, having pink as its color

• nye'o - 녀오 (百) - num. cardinal number 100

• no - 노 - from Japanese もの - n. thing, object, substance

• nika - 니가 - from Sicilian cani - n. dog / canine

t

• ta - 다 - from Arabic انت - pro. second person singular / you | suf. masculine gender

• taka - 다가 - n./v. honor, esteem, respect, veneration

• takolo - 다고로 - from Chickasaw takolo - n. peach (tree & fruit)

• tana - 다나 - n./v. fight, combat, battle

• tanu - 다느 - from Avestan tanu - n. body, anatomy | corpse

• tala - 다라 - from Arabic تعال - v. come (back) | return

• tali - 다리 - from Finnish metalli - n. metal

• tam - 담 - from Arabic أنتم - pro. second person plural / you (all)

• tama - 다마 - from Arabic تمام - adj. good, well, exceptional, superb, not bad, alright, satisfactory, decent

• tapya - 다뱌 - from Arabic تابع - v. follow, continue, go on

• tasa - 다사 - n./v. hunt, seek (out), look for / track

• ta'o - 다오 (二) - num. cardinal number 2

• taya - 다야 - from Romanian tăia - n./v cut, slice / incision

• tayoma - 다요마 - from Kala ta'o + yoma - n. Friday (second day of the Kala week)

• taha - 다하 - from CJK 大 - adj. big, grand, large

• to - 도 - from Korean 도 - n. method, manner, way / path, road, street

• topa - 도바 - from Chickasaw topa - n. bed, mattress | any piece of furniture to sleep on

• topu - 도브 - from Japanese とぶ - v. jump, leap / spring, skip (over)

• tohi - 도히 - from Chickasaw tohi' - n. cabbage / broccoli / cauliflower

• tipa - 디바 - from Arabic طيب - adj./adv. satisfactory, reasonably good; not exceptional / satisfactorily, sufficiently well

• tima - 디마 - from Proto-Semitic dam - n. blood, vital liquid flowing in animal bodies | v. bleed; lose blood through an injured blood vessel

• tiya - 디야 - from Spanish tortilla - n. bread (flat round bread made out of cornmeal or flour) | v. to bake bread [of any kind]

m

• m - -ㅁ - from Hebrew ־ים - suf. indicates plural of nouns (often omitted, most especially when other words indicating amount are present)

• mpana - 음바나 - from Swahili mpana - adj. broad, wide | n. width

• mpima - 음비마 - from Malay mimpi - v. dream / imagine (while sleeping) | n. dream | imagination

• ma - 마 - from Maori mā - conj. and, also, as well | v. to add / plus

• mata - 마다 - from Spanish matar - n. murder | v. kill / murder

• mala - 마라 - from Spanish mala - adj. bad, unfavorable, negative | v. grind / mash [euphemistic: to copulate]

• ma'o - 마오 (四) - num. cardinal number 4

• matla - 마타 - n. stew, casserole, goulash

• mahala - 마하라 - from Arabic محل - n. shop, store; place where items can be purchased

• myo - 묘 - from Finnish myöntää - aff. permissive suffix added to verbs

Example: eta inamyo - You are allowed to eat. | ekam hina mokumyok - They are not permitted to sleep here.

• myonta - 묜다 - from Finnish myöntää - v. allow / permit / grant / admit | n. permission

• mue'o - 뮤오 - (万) - num. cardinal number 10,000

• munta - 믄다 - from Finnish muuntaa - v. change / alter / transform / become / convert

• muya - 므야 - v. cause to, make, do

p

• pa - 바 - suf. abilitative modal suffix, appended to verbs

Example: I go - na yala | I can go / I am able to go - na yalapa

• pako - 바고 - from Tagalog bago - adj. new, fresh, recent

• pana - 바나 - from Quechua para - n.v. (to) rain | perspire, moisten | dew [euphemistically used for "to urinate"]

• pato - 바도 - from Spanish pato - n. duck , aquatic bird of the family Anatidae

• pala - 바라 - from English capable - adj./v having the ability needed for a specific task / able

• pamya - 바먀 - from Turkish bamya - n okra / ladies finger's [slang: small penis]

• pa'o - 바오 - (八) - num. cardinal number 8

• patlitsa - 바티자 - from Turkish patlıcan - n. eggplant (the edible fruit of the solanum melongena)

