Karkl: Difference between revisions
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* Evidentalmente - obviously | * Evidentalmente - obviously | ||
* Clasicalmente - classically | * Clasicalmente - classically | ||
[[User:Danielsavoiu|Danielsavoiu]] 03:09, 16 November 2005 (PST) |
Revision as of 03:09, 16 November 2005
Introduction
This language is intended to be simple to learn and simple to speak and write. It follows a few simple rules:
- Static conjugation
- Static declension
- No gramatical gender
- No diacritic marks
Sounds and Phonetics
Letters
- abcdefghijlmnoprstuvxz – Pronounced like in Latin
- k = k in English
- y = ы in Russian (like 'e' in 'roses' when muttered through the teeth)
- w = short u
Letter groups
- sh = “sh” in English /ʃ/
- ts = “ts” in English /ʦ/
- zh = “zh” in English /ʒ/
- ce,ci = “che” , “chi” in English /ʧ/
Diphtongs
AW ; AJ ; EW ; EJ ; OW ; OJ ; UJ ; YJ ; WA ; WE ; WO ; JA ; JE ; JO ; JU ; JY
Everything else in in separate syllables.
GRAMMAR AND MORPHOLOGY
Noun
Static declension No gramatical gender Definite article sg: lo Definite article pl: le (plural is achieved by adding an i to the noun)
Can be:
- Subject - DIR - Predicative Denominator - DIR - Apposition - DIR - Direct, Indirect, Circumstantial Object – DIR;IND;IND - Attribute – IND - Agent Object - DIR
- Has 2 cases N/A ; G/D = Direct ; Indirect = Dir ; Ind
- For case-specific prepositions see ‘Prepositions’ section
Ex:
Crat ; lo Crat ; Vaka ; lo Vaka
Verb
Static conjugation
- grI <=> R = X + [consonant]
- grII <=> R = X + [vowel]
Indicative:
Past > Present > Future || | | || \/ \ / \/ R+ec R R+av [esec;irec] [es;ir] [esav;irav]
Infinitive: R + ‘at’ [esat ; irat] Gerund: R + ‘and’ [esand ; irand] Participle: R + ‘it’ [esit ; irit] Conditional: R + ‘-ko’ [es-ko ; ir-ko] Imperative: for grI : R + last cons of R + ‘i’ [essi ; irri] Imperative: for grII: R + ‘i’ [moi ; saj] Imperative: for pl. and politeness = Imp + ‘te’ [essite;sajte]
Copulative verbs:
- Esat = to be | - Menat = to mean | - Numat = to be called |+ what OR how - Rodat = to be born | - Devenat = to become |
Pronoun
Personal:
____________________ pI | Jo || Mi | pII | Tu || Vu | pIIIm | Il || Ili | pIIIf | Ilo || Ili | Imp | Ilo || X | Refl | Sinu |
Posessive: Personal + ‘m’ [Jom ago ; Tum ago]
Demonstrative:
ke |ka = this |that ket |kat = this+noun|that+noun
Relative / Interrogative:
Ho - What Hno – Who Ki - which
Negative:
Nihno - Nobody Niho - Nothing
Indefinite:
Hemi - all Hemiti + noun – all + noun
Numeral
Cardinal:
Simple:
on duv trej shtar sen sei set pot nov tsek sent limm milion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000 1000000
Compound:
tsek-on tsek-duv sent-duvtsek-duv 11 12 122
Ordinal = Cardinal + ‘st’ Divisive: x/y = Xcard + Ydivisive ; Divisive = Cardinal + ‘ton’
Ex:
- 19,382,948,395,280 = 19 limm 382 sent miliardi 948 milioni 395 limm 282
- 1,248,225 = on milion duvsent-shtartsek-pot limm duvsent-duvtsek-sen
- 285,482,333 = duvsent-pottsek-sen milioni shtarsent-pottsek-duv limm trejsent-trejtsek-trej
Preposition
Direct Case:
DObj:
‘po’ Ø
AgObj:
‘de’
Indirect Case: CObj
‘cam’ – CM = like ‘po’ – CL = on ‘o’ - CL = to ...etc... (indicating time,place,manner,scope,cause)
Atribute
‘o’ = lo Crat o lo mad = the house of the girl
IObj
‘o’ = Io saj o lo mad = I say to the girl ‘so’ = with ...etc... (any other)
Adjective / Adverb
- Lo ret crat. – Attribute , IND <- Adject
- Lo crat es ret. – Pred. Denom. , DIR <- Adject
- Lo mad scrib ret – Cobj , IND <- Adverb
Comparative Degree:
-Positive = ret -Comparative - Superior = reter |\ - Inferior = sam ret | + cam [smth] - Equal = puste ret |/ -Superlative - Absolute = forte ret - Relotive = retest
- Evidentalmente - obviously
- Clasicalmente - classically
Danielsavoiu 03:09, 16 November 2005 (PST)