• petsa - 비라 - from Chamicuro pe'cha - adj. mild / soft

• po - 보 - pref. attached to kinship terms to show a relationship by marriage

• puna - 브나 - n. dirt / soil / earthen

• pila - 비라 - from Slavic пила - n./v saw / rip, crush

s

• sa - 사 - from Proto-Semitic salam - n. peace, tranquility, quiet

• sakana - 사가나 - from Japanese さかな - n. fish

• sala - 사라 - from Spanish sala - n. room, chamber / hall [division of a home or building]

• sama - 사마 - from Proto-Semitic samsh - adj. solar | n. sun, any star, especially when seen as the center of any single solar system

• sapua - 사부 - from Finnish saapua - v. arrive / reach (a certain place)

• sa'o - 사오 - (九) - num. cardinal number 9

• sahala - 사하라 - from Arabic صحراء - n. desert, barren area of land or desolate terrain

• seka - 서가 - from Spanish seca - adj. dry / sharp / strict | v. to dry (off)

• seta - 서다 - from Italian seta - adj. smooth / silky / flat | n. silk

• seya - 서야 - from Spanish sello - n./v. seal / stamp

• su - 스 - from Hebrew סוג - n. type / kind / sort

• suha - 스하 - from Finnish suu - n./v. tongue / taste

• sinu - 시느 - from Japanese しぬ - n./v. death / die

• sima - 시마 - n./v. seat / sit, recline

a

• a - 아 - from Japanese ある - adv. yes | v. to be, exist

• akala - 아가라 - from Spanish agalla - n. gill, lung, breathing organ

• aki - 아기 - from Japanese あき - n. fall, autumn

• ata - 아다 - from Turkish ad - n. name | noun / v. to (be) name(d)

• ato - 아도 - from Japanese どう - n. torso | chest, belly

• ama - 아마 - from Irish am - n. time, inevitable passing of events

• aposi - 아보시 - from Chickasaw aboshi - n. toilette, restroom, outhouse

• apua - 아부 - n. song (music with words) | v. to sing

• aya - 아야 - adj. beautiful | n. beauty | v. to be beautiful

• ahi - 아히 - from Kala a & hi - adj. small, little | v. to be small

• ahiya - 아히야 - from Chickasaw ahi' - n. potato

ya

• ya - 야 - from Arabic يا - part. vocative particle / Oh / Hey (you)!

• yaka - 야가 - from Finnish jalka - n. leg / appendage

• yane - 야너 - from Arabic بجانب - prep. along, beside, next to, adjacent to

• yato - 야도 - from Hebrew יד - n. arm / hand

• yala - 야라 - from Arabic ياالله - v. go, walk, travel

• yama - 야마 - from Japanese やま - n. mountain, hill / pile, mound

pl: yama'a mountains > col.pl: tliyama mountain range

• yasa - 야사 - from Lithuanian vėjas - n. wind (movement of air)

• yaso - 야소 - n. preperation / readiness | v. to prepare / ready

• ya'o - 야오 - (五) - num. cardinal number 5

e

• eka - 어가 - from Egyptian ʽḳ - v. enter | come/go into

• eya - 어야 - adv./n. maybe (indicating a lack of certainty) / perhaps that is true (pro-sentence) | something that is possibly true

• e'o - 어오 - (〇) - num. cardinal number 0 / nothing / the absence of an amount

• ehe - 어허 - adv./conj. but / however / though / nevertheless

ye

• ye - 여 - from Spanish ayer - suf. simple past tense

Derivations: anyoye - last year | yomaye - yesterday | aye - the past

• yesa - 여사 - from Proto-Semitic salam - v. to be peaceful, tranquil, quiet

• yese - 여서 - from Romanian ieşi - v. exit | come/go out

o

• o - 오 - part. honorific article, used to show deference to topic or direct object | n. number / amount / digit, numeral (see also ku)

• olo - 오로 - from Latin volo - v. fly, move through air

• oso - 오소 - from Japanese おそそ - n. genitalia

derivations: osona - vagina / osota - penis

yo

• yo - 요 - from Mandarin 有 - suf. pronominal possessive

Example: nayo - my / mine

• yoha - 요하 - from Mandarin 有 - v. have, possess

Example: na tsala yoha - I have sauce.

ua

• ua - 우 - from Aramaic או - adj./adv./conj./det. or / other / either | aff. attached to ota or ona indicates male or female sibling relationship respectively

• uana - 우나 - adv. there, that place (distal demonstrative locative) / over there / yonder

• uanata - 우나다 - from Kala ua + nata - n. sibling, one's brother or sister

• uala - 우라 - from Arabic والله - adv./intj. actually, indeed / verily, truly

• uama - 우마 - from Kala ua + ama - adj./adv./n. then / at that time (distal demonstrative temporal)

• ua'e - 우어 - from Old Irish úa - prep. on, upon / on top of / above / about, concerning

ue

• ue - 유 - from Icelandic vilja - suf. indicates volitive of verb/noun

• ue'o - 유오 - (十) - num. cardinal number 10

• ueha - 유하 - from Icelandic vilja - v. want / desire

u

• unya - 으냐 - from Albanian njoh - n. knowledge, understanding, acquaintance (with) | v. to know, understand

• ute - 으더 - from Norwegian ute - prep. out / outside / out of

i

• i - 이 - aff. prefixed to cardinal numbers to create the fractional | suffixed to familial terms to create the junior or child form | suffixed to pronouns to create the reflexive form | proximal demonstrative prefix (this)

Examples: ue'o - ten > iue'o - a tenth | ota - father > ota'i - boy, son, nephew | na - I > na'i myself | tla - it (that which) > itla - this

• inata - 이나다 - from Kala i + nata - n. child / baby / infant

• itola - 이도라 - v. fall, drop, plummet

• iya - 이야 - conj. if / supposing that / whether

ts

• tsaka - 자가 - from Chickasaw/Choctaw chuka - n. house, home, dwelling, abode

• tsala - 자라 - from multiple salsa - n. paste, sauce

• tsaliku - 자리그 - from Cherokee ᏣᎵᎫ - n. tree / large woody plant

• tsapa - 자바 - from Turkish çaba - n./v. struggle, endeavor

• tsa'o - 자오 - (六) - num. cardinal number 6

• tsa'i - 자이 - from Turkish çay - n. tea

• tsayoma - 자요마 - from Kala tsa'o + yoma - n. Tuesday (sixth day of the Kala week)

• tsola - 조라 - from Spanish zorra / chola - n. fox / Vulpine

• tsoma - 조마 - from Chickasaw chomak - n. tobacco / smoke / cigar(ette) | v. to smoke tobacco

• tsuku - 즈그 - adj./n. blue, having blue as its color

• tsumpa - 즘바 - from Chickasaw chumpah - v. buy, purchase | barter for

• tsikua - 지구 - from Cherokee ᏥᏍᏆ - n. bird, member of the class of animals Aves

• tsili - 지리 - n. an attempt | v. try / attempt

• tsima - 지마 - from Japanese じ + Kala ama - n. hour / time

Example: tsima ka - What time (is it)?

• tsiya - 지야 - from Japanese じゆう - n. freedom, liberty | v. to be free (not being imprisoned or enslaved)

tl

• tlaka - 타가 - from Nahuatl tlacatl - n. man | adj. male, masculine

• tlani - 타니 - from Vietnamese lăn - v. roll, revole

• tlaya - 타야 - n. wedding, marriage / matrimony | v. wed, marry

• tlatsa - 타자 - n. fire, flame | v. burn, heat by flame

• tlela - 터라 - adj./v. clean, wash

• tle'o - 터오 - (千) - num. cardinal number 1000

• tlona - 토나 - from Malay rona - n. color

• tli - 티 - suf. simple future tense

Derivations: anyotli - next year | yomatli - tomorrow | atli - the future

h

• hanya - 하냐 - n. nation, country, state / sovereign entity

• hatsu - 하즈 - from Japanese はしる - v. run

• ha'o - 하오 - (三) - num. cardinal number 3

• he - 허 - aff. suffixed to verbs/nouns to indicate the necessitative mood

• heta - 허다 - n./v. need, requirement / must, should, need to

• hema - 허마 - from Turkish hem - adv. both...and

• hoya - 호야 - from Swedish höja - v. raise, rise, lift

• hua - 후 - from Mandarin 花 - n. flower, blossom / flower arrangement

• hika - 히가 - from Chickasaw hika - v. stop / halt / wait

• hina - 히나 - from Arabic هنا - adj./adv./n. here / this place

Index

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